PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG Parts of a volcano

VALENZUELA
• The magma chamber: area with
Poblacion II, Malintta, Valenzuela City massive collection of magma below the
earth’s crust from which magma flows
NATSCI 1- Earth Science out.
• Crater: the tip or top of the volcano
Discussants: KRISTINE PELENDIANA, ARLENE tends to get blown off, leaving a small
DELPOZO, RENIER REGALA depression at the top of it.
• Main vent: the main exit point (opening
Course: BSA 2-3
or outlet) in a weak zone where molten
Instructor: DARRYL G. BAYONA magma is released to the surface.
• Secondary vents: other smaller vents
Topic: Types, Products and Importance of or opening through which ash and gases
Volcanic Eruptions and lava escape.
• Layers of ash and lava: The walls of a
volcano are usually made up of solidified
layers of lava and dust.
I. OBJECTIVES • Ashes, clouds and cinders: As the
A. to become familiar with the types, eruption continues, ashes and gases are
products and importance of discharged into the air, which is carried
volcanoes further by wind action.
II. DISCUSSION
Volcanic Eruption
What is a volcano?
 A volcanic eruption occurs when molten
 Mountain where lava (hot, liquid rock) rock, ash and steam pour through a vent
comes from a magma chamber under in the earth's crust.
the ground.
 Eruptions occur when underground
 a hole in Earth`s surface through which pressure is released when blocks of the
magma, hot gases, ash, and rock earth’s crust shift.
fragments escape from deep inside
planet.  Cracks or weaknesses allow magnetic
rise up from the lowest crust, pressure
 Volcanoes are found both on land and builds up which then releases
under the oceans (where they are called something, causing the magma to
seamounts). explode.

Classifications:

 If a volcano is erupting, it is called Types of Volcanic Eruption

active.
 Hawaiian Eruption
 If a volcano is not presently erupting but
might at some future date, it is called  The calmest of the eruption types.
dormant.
 Runny lava gushes out in a fountain
 If a volcano has stopped erupting without any explosive eruptions.
forever, it is called extinct.
 Characterized by the effusive emission
How volcanoes form? of highly fluid basalt lavas with low gas
contents.
 Mid Atlantic Ridge is an example
volcano formation where the tectonics  A phenomenon known as fire
plates are diverging or pulling apart fountaining.
whereas
 Strombolian Eruption
 Pacific Ring of Fire is an example of
 Thick lava is emitted in continuous out
volcano caused due to convergence of
mild explosions.
tectonic plates.
 Caused by bursting gas bubbles.

