125

Table 14 - Recommended Roughness Values ks

Source: Wallingford, H.R. (1990)

Classification (assumed clean and new unless otherwise stated) Suitable values of ks (mm)
Good* Normal* Poor*
Smooth Materials
Drawn non-ferrous pipes of aluminium, brass, copper, lead, etc. and non-metallic - 0.003 -
pipes of Alkathene, glass, perspex, etc.

Asbestos Cement 0.015 0.03 -

Metal
Spun bitumen or concrete lined - 0.03 -
Wrought iron 0.03 0.06 0.15
Rusty wrought iron 0.15 0.6 3.0
Uncoated steel 0.015 0.03 0.06
Coated steel 0.03 0.06 0.15
Galvanished iron, coated cast iron 0.06 0.15 0.3
Uncoated cast iron 0.15 0.3 0.6
Tate relined pipes 0.15 0.3 0.6
Old tuberculated water mains with the following degree of attack:
Slight 0.6 1.5 3.0
Moderate 1.5 3.0 6.0
Appreciable 6.0 15 30
Severe 15 30 60

Wood
Wood stave pipes, planed plank conduits 0.3 0.6 1.5

Concrete
Precast concrete pipes with ‘O’ ring joints 0.06 0.15 0.6
Spun precast concrete pipes with ‘O’ ring joints 0.06 0.15 0.3
Monolithic construction against steel forms 0.3 0.6 1.5
Monolithic construction against rough forms 0.6 1.5 -

Clayware
Glazed or unglazed pipe:
With sleeve joints 0.03 0.06 0.15
With spigot and socket joints and ‘O’ ring seals dia < 150mm - 0.03 -
With spigot and socket joints and ‘O’ ring seals dia > 150mm - 0.06 -

Pitch Fibre (lower value refers to full bore flow) 0.003 0.03 -

Glass Fibre - 0.06 -

 126

Table 14 (Cont'd)

Classification (assumed clean and new unless otherwise stated) Suitable values of ks (mm)
Good* Normal* Poor*
uPVC
With chemically cemented joints - 0.03 -
With spigot and socket joints, ‘O’ ring seals at 6 m to 9 m intervals - 0.06 -

Brickworks
Glazed 0.6 1.5 3.0
Well pointed 1.5 3.0 6.0
Old, in need of pointing - 15 30

Slimed Sewers#
Sewers slimed to about half depth; velocity, when flowing half full, approximately
0.75 m/s:

Concrete, spun or vertically cast - 3.0 6.0

Asbestos cement - 3.0 6.0
Clayware - 1.5 3.0
UPVC - 0.6 1.5

Sewers slimed to about half depth; velocity, when flowing half full,
approximately 1.2 m/s :

Concrete, spun or vertically cast - 1.5 3.0

Asbestos cement - 0.6 1.5
Clayware - 0.3 0.6
UPVC - 0.15 0.3

Sewer Rising Mains All materials, operating as follows

Mean velocity 1 m/s 0.15 0.3 0.6
Mean velocity 1.5 m/s 0.06 0.15 0.30
Mean velocity 2 m/s 0.03 0.06 0.15

Unlined Rock Tunnels

Granite and other homogeneous rocks 60 150 300
Diagonally bedded slates - 300 600

Earth Channels
Straight uniform artificial channels 15 60 150
Straight natural channels, free from shoals, boulders and weeds 150 300 600

Notes: * Good: Up to 20 years use, Normal: 40 to 50 years use, Poor: 80 to 100 years use.
# The roughness of a slimed sewer varies considerably during any year. The normal value is that roughness which is
exceeded for approximately half of the time. The poor value is that which is exceeded, generally on a continuous
basis, for one month of the year. The value of ks should be interpolated for velocities between 0.75 m/s and 1.2 m/s.
 127

Table 15 - Head Losses Coefficient K

Source: DSD (1992)

Entry Losses K Intermediate Losses (cont’d) K

Sharp-edged entrance 0.50 Line to branch or branch to line :

Re-entrant entrance 0.80 300 angle 0.40
Slightly rounded entrance 0.25 450 angle 0.60
Bellmouthed entrance 0.05 900 angle 0.80
Footvalve and strainer 2.50
(viii) Sudden Enlargements*
Intermediate Losses K Inlet dia : Outlet dia.
4:5 0.15
(i) Elbows 22.50 0.20 3:4 0.20
(R/D = 1 approx.) 450 0.40 2:3 0.35
900 1.00 1:2 0.60
1:3 0.80
1:5 and over 1.00
(ii) Close Radius Bends 22.50 0.15
(R/D = 1 approx.) 450 0.30 (ix) Sudden Contractions*
900 0.50** Inlet dia : Outlet dia.
5:4 0.15
4:3 0.20
(iii) Long Radius Bends 22.50 0.10 3:2 0.30
(R/D = 2 to 7) 450 0.20 2:1 0.35
900 0.40 3:1 0.45
5:1 and over 0.50

(iv) Sweeps 22.50 0.05 (x) B.S. Tapers*

(R/D = 8 to 50) 450 0.10 Flow to small end negligible
900 0.20 Flow to large end
Inlet dia : Outer dia.
4:5 0.02
(v) Mitre Elbows 3:4 0.04
2 piece 22.50 0.15 1:2 0.12
2 piece 300 0.20
2 or 3 piece 450 0.30 (xi) Valves
2 piece 600 0.65 Gate Valve - fully open 0.12
3 piece 600 0.25 1/4 closed 1.00
2 piece 900 1.25 1/2 closed 6.00
3 piece 900 0.50 3/4 closed 24.00
4 piece 900 0.30 Globe valve 10.00
Right angle valve 5.00
(vi) Tees Reflux valve 1.00
Flow in line 0.35 Butterfly valve 0.30
Line to branch or branch to line:
Sharp-edged 1.20 Exit Losses K
Radiused 0.80
Sudden Enlargement 1.00
(vii) Angle Branches Bellmouthed Outlet 1.00**
Flow in line 0.35

Notes: * Figure for enlargements, contractions and B.S. Tapers apply to smaller diameter.
** Value modified.

K= Head Loss Head Loss

V 2 / 2g
Velocity Head