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MARK ANSON-CARTWRIGHT
I
Motives in tonal music are usually melodic entities, whether they occur on the
surface of a piece, or at deeper levels in the form of 'hidden repetitions'.* The
latter kind of motivic phenomenon is widely known among Schenkerian
analysts as a type of 'motivic parallelism', thanks to Charles Burkhart's
landmark article.' Analysts of tonal music have not given much attention,
however, to the motivic significance of harmonic entities (as opposed to
melodic ones) in relation to the middleground structure of a piece.2 In
Schenker's view, of course, there is a fundamental relation between the major
(or minor) triad as a simultaneity and the horizontal (or composed-out) form
of the triad embodied by the Ursatz. Yet because this relation obtains in every
tonal piece, Schenkerian analysts do not, as a rule, treat consonant triads as
motives. And while dissonant triads or chords may have a motivic function (the
'Tristan' chord springs to mind), their significance is usually limited to the
foreground or to a level quite close to the foreground. Wagner's Siegfried Idyll,
however, is a rare example of a piece whose foreground and deep
middleground are unified motivically by a chord, namely the augmented
triad.3
Throughout the Siegfried Idyll, the augmented triad appears in various forms
and transpositions, and frequently enough to qualify as the most characteristic
dissonant chord-type in the piece. (One might say that the augmented triad is
to the Siegfried Idyll what the 'Tristan' chord is to Tristan und Isolde.) In the
light of the prominence of the augmented triad on the surface of the music, the
modulations from the initial tonic of E major to A6 major (bar 150), then to C
major (bar 296), and finally back to E, take on added significance, for the
tonics of these keys form a horizontalised augmented triad, or a complete cycle
of major thirds: E-A-C-E.
* An earlier version of this
paper was read at the Tenth Annual Meeting of the New England Conference of Music
Theorists, held on 8-9 April 1995 at Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts. I am grateful to Carl Schachter for
his invaluable comments and suggestions.
The relation between the foreground augmented triads and the middle-
ground linear statement of the augmented triad is part of a network of tonal
relations that can be abstracted in the form of an 'augmented-triad matrix'.
This matrix will be presented after a more or less diachronic analysis of the
form and structure of the piece.
As shown in Table 1, the Siegfried Idyll is in a kind of ternary form with a
coda. In the middle column of Table 1 are listed occurrences of four principal
MIDDLE SECTION
150-199 c (3/4 metre) At
200-218 a & c combined B (= [III of At)
219-236 a & c combined A6
237-242 transition to F
243-254 a & c combined F
255-258 bass: F (#IV of C)
259-285 d (4/4 metre) V of C
RECAPITULATION
286-295 a & c combined E ('I' or III# of C)
296-305 a & c combined C (bVIof E)
306-313 transition to V of E (bars 308-13 = 50-54) F
314-350 cf. bars 55-90 V of E
CODA
351-365 a E
366-372 d E: 6VI6-V/WVI4VI4II
373-405 b, c, a E
themes, named a, b, c and d; Ex. 1 illustrates these themes for reference. The
first large section, bars 1-114, resembles a sonata-form exposition, and divides
into a first group presenting theme a, a transition to and prolongation of V of
V, and, lastly, theme b in the dominant. Interestingly, the prolongation of V of
V in bars 55-90 is longer than that of the dominant, B major, in bars 91-114.
One might prefer to describe bars 55-90 as part of the transition from the
point of view of structure, but as part of the second group from the point of
view of design. Theme b in bars 91-114 would in that case function as a
closing theme.
Ex. 1 SiegfriedIdyll, four themes
Sehr ruhig
:J4
-_
Sehr einfach
Leicht bewegt
c) dolisimo
A I Ij
Lebhaft
d) I p gutgehalten
f Sf 3 3 3 dim
in.
o:z :::
IL 7
A 1
I4I 1. Co
'vFI. . . Hm
2 W ....
? ?U 190-0?
?f5 ?GC
:"""" "
Q'I P"o
A V-I-A
----vi - - ------ iv
-Iv7 -7
.. . . . . . . I IV #IV, V III# I fa- 8 -7
. . ..
46-5
"1
E: I V I of 6VI V
II# (Cmajor)
The return of theme a in the tonic at bar 116 sounds at first like a repeat of
the exposition from bar 29. But the music soon becomes transitional, modu-
lating first from E major to G major (not shown in Ex. 3), and then magically
to Ab major, which is announced by theme c at bar 150 (the cadence in A6
being in bar 151). Theme c contains the second and most frequent usage of
the augmented triad in the piece. This usage differs from the one shown in
Ex. 2 in two important respects. One difference lies in the location of the
'nuo Fr
r
b)
c) do
o'-T 13U
c)
_
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Ltd.1996
Publishers
CBlackwell MusicAnalysis, 15/i(1996)
CHORD AS MOTIVE: WAGNER'S SIEGFRIED IDYLL 63
0--5 -- 6 5 --10
E: I III
G" I vV
AvTvV I
Returning to Ex. 4, compare levels (c) and (d). If the minor sixth E-C is to
be divided into two major thirds, an enharmonic change must occur. Level (c)
shows a normative way to make the change, namely by reinterpreting G# as Ab.
