1

toif;awmfESifh Edkif iHawmf oD; jcm;

cGJjcm;&yfwnfjcif;
(Separation of Church and State)

toif;awmfESifhEdkifiHawmfoD;jcm;pDcGJjcm;&yfwnf
jcif;cH,lcsufonfESpfjcif;c&pf,mefrsm;\
xl;jcm;aom0daoo&yfwnfcsufwpf&yfjzpfygonf/
ESpfjcif;c&pf,meftoif;awmfonf EdkifiHawmfESifh
toif;awmf yl;wGJ &yfwnfaomacwfumv\ toif;awmftwGif;
0dnmOfa&;&mysufpD; ,dk,Gif;rIudkjyK jyifzdkY
MudK;yrf;rIrSaygufyGm; vmjcif;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm
EdkifiHawmf ESifhtoif;awmf wpfzGJU ESifhwpfzGJU
tjyeftvSef MoZm tmPm MuD;pdk;
vGrf;rdk;rIudkqefUusifaomtoif;awmfjzpfygonf/bmoma&;
vGwfvyfrI(Religious Freedom) onfbk&m;ay;aus;Zl;wpfyg;jzpf
aomaMumifh ? EdkifiHawmftMuD;tuJrsm;taejzifh
toif;awmf \ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfrI ESifh
,HMunfusifhoHk;rItay: MoZmtmPmjzifhpdk;rdk;
pGufzufjcif;rjyKjcif;ESifh toif;awmf uvnf;
wdkif;jynf (odkY)EdkifiH
awmf\tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk*kPft&Sdeft0gjzifhMuD;pdk;pGu
fzufjcif;rjyKjcif;onfomtaumif;qHk;&yfwnfrIjzpfonf[k
cH,ljcif;jzpfygonf/
1/ toif;awmf (Church) ESifh EdkifiHawmf (State) [lonf
tb,ft&mudkqdkvdkoenf;/ (What is meant by the terms ‘church’ and ‘state’?)
EdkifiHawmf(State)onfEdkifiHawmfudktkyfcsKyfrif;vky
folrsm;udkqdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
EdkifiHawmftMuD;tuJrsm;onf jynfoljynfom;rsm;\
tusdK;tvdkiSm bk&m;ocif \tapcHrsm;jzpfMuonf (a&m r
13;1-5)/wdkif;jynfOya'ESifh
pDpOfwusjzpfap&efwdkif;oljynfom;rsm;\tusdK;twGufbk&
m;ocifcefUxm;aomolrsm;jzpfonf (1 ay 2;13-
14)/c&pf,mefrsm;onftkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfolrsm;udk
av;pm;&rnf? qkawmif;ay;&rnf (1 wd 2;1-3; 1 ay
2;17)? tcGefay;&rnf (róJ 22;17-22 ? a&m 13; 6-7)/
 2

toif;awmf (Church)
onfbmoma&;tzGJUtpnf;udkqdkvdkjcif;jzpf onf/ a'
otvdkuftoif;awmfrsm;?
ZHke,frsm;?toif;csKyfrsm;?tp&Sdonfjzifhyg0ifygonf/E
Spfjcif;,HkMunfcsuf ü toif;awmfonf c&pfawmf\
owif;aumif;a0iS&ef (wref 1;8)? ,HkMunfcsufESifh
usifhoHk;rIrsm;oGefoif&ef (róJ 28;19-20? {zuf 4;11-
13)? c&pfawmf\emr ü avmu udktapcH&ef (róJ 25;31-
46)wnf&Sdaejcif; jzpfonf/ toif;awmfonf
jzpfwnfaerIESifhomoemvkyfief;vkyfaqmifrIwdkUYwGuf
0dnmOfawmf\wefcdk;udkrSDcdk&onf/
tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfolrsm;\ Mo ZmcHrjzpf&/
2/ toif;awmfESifh Edkif iHawmf oD; jcm;
cGJjcm;&yfwnfjcif; qdkif&mor®musrf;tajccH
or®musrf;pmütoif;awmfESifhEdkifiHawmfoD;jcm;cGJ
jcm;&yfwnfjcif;ESifhywfoufíwdkuf&dkufajymqdkxm;jcif
;rawGU&yg/odkYaomfvnf;xdktESpfom&udkaz:aqmifxm;csuf
rsm;xif&Sm;pGmawGU&ygonf/bk&m;ocifonfpMuF0Vm
wpfckvHk;udktkyfpdk;aomtMuD;jrwfqHk;aomoljzpfonfhtm
;avsmfpGm?olzefqif;xm;aomurÇmavmuMuD;xJ&SdEdkifiHrsm;
udkw&m;rQwpGmtpDtpOfwuspnf;urf;&Sd&dSjidrf0yfat;csrf;ap
zdkYtvdkawmf&Sdaombk&m;jzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifonftkyfpdk;jcif;tcGifhtmPm\t&if;tjrpfjzpfum?Ed
kifiHawmftMuD;trI;rsm;udkbk&m;\ukd,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;tjzp
f EdkifiHudktkyfpdk;&eftcGifhtmPmay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf
(a,&rd 27;5? 'Ha,v 4;17? a,m 19;11)/ xdkY
aMumifhEdkifiHomrsm;onfEdkifiHawmfrScsrSwfxm;aomOya'rsm
;udkvdkufemzdkYwm0ef&Sdjcif;jzpfonf (a&m 13;1-5?
A,&rd 29;4-7? 1 ay 2;13-15)/
(u) toif;awmf\wm0ef
bk&m;ocifvlom;rsm;udkzefqif;xm;jcif;onfbk&m;ocif\tv
dkawmfudkodjyD;tvdkawmftwdkif;emcHouf&SifzdkU jzpfonf
(urÇm 1;27)/bk&m;tvdkawmftwdkif;emcHouf&Sifjcif;onf
vGwfvyfpGm a&G; cs,frI jzpfoifhonf/ EdkifiHawmf (odkY)
 3

