Centrifugal Pumps, Slurry Pumps, Paper Stock Pumps – Sam Turbo Industry Ltd, Coimbatore, India.

Pump develops same head in metres of liquid (MLC) independent of SG, and therefore SG is
proportional to pressure
Pump delivers same quantity by volume independent of SG, but quantity by weight will be
proportional to SG.
Efficiency is unaffected by SG, but power absorbed is proportional to SG
Permissible suction lift varies with SG. The height of a column of a liquid corresponding to
atmosphere is inversely proportional to SG and suction lift will vary accordingly.

Depends on system head curve as well as pump H-Q

curve
H-Q Curve Parallel: Add Q of individual pump for
various Total Heads
H-Q Curve Series: Add H of individual pump for various
capacities
If static component represents a large portion of the
system head, and friction losses are low, parallel
operation is preferred
If system head is entirely of friction - operation in series
will give more flow

Can a centrifugal pump be operated against a closed discharge ?

Generally should be avoided. There are special cases when no significant harm can occur
BHP - WHP = Power losses within the pump
Except a small portion, the power converted to heat, transferred to liquid, passing through the
pumps
At closed discharge, no useful power, entire BHP converter to heat
I HP - 42.4 Btu/Min. Heat. 100 HP - 4240 Btu/min. for 100 lb of water - temperature rise - 42.4
F/min
Serious damage can result if pump allowed to operate appreciable period of time
In large capacity pumps, volume of water in casing is high and temperature rise will be slow.
100 HP - 500 lbs of water - temp. rise - 0.85 F/min.
Pump can operate quite a long time, say 15 - 30 minutes without causing undue difficulty
If condition of installation impose such operation, a small bypass to pick up the heat to be provided

Example I - Open Tank - Suction Lift Condition

Source Pressure: 1 Kg/Cm2 ;Suction List: 3 m;Friction loss

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Centrifugal Pumps, Slurry Pumps, Paper Stock Pumps – Sam Turbo Industry Ltd, Coimbatore, India.

in pipeline;
Foot Valve, Strainer, Bend, Valve,1 m, Temperature of
water: 21º C
Method

Ha = 10 x Pa/SG = 10 x 1/0.998 = 10.02 Mts.

Vapour pressure of water at 21º C = 0.0253 Kg/Cm2
hvp = 10 x 0.0253 / 0.0998 = 0.25 m
NPSH (A) = 10.02 - 3 - 0.25 - 1 = 5.77 mts

Example II - Open Tank Suction Head Condition

Data : Suction Head: 4 m, Friction Loss: 1.2
m,Temperature: 21º C, Altitude: 1500 m,Pressure at
1500m Altitude is 0.9 Kg/Cm2
Method

So, ha = 10 x 0.9/0.998 = 9.02 m

NPSH (A) = 9.02 + 4 -1.2 - 0.25 = 11.57 mts.

Example III - Closed Tank under Vacuum

Condition
Data : Vacuum in Vessel: 600 mm of Hg, Temperature:
40º C, Friction Loss: 1m, Vapour Pressure and specific
gravity are 0.49 Kg/Cm2 and 0.72 respectively at 40º C,
SG of Mercury: 13.6
Method

ha = (10 x 1/0.72 - 600 x 13.6/1000 x 0.72) - 13.88 -11.33

= 2.55
hvp = 10 x 0.49/0.72 = 6.81 mts.
NPSH (A) = 2.55 +10.2 -1 -6.81 = 4.94 mts

Example IV - Closed Tank under Pressure

Data : Pressure in closed vessel: 0.5 Kg/Cm2 ,

Atmospheric Pressure at the installation: 0.9 Kg/Cm2 ,
Friction Loss: 1.5 m vapour pressure; 0.45 Kg/Cm2
Specific Gravity: 0.8
Method

ha = (10 x 0.9/0.8 +10 x 0.5/0.8) = 11.25 + 6.25 = 17.5

hvp = (10 x 0.45/0.8) = 5.625
NPSH (A) = 17.25 +0.2 -5.625 - 1.5 = 10.325 mts.

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Centrifugal Pumps, Slurry Pumps, Paper Stock Pumps – Sam Turbo Industry Ltd, Coimbatore, India.

B-10 Life 90% of Bearing should still be serviceable after

ANSI 24000 Hrs. 3 years
API 40000 Hrs. 5 years

In practice, this is not what happens. Life expectancy falls short by as much as 50% or more. Not because, pump
manufacturers do not know how to size bearings or are too optimistic and cut corners.There are two main reasons for
the same:

Actual load exceeds predicted load

A pump misalignment
Excessive forces and moments exerted on pump by piping, pump cavitation,
operation below recommended min. flow, poor suction piping

The load, the bearings can carry falls short of the basic bearing load, because of bearing
environment conditions
Lack of lubrication
Use of wrong lubricants
Water contamination* of the lubricant
Inadequate cooling
Excessive cooling

*Water contamination is the greatest and most frequent

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