Level (d), however, reveals that the change occurs prior to the arrival on A6,
with the change in bars 136-8 of A# into B6 (see Ex. 5). At level (d), A6 is
notated in two different ways to show its double function. Its primary
function, indicated by the open note, is that of a dividing note between E and
C. But in the course of the modulation to C major, can be understood
retrospectively as 6VI of C, an upper neighbour to V of A6,
C. The two Als at level
(d) thus capture the function of the A6 triad as a middleground pivot chord,
which starts life as a local tonic but later serves as bVI of C.
II
The enigmatic structure of the Siegfried Idyll can be explained in part by an
implicit programme for the work. As is well known, themes a, c and d
originally appeared in the love duet at the conclusion of Act III of Siegfried;
theme b was newly composed as a lullaby for Wagner's new-born son,
Siegfried. Note that the operatic duet begins and ends in C major, with the
E major music appearing as a kind of interlude or moment of repose, whereas
the Siegfried Idyll begins and ends in E major, with interludes in Aband C, thus
reversing the roles of the keys. In both contexts, the contrasting keys of C and
E signify two worlds: C major symbolises a triumphant world of heroes (recall
that the sword theme is in C major); E major, on the other hand, represents a
quiet world of repose (recall that Die Walkiire concludes in E major as
Briinnhilde is put to sleep by Wotan).
A further clue to the programme of the Siegfried Idyll lies in the dedicatory
poem, given below, which Wagner addressed to his wife Cosima and prefaced
to the score:
Es war dein opfermutighehrer Wille,
Der meinem Werk die Werdestitte fand,
Von Dir geweiht zu weltentriickterStille,
Wo nun es wuchs und kriiftiguns erstand,
Die Heldenwelt uns zaubernd zum Idylle,
Uraltes Fern zu trautem Heimatland.
Erscholl ein Ruf da froh in meine Weisen:
"Ein Sohn ist da!" - der musste Siegfried heissen.
Fir ihn und Dich durft' ich in Tonen danken, -
Wie giib' es Liebestaten hold'ren Lohn?
Sie hegten wir in uns'res Heimes Schranken,
Die stille Freude, die hier ward zum Ton.
Die sich uns treu erwiesen ohne Wanken,
So Siegfried hold, wie freundlichuns'rem Sohn,
Mit deiner Huld sei ihnen jetzt erschlossen,
Was sonst als t6nend Glick wir still genossen.5
The key idea occurs in lines 5-6, which refer to the magical transformation of
the hero's world into an idyll, of an age-old distance into a familiar homeland.
The homeland is established symbolically in the exposition of the Siegffied
Idyll by the key of E major and its back-relating dominant. After a brief return
to E at bar 116, the music leads the listener on a journey towards the heroic
world of C major, by way of the mediating key of A6. The reconciliation of the
heroic world with the homeland is made in two ways. At first, E major is
incorporated as a passing chord within the motion from the dominant of C to
the triumphant C itself. But in the end, C is brought into the realm of E at the
point where the augmented sixth chord on C resolves to the dominant of E at
bar 314. The journey thus comes full circle: the extroverted hero's world is
ultimately subdued by the contemplative idyllic world.
Related to the association of E major with sleep at the conclusion of Die
Walkare is the so-called slumber motive (first heard at the same point in that
opera) which also occurs several times in the Siegfried Idyll. Just prior to the
appearance of the slumber motive in Die Walkiire we hear the music shown in
Ex. 6. Although this music is not quoted in the Siegfried Idyll, the underlying
structure emphasises the same third-related keys of E, A6 and C. Note that in
Ex. 6, the keys, or, more precisely, the tonicised chords of A6, C and E, are
heard in almost immediate succession (over a continuous timpani roll on E),
whereas in the Siegfried Idyll the same keys are separated by large spans of
time and are differentiated thematically. The deep structural significance of
the three keys in the Siegfried Idyll is, if anything, confirmed by their overt
juxtaposition in the passage from Die Walkiire.6
timp.
8 8 I
•
?i ri
•' 77 ,, b"
sit.o TI.
III
Returning now to the motivic significance of the augmented triad as a
verticality in the Siegfried Idyll, recall that an augmented triad can be
interpretedin three ways through enharmonicism (leaving one note spelled the
same): (1) as two major thirds stacked (e.g. E-G#-B#); (2) as major third plus
diminished fourth (E-G#-C); and (3) as diminished fourth plus major third
(E-A?C). Since every augmented triad is potentially the same in function as
every other one, even if that potential remains untapped in a composition, all
augmented triads are motivically related as members of that class. What can be
(but need not be) reinterpreted is the location of the unstable note, that
melodic element which differentiates the augmented triad from a purely
harmonic chord (either a major or minor triad). The dissonant element, and
the semitone resolution it demands, can in turn find motivic resonances with
other chromatic chords that involve resolution by semitone.