toif;awmf\tm;"r®
wdkufwGef;jcif;rjzpfoifh/c&pfawmfüu,fwifjcif;&&SdrI
onfc&pfawmfudkrdrdwpfOD;jcif;\u,fwifydkif&Siftjzpfv
GwfvyfpGma&G;cs,frI\toD;tyGifhjzpfonf(a,m3;16?{2;8-
10)/EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rSwpfpHkwpfOD;\,HkMunfjcif;twG
uf udk,fpm;a&G;cs,fay;cGifhr&Sd/
xdkUaMumifh,HkMunfjcif;twGufvGwfvyfpGma&G;cs,frIonf
woD;yk*¾vESifhomoufqdkifjcif;jzpfonf/toif;awmfonfvn
f;rdrdudk,fwdkifc&pfawmfudkrdrd\u,fwifydkif&Sifocif
tjzpf,HkMunfjyD;ESpfjcif;cH,lolrsm;ESifhzGJUpnf;xm;
jcif; jzpfonf (wref 2;41-42)/
,HkMunfolrsm;onf toif;awmfodkUay;vlKjcif;onfvnf;
rdrd wpfOD;jcif;\qE´ tavsmufjzpfoifhonf (2 aum 8;1-
15)/
c&pfawmfonfom,HkMunfolwpfOD;jcif;\ocifjzpf&rnf/
EdkifiHawmf (odkU) toif;awmfonf ocifrjzpf& ({ 4;11-
16? zd 2;8-11)/
c&pfawmfu róJ 22;21 ü uJombk&if\Opöm
udkuJombk&iftm;qufay;Muavmh/bk&m;ocif\ Opöm udk
um;bk&m;ociftm;qufay;Muavmh [kqdk&m wGif
bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmfESifh
uJomtkyfpdk;aomEdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;jzpfjcif;udkaz:
jyxm;aMumif;awGU&ygonf/c&pfawmfonft&mcyfodrf;udkydk
ifotkyfpdk;oljzpfaomfvnf;? avmuDom;rsm;tay:
avmuDrif; (odkY) tuJtrSl; uJhodkY
tpdk;&jcif;trIudkrjyKcJhyg/
wynfhawmfrsm;udkvnf;xdkuJhodkYtkyfpdk;jcif;rsdK;rjy
KzdkYrdefYrSmcJhygonf (rmuk 10;42-45)/
toif;awmf\wm0efonf {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;jzefUa0&ef
(wref 1;8)? " r® tawG;tjrifrsm;oGefoif&ef (róJ
28;20)? ,HkMunfolrsm;c&pfawmf ü MuD;&ifhvmap&ef ({
4;11-13)ESifhw&m;rQwrIay:
tajccHaomjidrf;csrf;om,m0ajymonfhurÇmavmuMuD;jzpfa&
;apcH&efjzpfonf/
 4

