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“By” or “with” followed by a noun is also used to express how something is done.
E.g.: Mary goes to work by bus.
Andrea stirred her coffee with a spoon.
Others
By check By chance By mistake
By credit card By choice By hand (made by a person, not a machine)
Complete the following by using by + gerund. Use the words in the list or your own words.
Definitions:
a.) To be familiar with the appearance of without having personal acquaintance
b.) It is used to emphasize that something is the biggest, the best, etc.
c.) Something that is produced as a result of making something else, or something unexpected that happens as a
result of something else. // An incidental or secondary product made in the manufacture or synthesis of something
else.
d.) Due to something. // Using something.
e.) A person who is standing near and watching something that is happening but is not taking part in it:
f.) It is used to tell someone that they should forget about unpleasant things that happened in the past, and
especially to forgive and forget something bad that someone has done to them.
g.) from memory.
Examples:
1. The deep depression he fell into was a byproduct of his disease. ________
2. This was by far the largest city in the area. _________
3. I was able to get an A in my math class this semester by means of hard work. ________
4. Just let bygones be bygones and be friends again. ________
5. The students had to know the poem by heart. ________
6. I know Mr. Brown by sight but we have never spoken. ________
7. Many innocent bystanders were injured by the explosion. ________
FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE CORRESPONDING WORD FROM THE LIST BELOW.
BY HEART / BY FAR / BY THE WAY / KNOW BY SIGHT / BY MEANS OF / LET BYGONES BE BYGONES / BYSTANDER /
BYPRODUCT.
1. I need to learn the plural of irregular nouns _______________________________ because they don’t follow any rules.
2. I said I was sorry—can't we ___________________________________?
3. The device is attached to the patient's arm _______________________________ straps.
4. This is his best film ______________________________.
5. If you ____________ someone ________________________, that person looks familiar to you, but is not a friend of yours.
6. Selenium is a _______________________________ of copper refining.
7. It looks like an innocent __________________________ was killed instead of you.