Atienza, Rachelle Grace T.

CE159/A1 Assignment

1. Define uncertainty and vagueness


The word uncertain means the state of being unsure or in doubt. The word vagueness is the
lack of distinctness or preciseness and the idea that the extension of natural language
predicates lack clear truth conditions.

2. Compare – precision an impression

Precision is the quality, condition, or fact of being exact and accurate while impression is an
idea, feeling, or opinion about something or someone, especially one formed without conscious
thought or on the basis of little evidence. Generally, precision is based on facts while
impression is based on opinion.

3. Explain the concept of fuzziness a said by Lotfi A. Zadeh

For Zadeh, fuzziness is different from vagueness. Fuzziness is "the transition between
membership and non-membership is gradual rather than abrupt" (Zadeh, 1965). He asserts that
fuzziness is being gradual while vagueness is fuzziness and the lack of specificity combined.

4. What is a membership function?


 Membership function provides a numerical representation of this ordering. According to

edoras.sdsu.edu, it is a curve that defines how each point in the input space is mapped to a
membership value (or degree of membership) between 0 and 1.

5. Describe a fuzzy system with basic configuration

Fuzzy logic transforms a linguistic modeling strategy into a systems fuzzy logic modeling
strategy. It is made of four main components; first, the Fuzzifier; second, the knowledge base
containing fuzzy IF-THEN rules and membership functions; third Fuzzy reasoning; and fourth
defuzzifier interface. The basic configuration of the fuzzy system with fuzzifier and defuzzifier

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used in this study is shown in Figure 1.

source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-basic-configuration-of-the-fuzzy-
system_fig1_287782436

6. Define classical set.

A classical set is defined by crisp boundaries, meaning the transition is abrupt and its either one
or the other and nothing in between.

7. How is the power set formed from the existing universe? 


The power set or the whole set is formed from all the possible sets in the existing universe.

8. What is the difference between the whole set and the power set?

Whole set is the collection of all the elements in the universe while the power set constitutes to
all possible sets of X and denoted by P(x).

source: Introduction to Fuzzy Logic using MATLAB - book

9. Give a few examples for classical set.

-The humidity in a certain place

-The downloading internet speed

-The cell phone screen's luminosity

10. What are the operations that can be performed on the classical set?

The operations that can be performed on the classical set are union (logical or), intersection
(logical and), complement, and difference.

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11. Write the expressions involved for the operations of classical set in function 
 – theoretic
form and set- theoretic form. 

Function theoretic form:

Union

Intersection

Function set-theoretic form:

12. State the properties of classical sets.

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13. What is the cardinal number of a set? 


The cardinal number of a set is the total number of elements in a universe X. It is denoted as nx.

14. How is the cardinality defined for a power set?

The cardinality of a set is defined as the total number of distinct items in that set and power set
is defined as the set of all subsets of a set. Cardinality refers to the number of elements in a
finite set and Power set of A or P(A)P(A) refers to the set that contains all the subsets of AA.
Hence, cardinality of P(A)P(A)refers to the number of subsets of AA.

source: https://www.quora.com/

15. What are the additional properties added with the existing properties of classical set?

 The two special properties:

-The excluded middle axioms

-De Morgan's principles

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source: https://www.ibu.edu.ba/assets/userfiles/it/2012/eee-Fuzzy-2.pdf

16. What is the variation between the law of excluded middle and law of contradiction? 


The axiom of the excluded middle, deals with the union of a set A and its complement, while
the axiom of contradiction, represents the intersection of a set A and its complement.

source: https://www.ibu.edu.ba/assets/userfiles/it/2012/eee-Fuzzy-2.pdf

17. Discuss in detail how classical sets are mapped to functions. 


Mapping is important to map elements or subsets on one universe of discourse to elements or

sets in another universe. If an element x is contained in X and corresponds to an element y
contained in Y, it is generally termed a mapping from X to Y, f : X →Y

For example, a universe with three elements, X = {a, b, c}, we desire to map the elements of the
power set of X, i.e., P(X), to a universe, Y, consisting of only two elements (the characteristic
function), Y = {0, 1}

the elements of the power set P(X) = {∅, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}, {a, c}, {a, b, c}}

the elements in the value set V(P(X))

V{P(X)} = {{0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0}, {0, 0, 1}, {1, 1, 0}, {0, 1, 1}, {1, 0, 1}, {1, 1, 1}}

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source: https://www.ibu.edu.ba/assets/userfiles/it/2012/eee-Fuzzy-2.pdf

18. Define fuzzy set.

Fuzzy set has boundaries that are ambiguous and vague or hazy, basically, it is fuzzy. Because of
this vagueness, the membership of an element from the universe in this set is measured by a
function that attempts to describe vagueness and ambiguity.

19. What is the membership function for fuzzy set A? ∼ 


Fuzzy set A∼

When the universe, X, is continuous and infinite, the fuzzy set A∼

Membership function for fuzzy set A∼

20. State the reason for the membership function to be in the interval 0 to 1. 


The membership function has an interval of 0 to 1 because it gives the subjective measures for
the linguistic terms. A membership function shows the membership degrees of a variable to a
certain set.

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21.What are the operations that can be performed by a fuzzy set? 


source: https://www.ibu.edu.ba/assets/userfiles/it/2012/eee-Fuzzy-2.pdf

Union:

Intersection:

Complement:

source: https://ekoharsono.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/2-classical-and-fuzzy-sets.pdf

22. Explain about the properties present in the fuzzy set. 


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source: https://ekoharsono.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/2-classical-and-fuzzy-sets.pdf

23. Write the expressions for the fuzzy set operation in set-theoretic form and 
 function
theoretic form.

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source: https://www.ibu.edu.ba/assets/userfiles/it/2012/eee-Fuzzy-2.pdf

24. How is the excluded middle law different for the fuzzy set and the classical set? 


the excluded middle law different for the classical set

the excluded middle law different for the fuzzy set

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