 They are one of the least violent of the

explosive eruptions, although they can
 still be very dangerous if bombs or lava
flows reach inhabited areas.
 Vulcanian Eruption
 It occurs when a magma plug has
blocked the volcanic vent.
 Results in hurls tons of almost solid
magma into the sky, and a vapor cloud
forms over the crater.
 These are much stronger and more
destructive with time.
 Plinian Eruption
 Caused by very viscous magma with
high gas content.
 Forming tall columns of gas
 eruption columns are usually shaped like
a mushroom
 Often occur abruptly, remaining inactive
for centuries.
 Pelean Eruption
 most violent eruption
 Fine ash, thick lava, and glowing, gas-
charged clouds are emitted, traveling
downhill at a tremendous speed.
 Characterized most prominently by the
incandescent pyroclastic flow that they
drive.
Products of Volcanic Eruption
 Lava is molten rock expelled by a
volcano during eruption.
 Sometimes it races down the side of a
volcano like a fast moving, incandescent
stream;
 sometimes it builds into a rubble-
covered mound at a volcano’s summit;
and
 Sometimes it oozes like a sticky but
scalding paste.
 The character of a lava primarily reflects
its viscosity (resistance to flow), and not
all lavas have the same viscosity.
Basaltic (mafic) lava has very low viscosity
when it first emerges from a volcano because it
contains relatively little silica and is very hot.
 Pahoehoe lava flow - Surfaces
are smooth, billowy, or ropy.
 A`a lava flow - Surfaces are
fragmented, rough, and spiny,
with a "cindery" appearance
Andesitic lava cannot flow as easily as basaltic
lava because of its higher silica content and
thus its greater viscosity.
 When erupted, andesitic lava first
forms a large mound above the vent.
 Since the lava moves so slowly, the
outside of the flow has time to solidify;
 As it moves, the surface breaks up into
angular blocks and the whole flow looks
like a jumble of rubble called blocky
lava.
Rhyolitic Lava flow the most viscous of all
lavas because it is the most silicic and the
coolest.
 Therefore, it tends to accumulate either
above the vent in a lava dome.
 Sometimes rhyolitic lava freezes while
still in the vent.
 Volcanoclastic deposits
 Include pyroclastic debris (from the
Greek pyro, meaning fire), which forms
from lava that flies into the air and
freezes.
 Debris formed when an eruption blasts
apart pre-existing volcanic rock that
surrounds the volcano’s vent,
 debris that accumulates after tumbling
down the volcano in landslides or after
being transported in water-rich slurries
 Debris formed as lava flows break up or
shatter.
 Pyroclastic debris
 They are fragmental pieces of rock,
whether they are minerals, crystals
or glass, ejected from the vent.
Types:
 Volcanic Ash
- Fine, glassy fragments
- Forms when gases in stiff magma
expand rapidly.
 Lapilli
- walnut-sized materials
- tiny pieces of magma that
harden before they hit the ground
 Volcanic Bombs
 - Ejected as hot lava
- large pieces of magma that
hardens in the air as erupted out of a
volcano.
 Volcanic Blocks
- Hardened or cooled lava
- ejected during explosive eruptions
and consist of older pieces of the
volcano.
 Lahars
 Lahars are a specific kind of mudflow
made up of volcanic debris
 They can form in a number of situations:
i. when small slope collapses gather
water on their way down a
volcano
ii. through rapid melting of snow
and ice during an eruption
iii. from heavy rainfall on loose
volcanic debris
iv. when a volcano erupts through a
crater lake
v. when a crater lake drains
because of overflows or wall
collapse.
 Volcanic Gases
 Volcanic gases are probably the least
showy part of a volcanic eruption, but
they can be one of an eruption's most
deadly effects.
 Gases come out of solution when the
magma approaches the Earth’s surface
and pressure decreases, just as bubbles
come out of solution in a soda when you
pop the bottle top off.
 Most of the gas released in an eruption
is water vapor (H2O), and relatively
harmless, but volcanoes also produce
carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide
(SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), fluorine
gas (F2), hydrogen fluoride (HF), and
other gases.
Importance of Volcanism
 Soil Enrichment:
 The most fertile land in the world can be
found at the base of a volcano.
 Volcanic rocks are filled with minerals
that, when broken down, provide plants
with rich nutrients.
 Volcanic eruptions result in ash being
dispersed over wide areas around the
eruption site.
 Depending on the chemistry of the
magma from which it erupted, this ash
will be contain varying amounts of soil
nutrients.
 Volcanic Land Formations:
 In addition to scattering ash over large
areas of land, volcanoes also push
material to the surface that can result in
the formation of new islands.
 For example, the entire Hawaiian chain
of islands was created by the constant
eruptions of a single volcanic hot spot.
 Where these islands formed, unique
species of plants and animals evolved
into new forms on these islands,
creating balanced ecosystems and
leading to new levels of biodiversity.
 Volcanic Minerals and Stones:
 Stones like pumice volcanic ash and
perlite (volcanic glass) are all mined for
various commercial uses.
 Volcanic ash and pumice are also used
as a light-weight aggregate for making
cement.
 The finest grades of these volcanic rocks
are used in metal polishes and for
woodworking.
 Perlite is also used as an aggregate in
plaster, since it expands rapidly when
heated.
 Crushed basalt and diabase are also
used for road metal, railroad ballast,
roofing granules, or as protective
arrangements for shorelines (riprap).
 High-density basalt and diabase
aggregate are used in the concrete
shields of nuclear reactors.
 Precious metals that are often found in
volcanoes include sulfur, zinc, silver,
copper, gold, and uranium.
 Precious stones and minerals that are
found in volcanoes include opals,
obsidian, fire agate, fluorite, gypsum,
onyx, hematite, and others.
 Global Cooling:
 Volcanoes also play a vital role in
periodically cooling off the planet.
 When volcanic ash and compounds like
sulfur dioxide are released into the
atmosphere, it can reflect some of the
Sun’s rays back into space, thereby
reducing the amount of heat energy
absorbed by the atmosphere.
 The cooling influence is particularly
marked in the case of large eruptions
able to blast sun-blocking particles all
the way up to the stratosphere – such
as Mount Pinatubo in 1991.
 Volcanic ash or dust released into the
atmosphere during an eruption, shade
sunlight and cause temporary cooling.
 Hot Springs and Geothermal Energy:
 Another benefit of volcanism comes in
the form of geothermal fields, which is
an area of the Earth characterized by a
relatively high heat flow.
 Geothermal fields often create hot
springs, geysers and boiling mud pools,
which are often a popular destination for
tourists.
 They can also be harnessed for
geothermal energy, a form of carbon-
neutral power where pipes are placed in
the Earth and channel steam upwards to
turn turbines and generate electricity.
 Outgassing and Atmospheric
Formation:
 The most beneficial aspect of volcanoes
is the role they play in the formation of a
planet’s atmosphere.
 Earth’s atmosphere began to form after
its formation 4.6 billion years ago, when
volcanic outgassing led to the creation of
gases stored in the Earth’s interior to
collect around the surface of the planet.
 Earth’s surface cooled and solidified
enough for water to collect on it.
 The atmosphere shifted to one
composed of water vapor, carbon
dioxide and ammonia (NH³).
 Much of the carbon dioxide dissolved
into the oceans, where cyanobacteria
developed to consume it and release
oxygen as a byproduct.
 Meanwhile, the ammonia began to be
broken down by photolysis, releasing the
hydrogen into space and leaving the
nitrogen behind.
 The lack of terrestrial volcanoes is
believed to be responsible.
 During the Archaean Era, there were
only submarine volcanoes, which had
the effect of scrubbing oxygen from the
atmosphere, binding it into oxygen
containing minerals.
 By the Archaean/Proterozoic boundary,
stabilized continental land masses arose,
leading to terrestrial volcanoes.
 From this point onward, markers show
that oxygen began appearing in the
atmosphere.
III. REFERENCES
 http://www.conserve-energy-
future.com/HowVolcanoesForm.php
 http://geology.com/volcanoes/types-of-
volcanic-eruptions/
 http://geologylearn.blogspot.com/2015/
10/the-products-of-volcanic-
eruptions.html
 http://www.universetoday.com/32576/b
enefits-of-volcanoes/