(c) EdkifiHawmf\wm0ef
EdkifiHawmfudktkyfcsKyfolrsm;\t"duwm0efrSm
wdkif;jynfom,m0ajymap&efESifh
raumif;rIrsm;rSumuG,f&ef
jzpfonf(a&m13;3)/vlqdk;wdkUudkjypf'PfpD&ifjcif;?vla
umif;wdkUudkcsD;rGrf;rIjyKjcif;ESifhvlwdkif;aumif;a
omtusifhusifhapjcif;tzdkYtvdkiSmOD;aqmif&efbk&m;oci
fcGJcefUrSwfom;xm;jcif;jzpfonf(1 ay 2;13-15)/
EdkifiHawmfudktkyfcsKyfolrsm;onfwdkif;oljynfom;rsm;
\tusdK;twGufxrf;&Gufolrsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm?Edkif
iHom;rsm;jidrf;csrf;om,mpGmEdkifiHwGif; ü
aeEdkif&ef[laomqE´jzifhtrIxrf;olrsm;jzpfoifhonf (1
wd 2;1-2)/
EdkifiHawmfonfEdkifiHom;rsm;\aumif;usdK;twGufMudK;p
maqmif&Guf&efwm0ef&Sdaomfvnf;?
vlom;rsm;\t"dujyoemjzpfaomtjypf\tcaojcif;rSvGwfajrm
ufEdkif&efpGrf;aqmifrIray;Edkifyg/
(*) rwlnDaomwm0efESpf&yff
EdkifiHawmfudktkyfpdk;jcif;wm0efESifhtoif;awmfu
dkOD;aqmifjcif;wm0efESpf&yfvHk;udkbk&m;ocifcGJcefUr
Swfom;xm;aomwm0efrsm;jzpfygonf/ odkUaomf
oD;jcm;cGJjcm;xm;aomwm0efjzpfonf (a,m 19;11? a&m
13;1-4)/toif;awmfudkOD;aqmifaomolonf
tkyfpdk;jcif;trIjzifhr[kwfbJ?odk;xdef;uJhodkY
aMuG;arG;jyKpkvsufOD;aqmif&\ (a,m 21;15-17? 1 ay
5;1-4? a[jAJ 13;20-
21)/c&pfrsm;onfEdkifiHawmfjidrf;csrf;om,m0ajymzdkYx
rf;aqmif&efwm0ef&SdouJhodkU?bk&mocif\tvdkawmfudkOD;
xdyfxm;emcH0efcH&olrsm;jzpfonf ( rmuk 12;17? a&m
13;5-7? wdwk 3;1? 1 ay 2;17)/
rdrdaexdkif&mEdkifiHrS&&SdaomtusdK;tjrwftwGufEdkifi
HawmfrSaumufcHaomtcGef
udkay;aqmif&efwm0ef&SdouJhodkY?
ouf&SifcGifhrStp?t&m&mwdkif;twGufaus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGr
 5

f;um? opöm&Sdaombk&m;ocif\om;orD;
tjzpfaeUpOfouf&SifzdkYvnf;vdktyfygonf (vkum 20;25?
a&m 13;6-7)/ odkUaomf wcgw&H
EdkifiHawmfudktkyfcsKyfolrsm;\usifhoHk;rIOya'rsm;on
fw&m;rQwrIuif;rJhjcif;(odkY)bk&m;tvdkawmfESifhqefYu
sifae wwfonf/ xdkodkUaom tajctae ü
c&pf,mefrsm;onfbk&m;tvdkawmfudkomtMuGif;rJhemcH&\/
bk&m;tvdkawmfudkomtMuGif;rJhemcHum?rw&m;aom
(odkY)rSm;,Gif;aom Oya'rsm;udkemrcH jcif;aMumifh
EdkifiHawmfudktkyfcsKyfolrsm;\tjypfay;rIrsm;?nSif;q
JESdyfpufjcif;rsm;?owfjzwfjcif;rsm;jzpfysufcJhonfho
rdkif;rsm;vnf; or®musrf;pmü xif&Sm;pGmawGY&ygonf
('Ha,v 3;8-12? 6;13? róJ 10;18?wref 5;29? 1 ay
4;12-16)/xdkuJhodkYMuHKawGU&pOf ü
ueOD;c&pf,mefrsm;onf ocifc&pfawmfuJhodkY
nSif;qJESdyfpuf
olrsm;twGufqkawmfif;ay;jcif;?MuHKawGU&aomtajctaetm;
vHk;udkbk&m;ocifvufxJtyfESHjcif;rsm;jyKcJhMuonfudka
wGY&ygonf ( 1 ay 2;20-23? xGuf 3;7? 'Ha,v 3;16-
18?vkum 6;28? 23;34? 1 wd 2;1-2)/ wcsdefwnf;rSmyif
c&pf,mefrsm;onf
EdkifiHawmfudktkyfcsKyfolrsm;\usifhoHk;rI
Oya'rsm;udkoHk;oyfum?bk&m;tvdkawmfESifhavsmfnDaom
w&m;rQwrItajccHOya'orsm;ay:
xGufap&ef?trsm;aumif;usdK;twGufajymqdkjcif;rsm;?yg0
ifqufuyfjcif;rsm;jyKzdkYwm0ef&Sdygonf(a[&Sm
3;14?5;22-23?rdu©m 3;1-3?wref 16;35-39?22;25?
25;10-11)/odkUaomf
xdkodkUjyKjcif;onftoif;awmfrSEdkifiHawmf (odkY)
vlrI0ef;usifudktkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfjcif;jyK&efr[kwf/
tvdkawmfonfaumif;uifbHk ü jynfYpHkouJhodkY
ajrMuD;ay:rSmjynfhpHkapzdkYtvdkiSmyg0ifqufuyfjcif;o
mjzpfoifhonf (róJ 6;10)/
xdkuJhodkU toif;awmfESifhEdkifiHawmfonf
oD;jcm;wm0efudk,fpDESifh urÇm avmuMuD;xJ ü
 6