It is the larger context for such motivic resonances, which are more
powerful in certain cases than in others, that is captured synoptically by the
'augmented-triad matrix' shown in Ex. 7a. The relation in the SiegfriedIdyll
between the surface augmented triads and the E-A?C triad embedded in the
middleground structure is part of a network of chromatic relations derivable
from the matrix. The latter consists of the pitch-classes of the three major
Stufen, C major, E major and A6 major, whose tonics project an augmented
triad (A6 major is respelled as G# major here for convenience). Ideally, the
matrix should be imagined in pitch-class space. The matrix contains six pitch-
classes, and divides into two distinct augmented triads or trichords. Ex. 7b
shows the first trichord, E-G#-C, each member of which may function as the
root of one major triad or as the third of another. Ex. 7c illustrates the second
trichord, G-B-D#, in three permutations as the altered dominants of C, E and
Al, respectively.
Ex. 7
a) the augmented-triadmatrix
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Ltd.1996
? BlackwellPublishers
MusicAnalysis, 15/i (1996)
CHORD AS MOTIVE: WAGNER'S SIEGFRIED IDYLL 67
The matrix operates in the Siegfried Idyll not only at the level of
transposition shown in Ex. 7, but also, at least in part, at other levels. It should
also be noted that the SiegfriedIdyll does not realise all the double meanings in
the matrix that are implied by enharmonicism. Rather, the Siegf'ied Idyll
exhibits basically two kinds of chromatic usage that relate to the matrix. The
first kind is the juxtaposition of two major triads a major third apart, as in the
progression from I to V/VI. This progression occurs several times, always with
VI mediating between I and VIVI. Ex. 8 illustrates the first such progression:
in E major, the music proceeds I-VI-V/VI. As the first chromatic chord in the
piece, the G# major chord in bar 10 subtly foreshadows the later modulation to
Ab. Ex. 9 shows the second use of this progression, which occurs twice within
the prolongation of V of V, first in F# major, then in C# major. The broad
pacing of these chords highlights their motivic significance. The passage given
in Ex. 9 is transposed up a fourth in the recapitulation.
8
AA
4....
, V...--I
60
(Etw s zuruckhaltend) dolce
a.tempo
~-------------
c : iOV
- V/Vl
NB #2
3
3,
S3P3
1: ... . , '.Z
-==
-
o .
quotes theme c just at the point where the German sixth resolves for the last
time in the piece.
The augmented-triad matrix is manifested in the coda by way of a telling
tonicisation of C major in bars 366-70, where theme d and the woodbird
motive return, but at a broad tempo that reflects the 'domestication', if you
will, of C major, the formerly heroic key. And, in bars 384-6, the augmented
triads C-E-GC and B-D#Fx (the latter together with A) are heard in
alternation over E in the bass. Recurring statements of theme c in the closing
bars leave the plaintive sound of the augmented triad in the listeners' minds
until all but the last moment.
329
e
J l--
?
NB !
334
crest'.
IV
This article has focused on the relationship between motive and tonal
structure. It thus engages with some theoretical issues raised by Richard Cohn,
who has suggested that the autonomy of motives is either granted or not by the
analyst, and that granting autonomy to motives violates the principle that the
Ursatz is the sole source of unity.' However, if we consider motives with
respect to form (or structure) on the one hand and content on the other, then
the question of autonomy admits of two answers rather than one. From the
point of view of structure, motives are not autonomous: the constituents of a
motive relate hierarchically to each other, and to the context in which they
appear. But in another sense motives are autonomous, insofar as their content,
though governed by higher levels of structure, cannot be inferred from the
higher levels alone. Putting the form-content dichotomy in other, quasi-
Aristotelian terms: what is incidental to the form of a motive - for example,
the unstable note in an augmented triad - is at the same time essential to the
content or identity of that motive. The unstable element of an augmented
triad is precisely what distinguishes it from a consonant triad, what makes it
conceptually autonomous.
NOTES
1. Charles Burkhart, 'Schenker's "Motivic Parallelisms"', Journal of Music Theory,
22 (1978), pp. 145-75.
2. It is interesting that while tonal analysts have not been concerned with motivic
relations between chords and melodies (except insofar as these two dimensions
together identify a given motive), analysts of atonal music using set theory have
generally sought to find similarities between the horizontal and vertical
dimensions, taking inspiration from Schoenberg's idea of the 'unity of musical
space'. An attempt to bring set theory to bear upon the analysis of tonal music
(specifically, the TristanPrelude) is presented in Allen Forte, 'New Approaches to
the Linear Analysis of Music', Journal of the AmericanMusicologicalSociety, 41
(1988), pp. 315-48.
3. The middleground level at which Forte ('New Approaches') finds linear
statements of the 'Tristan' chord (set-class 4-27) is relatively close to the
foreground, especially compared to the middleground statement of the augmented
triad in the SiegfriedIdyll, which occurs at a very deep level of structure.
4. Carl Schachter, in a personal communication, has pointed out a non-structural
tonic in the first movement of Schubert's Sonata in A minor, D. 845, analogous to
that in the SiegfriedIdyll. In the Schubert, the recapitulatory process includes,
deceptively, a statement of the opening theme in A minor at bar 151. But this