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Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
1/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
Sub‐Topics:
• Rotating machines(contd..)
• Induction motor
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
2/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
Review
• In current transformer, primary is connected to a
I f i i d
current source, hence secondary should not be open
circuited
• If primary is connected to a voltage source, secondary
should not be short circuited
h ld t b h t i it d
• In case of auto transformer, there
could be saving in copper provided
the magnitude of V1 & V2 are of the
same order
d (generally not preferred if
this ratio exceeds 3).
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
3/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
• In rotating machines, there are two parts ‐ stator, rotor
• both of them have windings
If Fs is stator mmf
If F is stator mmf & F
& Fr is rotor mmf
is rotor mmf
T α FsFrsin δ
α FsFsrsin δ1 δ1∠FFsrs
α FrFsrsin δ2 δ2 ∠ Fsr
Fr
• for steady torque Fs, Fr should be stationary w.r.t. each
other
Electrical degrees ≠ Mechanical degrees
10 elec=
l (2/P)0 mech
h
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
4/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
Classification of Machines:
stator → dc
dc machine
rotor→ ‘I’
I flowing in the load or from
flowing in the load or from
external source is dc
ac machine
hi
synchronous machine
y asynchronous machine
asynchronous machine
stator rotor stator rotor
ac/dc dc/ac ac
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
5/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
Asynchronous machine:
consider 3 coils of ‘N’ N turns,
turns
displaced in space by 120°
let ia = Im sin ( ωs t )
⎛ 2π ⎞
ib = Im sin ⎜ ωs t − ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 4π ⎞
ic = Im sin ⎜ ωs t − ⎟ where ωs = 2πf1
⎝ 3 ⎠
⇒ current in each coil produces a pulsating magnetic field
⇒ amplitude & direction depend on the instantaneous
value of ‘I’ flowing through it
⇒ each phase winding produces a similar magnetic field
di l d by
displaced b 1200 in i space from
f each
h other
th
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
6/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
⇒ magnitude and position of the resultant field can be
determined as follows
• resolve the field produced by individual coil along x & y
axes
• determine ∑ x & ∑ y components
• resultant
l 'R ' = ∑ ∑
x 2
+ y 2
y −1
& θ = tan w.r.t.
w r t axis of coil ‘A’
A
x
∑ x = Ni a + Nib cos(120)
( ) + Nic cos(240)
( )
1 1
= Nia − Nib − Nic
2 2
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
7/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
3
∵ ia + ib + ic = 0 Σx = Nia
2
3
Σy = 0 + Nib sin(−120) + Nic sin(−240) = N[ic − ib ]
2
⇒ ia, ib & ic are sinusoidal varying quantities
ωst ia ib ic Σx Σy R θ
0 − 3 3 3 3 π
0 0 Im Im 0 N Im N Im
2 2 2 2 2
Im Im 3 3 3 3 π
30 0
− Im N Im N Im N Im
2 2 4 4 2 3
0 − Im − Im 3 3
90 Im N Im 0 N Im 0
2 2 2 2
3 − 3 3 3 −π
1800 0 Im Im 0 N Im N Im
2 2 2 2 2
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
8/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
Observations:
3
• magnitude of ‘R’ is constant = NIm , Im → peak value
2
• Input
I t ‘I’ completes
l t 1/4 cycle,
l ‘R’ rotates
t t byb 900
• Input ‘I’ completes 1/2 cycle, ‘R’ rotates by 1800
Conclusion:
⇒ the result of displacing 3 windings by 1200 in space and
displacing the winding ‘I’ by 1200 in time phase is a
single revolving
re ol ing field of constant magnitude
field of constant magnit de
⇒ for a given winding arrangements speed of rotation is
determined by frequency of input ‘V’ V or ‘I’
I alone
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
9/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
∴ the speed of rotating magnetic field is
2
ωm = ωs rad/sec (mech)
P
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
11/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
ii) slip ring rotor: three phase (?) winding is placed in
rotor slots
rotor slots
⇒ three terminals of the windings are connected to three
rings fixed to rotor shaft
rings fixed to rotor shaft
⇒ external ‘R’/‘Z’/‘V’ source can be connected to
th
these rings
i
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
12/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
In both cases, when the rotor is at rest, synchronously
rotating stator field induces voltage of stator frequency in
g g q y
rotor.
∵ rotor is at rest, relative speed between stator field &
rotor is Ns‐ 0 = Ns → is maximum
∵ relative speed between field and conductor(rotor) is
p ( )
maximum, induced emf & ∴rotor ‘I’ is maximum.
⇒ similar to transformer, for any current in secondary
similar to transformer for any current in secondary
(rotor) there is an equivalent ‘I’ in primary(stator)
∴ if an IM is started at rated V & f, a high ‘I’ will be drawn
if IM i d d V & f hi h ‘I’ ill b d
from the source
⇒ this ‘I’ could be ≅
h ‘’ ld b (6 ‐
( 7) times I
) FL
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
13/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
⇒ current carrying conductor placed in magnetic field
experience a force
experience a force
⇒ conductor (rotor) starts rotating
⇒ as the speed ↑, relative speed between stator field &
rotor ↓. As a result:
→ induced ‘V’ in the rotor and hence the current ↓
→ Frequency of induced
of induced ‘V’
V &
& ‘I’ in the rotor ↓
I in the rotor ↓
⇒ rotor eventually reach a steady state speed Nr, Nr<Ns
⇒ Nr can not be = Ns because at Nr = Ns, relative speed
between rotor (conductor) and stator field is zero.
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
14/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26
⇒ no emf & ∴ no ‘I’ & no force or torque
⇒ Ns‐ Nr → slip speed &
N s − Nr
slip ss = ∴ Nr = (1 − s)N s
Ns
Thu Oct EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems
15/15
8, 2009 Prof. B.G.Fernandes Lecture 26