twl,SOfwGJ&SdaeaomaMumifh
toif;awmfESifhEdkifiHawmfonf
oD;jcm;&yfwnfjcif;onftaumif;qHk;pHerlemjzpfonf/
3/ toif;awmfordkif;aemufcHtaMumif;&if;
(u) EdkifiHawmfutoif;awmftay: MoZmvGrf;rdk;jcif; /
/ c&pf,meftoif;awmfonf at'D 100 rS 313 twGif;
nSif;yef;ESdyfpufjcif; trsdK;rsdK; cHcJh&aomfvnf;?
at 'D 313 ü a&mrbk&if uGefpwifwdkif; (Constantine)
c&pf,mefbmom0ifjzpfvmjyD;?c&pf,meftoif;awmfrsm;udkO
D;aqmifcJhaomaMumifh
c&pf,mefbmomonfEdkifiHawmfbmomjzpfcJhum?
toif;awmfrsm;onfvnf; EdkifiHawmfMuD;rI;aomtoif;awmf
(State church) jzpfcJhMuonf/bk&ifrStoif;awmfudk
udk,fwdkifOD;pD;umvdkavao;r&SdyHhydk;rIaMumifhc&pf,
mefemrnfcH,lolrsm;vmum? toif;awmfonfvlOD;a&ESifh
Opöm"eawmifhwif;cJhonf/c&pf,mefrsm;nSif;yrf;ESdyfpu
frIrSuif;vGwfum?vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vm?aygif;oif;rdwfo[m,
zGJU?a[majymoufaocHcGifh&cJhMuonf/toif;awmfonftcGef
uif;vGwfcGifhESifhtwl?&efyHkaiGrsm;?Adrmefawmfaqmuf
vkyfcGifhrsm;&cJhMuonf/ bk&if\OD;aqmifrIatmuf ü
toif;awmfa&mufoGm;cJhaomaMumifh
aumif;aomtcsuftcsdKY&SdcJhaomfvnf;? or®musrf;pm
\txuf ü bk&if\MoZm tmPm&SdaecJhjcif;aMumifh
toif;awmf\ uP² wdkif; wGifbk&ifqE´
onfomt"dujzpfvmcJhonf/
ppfrSefaom,HkMunfoltoif;om;ESifh
omrefEdkifiHom;cGJjcm;&efcufcJrIrsm;&SdcJhonf/
emrnfcH c&pf,mef rsm; (Christopaganism or ungenerated members)
toif;awmfxJ
rsm;jym;vmumrvdkvm;tyfaomjyoemrsm;&SdcJhonf/
,HkMunfcsufoGefoifrI
ESifhvdkufemusifhoHk;rIwdkYütm;enf;(odkU)vGJrSm;vmu
m?0dnmOfa&;&musqif;cJhonf/avmuDqefaomtoif;awmftoGif
jzpfcJhaomaMumifh
 7

EkwfuywfawmfESifhaoGzDaomtoif;awmfrsm;jzpfcJhMuonfu
dkawGU&ygonf/
at'D 1517? toif;awmfjyefvnfjyKjyifa&;acwf ü
vnf;yifr a&mrumodkvdyftoif;awmf (Roman
Catholic)rScGJxGufaomtoif;awmfrsm;onfEdkifiHawmftkyfcsK
yfolrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;umEdkifiHawmfrSMuD;rI;aomtoif
;awmf rsm; (State church)jzpfcJhMuonf/ t*FvefEdkifiH
üvnf; [ife&D (Henry VIII) bk&ifvufxuf(at'D
1534)rStpjyKítoif;awmfudkEdkifiHawmfrSOD;aqmifum?t*
Fvdueftoif;awmf[ktrnfrnfhcJhonf/oif;tkyfq
&mrsm;udkEdkifiHawmfrScefUxm;aom
EdkifiHawmfMuD;rI;aomtoif;awmf (State church)
jzpfapcJhonf/
xdkYaMumifhEdkifiHawmf\tMuD;tuJrsm;onftoif;awmf\tMu
D;tuJrsm;vnf;jzpfcJhMujyD;?toif;awmfudkMoZmtmPmjzif
hMuD;pdk;cJhMuonf/tusdK;oufa&mufrIrSmor®musrf;pmA[d
kjyKtoif;awmfrSEdkifiHawmftmPmA[dkjyKtoif;
awmfrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/toif;awmfonfc&pfawmfOD;aqmifao
mc&pfawmf\udk,fcE¨mtjzpfrS EdkifiHawmf\tMuD;tuJrsm;
OD;aqmifaom avmuDbmoma&;tzGJUtpnf;rQomjzpfcJhMuonf/
(c) toif;awmfrSEdkifiHawmftay:vGrf; rdk;jcif; (The
Influence of the church over the state)

a&mrbk&if uGefpwifwdkif; (Constantine)

aoqHk;jyD;aemufESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwGif
tDwvDwdkif;jynf ü
toif;awmfonfEdkifiHawmftpdk;&\MoZmtmPmjzifhMudk:udk
ifrIatmufrSvGwfajrmuf&efMudK;pm;cJhMuonfudkawGU&ygo
nf/4&mpktukefydkif; ü
rDvefjrdKUrS*dkPf;csKyftefb&dk;pf (Ambrose Bishop of Milan)
onftoif;awmfrsm;EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfolbk&ifrsm;\Mud
K;udkifpdk;rdk;rIatmufrSvGwfajrmuf&efyxrOD;qHk;MudK
;yrf;cJhonfudkawGU&ygonf/ 6&mpkwGifwzef
ykyf&[ef;rif;MuD; r[m*a&*dk&D (Gregory the great)
onftDwvDjynftv,fydkif;udkykyf&[ef;rif;tkyfpdk;aomEd
 8

kifiHtjzpfodkYajymif;vJapcJhonf/
toif;awmfOD;aqmifaomEdkifiHawmfjzpfzdkYMudK;pm;cJhM
uolrsm;xJwGifykyf&[ef; rif; (Hilderbrant)
onftxif;&Sm;qHk;jzpfonf/&Sifbk&ifwHqdyfawmftrSwftom
;udkykyf&[ef;rif;wpfyg;wnf;omtoHk;jyK&rnf?vl
wdkif;ykyf&[ef;rif;\ajcudkerf;&rnf?EdkifiHawmfudktk
yfcsKyfrnfhrif;rsm;udkykyf&[ef;rif;rSxD;eef;wifajrm
ufjcif;?jzKwf
odrf;jcif;tmPm&Sd&rnf?rnfonfhtrdefUudkrqdkykyf&[ef;
rif;zsufodrf;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?rnfolrQykyf&[ef;rif;\
trdefUudk
zsufodrf;cGifhr&Sd&?ykyf&[ef;rif;udktb,folrQw&m;rpD
&if&?a0zefjcif;rjyK&tp&SdonhftrdefUrsm;udkcsrSwfcJh
onf/ odkYaomfaemufydkif; ü ykyf&[ef;rif;rsm;ESifh
oH CmtzGJUrsm;onf tmPmwnfwHha&;udk
OD;pm;ay;aomaMumifh
0dnmOfa&;&musqif;um?tusifhysufjcpm;rIrsm;jzpfcJhMuo
nf/
tmPmtvGJoHk;pm;jyKrIrsm;?tmPmjydKifqdkifrIrsm;j
zpfchJMuonf/rdrdwdkYtwGufppfwyfxm;&Sdjcif;rsm;?ppfy
GJqifEGJrIrsm;txdtmPmwnfwHha&;MudK;pm;vmMuonf/*kPfy
umoe,Zfrl;jcif;rsm;?aiGwyfrufrIrsm;?tusifhpm&dwå
ysufpD;rIrsm;rsm;jym;vmaomaMumifh0dnmOfa&; ü
usqif;cJhonfudkawGU&ygonf/
(*) ESpfjcif;ordkif;
ESpfjcif;c&pf,mef
rsm;onfESpfjcif;[kpwif&yfwnf;uwnf;uyif?
toif;awmfESifhEdkifiHawmfyl;wGJ
&yfwnfrI\tusdK;qufudkcg;wnf;pGmcHpm;cJhMu&onfudkawG
U&ygonf/
xdkUaMumifhESpfjcif;c&pf,mefacgif;aqmifrsm;onftpueO
D;uwnf;u?toif;awmfESifhEdkifiHawmfyl;wGJ&yfwnfrIudk
qefYusifcJMuygonf/t*FvefEdkifiHüESpjcif;c&pff,mefto
if;awmfudkOD;aqmifcJhaomyxrOD;qHk;oif;tkyfq&m?Thomas
 9

Helwys onfvlod&SifMum;
bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifhudkxkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhonf/
xdktcsdef üt*Fvefbk&if King James I
onfEdkfiiHawmf\tMuD;tuJacgif;aqmifjzpfouJhodkU
t*Fveftoif;awmf (Church of England)
\tMuD;tuJacgif;aqmifvJjzpfonf/ Thomas Helwys onf 1612wGif
The Mystery of Iniquity
[laomacgif;pOfjzifhpmtkyfi,fav;a&;om;jyD;?xdkpmtkyf
ESifhtwl vufa&;jzifhpmwdkav;a&;umbk&if
xHodkYydkYay;cJhonf/xdkvufa&;pmwdkübk&ifonfaorsdK;j
zpfonf/bk&m;r[kwf/xdkUaMumifhvlom;rsm;\0dnmOfa&;&mt
ay: MoZmtmPmr&Sd/tkyfpdk;ydkifcGifhr&Sd
[kyg&Sdygonf/ xdkodkYa&;om;xkwfaz:rIaMumifh King James I
rS Thomas
HelwysudktusOf;axmifxJcsKyfaeSmifxm;cJhonf/Thomas Helwys
onfaxmifxJüyif qHk;yg;oGm;cJhygonf/ JohnBuyan(1628-1688)
uJhodkYaomESpfjcif;oif;tkyfq&m;rsm;vnf;bmoma&;vGwfv
yfcGifhtwGuft*FveftusOf;axmifrsm; ü
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm'ku©cHpm;ay;qyfcJhMuonfudkawGU&ygo
nf/ar&duefjynfüvnf;t*FvefjynfrSbmoma&;nSif;qJrI
aMumifha&Smifajy;a&muf&Sdvmaomtoif;awmfacgif;aqmif
a&m*sm0DvsH {Roger Williams (1603-1683)}
onfrufqmcsL;qufjynfe,fqmvifjrdKUwGifoif;tkyftjzpfOD
;aqmifaepOf?xdke,f\tpdk;&rsm;rStoif;awmfrsm;tm;MudK
;udkifrIudkqefUusifum?toif;awmfwdkif;rdrd\vGwfvyfrI
jzifhtoif;awmfudkzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sd&rnf[kawm
if;qdkcJhonf/toif;awmf\O,mOfESifhurÇmavmuMuD;\uEÅm&
tMum;jcm;xm;aomwHwdkif;[ka&;om;um?EdkifiHawmfESifht
oif;awmfoD;jcm;&yfwnfa&;qdkif&mbmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifht
wGufajymqdkcJhygonf/xdkYtjyif
tom;jzLrsm;XmaeIndianrsm;xHrSajr&mrw&m;odrf;,lrIudkqef
Uusifum?XmaeIndianrsm;\ajrrsm;udkolwdkYtm;
jyefay;zdkYtpdk;&udkawmif;qdkcJhygonf/ xdkUaMumifh
tmPmydkifrsm;\nSif;qJjcif;cHcJh&onf/ 1636 January v ü
rufqmcsL;qufrSxGufajy;&umXmae
Indianrsm;xHcdkvHkcJh&ygonf/odkYjzpfí
 10

a&m*sm0DvsHonf&kwftdkifvef (Rhode
Island)wGifoD;oefUe,fwpfckwnfaxmifumaexdkifcJhonf/xdke
,f\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya' ü bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifh
ESifhXmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;udkw&m;rQwpGmqufqHa&;udkt
"duxnfhoGif;cJhavonf/ xdkUaemu Isaac Backus (1724-1806), John
Leland (1754-1841) tp&Sdonfh
ESpfjcif;toif;awmfacgif;aqmifrsm;onftjcm;aomc&pf,me
facgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwlbmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifhtzdkYtvd
kiSg MudK;pm; ay;qyfcJhMu&m aemufqHk;
tar&duefEdkifiH\zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' ü
bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGifhjyXef;onftxdatmifjrifrI&cJhMuygo
nf/
4/ toif;awmfESifh EdkifiHawmf tjyef tvSef
tusdK;jyKjcif; (Mutual Benefit)
EdkifiHawmf rS EdkifiHom;rsm;tm;vHk; Oya'
pdk;rdk;rIatmuf ü ab;uif;vHkjcHK pGm
oGm;vmvkyfudkifpm;aomufEdkifa&;
pGrf;aqmifay;jcif;onf toif;awmf\omoemvkyfief;twGuf
tusdK;jzpfxGef;apygonf (wref 13-16)/
xdkenf;wltoif;awmfonfvnf;tusifhpm&dwÅaumif;rGefjyD;
&dk;om;MudK;pm;ajzmifhrwfaom
EdkifiHom;rsm;arG;xkwfay;jcif;jzifh?vlrI0ef;usifwpf
ckvHk;wdk;wufzGHUjzdK;vma&;twGufEdkifiHawmfudktaxmu
ftrjyK ay;ygonf ({ 4;24-32? 1 ay 2;11-17)/
xdkuJhodkYtjyeftvSeftusdK;jyK twl,SOfwGJ
wnf&SdaeEdkifa&;twGuf
toif;awmfESifhEdkifiHawmfonfoD;jcm;&yfwnfae&rnf/wpf
OD;tay:wpfOD;csKyfudkifjc,fvS,frIrjyKjcif;onft
aumif;qHk;&yfwnfrIjzpfonf[kESpfjcif;c&pf,mefrsm;ucH
,lMujcif;jzpfonf/EdkifiHawmfonftoif;awmf\,HkMunfcsu
frsm;?0wfjyKudk;uG,frIyHkpHrsm;?zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk
rsm;?OD;aqmifrIyHkpHrsm;udkqHk;jzwfay;rIr&Sdap&/
xdkenf;wlpGm?toif;awmfonfvnf; 0dnmOfa&;&mtwGuf
EdkifiHawmf\tcGifhtmPm tay: rSDcdktm;xm;jcif;rjyK&/
 11

xdkuJhodkYaom&yfwnfcsufonfom
trSefuefqHk;jzpfonf[kESpfjcif;c&pf,mefrsm;cH,ljcif;
jzpfonf/
5/ toif;awmfESifhurÇmavmu (Church and the world)
toif;awmfonf urÇmavmuBuD;xJ ü?
urÇmavmuBuD;twGuf wnf&Sdae&jcif;jzpfum? bk&m;ocif\
wefcdk;awmf? arwÅm*&kPmawmf? tvdkawmfwdkUudk urÇm
avmuBuD;odkY aMunmo&kyfjyaom
,HkMunfolvlpkjzpfygonf/ ,HkMunfolwynfhawmfrsm;
twlwuG pkpnf; wnf&Sd aejcif;\ bk&m;ay;
&nf&G,fcsufonf urÇmavmuBuD;udk ausmcdkif;NyD;
oD;oefU AdrmefawmfxJü tpOfudef;atmif;zdkY r[kwf/
c&pfawmf\ r[mapcdkif;csuf (róJ 28;19-20) ESifh
apvGwfcsuf (a,m 21;20) twdkif;Adrmefawmf
y&0kPftwGif;rSxGufNyD; urÇmavmuBuD;xJodkY
wdk;0ifNyD; omoemvkyfief; vkyfaqmifMuzdkY
jzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh urÇmavmuBuD;onf c&pf,mefrsm;
trIawmfaqmif Mu&rnfh omoemuGif; jzpfygonf/
bk&m;ocifonf urÇmavmuBuD;udk cspfaomaMumifh
ocifc&pfawmf tm;jzifh vlYZmwd cH,lum?
urÇmavmuBuD;xJodkY 0ifa&mu fa&m,SufNyD;?
u,fwifjcif; trIawmfudk aqmif&GufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
ocifa,&Ionf urÇm avmuBuD;\ jzpf&yfrsm;udk
a&SmifuGif;ausmcdkif;um? urÇmavmuBuD;\ tjyifbufü
u,fwifjcif; vkyfief;vkyfaqmifjcif; r[kwfyg/
urÇmavmuBuD;xJ a&m,Suf a0'emcH? tESpfemcHum
vlom;rsm; u,fwifjcif;&&SdzdkY? urÇm avmu
wpfckvHk;bk&m;ocif\ ]&Smavm(rf)} Nidrfoufjcif;
cHpm;&apzdkY rdrdudk,fudk wifvlK ylaZmf
qufuyfcJhygonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;onfvnf; bk&m;cspfaom
urÇmavmu BuD;xJü (avmuDom;rsm;Mum; ü)
<u,f0csrf;omjcif;? wdk;wufajymif;vJjcif;ESifh
ajrmfvifhjcif;jzifh ouf&SifcGifh&onfhenf;wl?
]qif;&Jom;wdkUtm; 0rf;ajrmufp&m
 12

owif;udkMum;ajymzdkY? aMurGaomolwdkY\ temudk

aysmufapzdkY? brf;oGm;csKyf xm;vsuf&Sdaom olwdkUtm;
vTwfapzdkY? rsufpduef;aom olwdkUtm;rsufpd jyef
jrifapzdkY? n§if;qJcH&aomolwdkUudk u,frzdkY?
xm0&bk&m;\ r*FvmESpf umvudk ajymMum;zdkY} (vk
4;19)? ty,fcH? tESdrfcH? pGefYypfcH&aomolrsm;
bk&m;ay;vlY*kPfodu©m wefzdk; tcGifhta&; &&SdapzdkY?
apvGwfcH&aomolrsm; jzpfonf/ ocifc&pfawmfonf
vlwdkif; ]toufESifh jynfhpHkapzdkY} avmuodkY
<uvmouJhodkY (a,m 10;10)? toif;awmfonfvnf;
vlUtcGifhta&;? vlUwefzdk;? vlYodu©m jynfh0pGm
&&Sdaom urÇmavmuBuD;jzpfzdkY c&pfawmf\
cE¨mtjzpftapcH&ef wnf&Sdaejcif; jzpfygonf/
Zmwd\vGrf;rdk;rIatmuftwÅA[dkjyK t"r®trI
BuD;pdk;aeaom urÇmavmuBuD;udk ocifc&pfawmf\
tvdkawmftwdkif; arwÅmtajccH jA[®mpdk&fw&m;
vGrf;rdk;onfh urÇmBuD;jzpfapzdkY
qm;ESifhtvif;tjzpf? tESpfemcH pGefYvlK ylaZmf&rnhf
wm0efonf toif;awmf\ wm0efyif jzpfygonf/
ed*Hk;
toif;awmfonfc&pfawmf\cE¨mtjzpfurÇmavmuMuD;xJü&Sdaejc
if;jzpfonf/
toif;awmfonfoufqdkif&mEdkifiHawmf\wpdwfwa'ovnf;jzpf
onf/c&pf,mefrsm;onfbk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmfom;rsm;jzpf
ouJhodkUrdrdodkUrSDoif;aexdkif&mEdkifiH\EdkifiHom;r
sm;vnf;jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfygíc&pf,mefrsm;onfrdrdodkYrSDoif;aexdkif&mE
dkifiHawmf\tusdK;o,fydk;xrf;&GufzdkYwm0ef?EdkifiHaw
mfumuG,f
apmifha&SmufzdkYwm0ef?EdkifiHom;aumif;tjzpftouf&Sif
zdkYwm0efvnf;&Sdygonf/c&pf,mef0dnmOfa&;&mudpöonfavm
ukwÅ&mta&;oufoufrQomr[kwf/urÇmavmuMuD;\tvif;ESifhqm;
jzpf&aomtoufwmvnf;jzpfygonf/toif;awmfonf urÇm
avmuMuD;twGuf?oufqdkif&mEdkifiHawmftwGuf
 13

aumif;usdK;jyKaomtoif;awmfjzpf&ygrnf/ xdkUaMumifh
toif;awmfESifhEdkifiHawmfoD;jcm;pDcGJjcm;&yfwnfjcif
;cH,lcsufonf EdkifiHawmfESifhtoif;awmf tcsif;csif;
rqufqH&? roufqdkif& [k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf/
EdkifiHawmf \toif;awmf (odkY) EdkifiHawmfMuD;rI;aom
toif;awmf(Statechurch)yHkpHrsdK;udkjiif;qdkjcif;omjzpfygo
nf/tjyeftvSefav;pmorIjyKjcif;jzifhoD;jcm;&yfwnf
Mujcif;onftaumif;qHk;pHerl emjzpfonf
[kcH,ljcif;omjzpfygonf/