Albert Einstein (1885-1962)

Famous For: Advancing the Theory of Relativity

At the age of seventeeen, Albert Einstein enrolled to complete and receive his teaching
diploma in the field of physics and mathematics at the Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. He debated with Niels Bohr, the other founder of
quantum mechanics. In 1905, Einstein published On the Electrodynamics of Moving
Bodies, this contained his theory on relativity. In 1921, Albert Einstein was a recipient of
the Nobel Prize in the field of Physics.

Niels Bohr (1885-1962)

Famous For: Contributions to quantum theory, nuclear reactions and nuclear fission
Niels Henrik David Bohr, a native of Copenhagen, Denmark and his contribution to the
world of physics rests on his study and explanation of the atomic structure. In addition,
he helped in the understanding of quantum mechanics and in so doing founded the
Institute of Theoretical Physics located at the University of Copenhagen, the institute has
been renamed to the Niels Bohr Institute.

Stephen Hawking (1942)

Famous For: Explaining Black holes and Advances on the General Theory of Relativity
and Quantum mechanics
He is known for his scientific works with Roger Penrose, for which they provided a theory
for the basis of general relativity, this is known as the gravitational singularities theorem.
In 1978, Hawking received the Albert Einstein Award, given to those who excelled in
natural sciences, more specifically, theoretical physics.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Famous For: Explaining the theories of gravity and mechanics
of gravity and the theory of mechanics. He excelled in the fields of alchemy, astronomy,
Christian theology, economics, mathematics, and of course, physics.

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)

Famous For: Created the first Alternating Current system
Nikola Tesla is known for his contribution in the development and use of
alternating current (AC) system. He worked briefly with Thomas
Edison and George Westinghouse. His experiments on high voltage electricity
gained him further notoriety.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Famous For: Providing a mathematical analysis of the relationship between astronomy
and physics
Galileo is known for his experiments and theories in the field of bodies in motion. His
work in astronomy, mathematics and physics and the combination of these sciences
became instrumental in the study and understanding of the universe beyond us.
 Marie Curie (1867-1934)
Famous For: Discovered radioactivity nature of thorium and the discovery of polonium
and radium
She is known for introducing techniques in the field of radioactivity for isolating isotopes.
Marie was instrumental in the discovery of the elements known as polonium and radium.

(Lord) Kelvin (1824-1907)

Famous For: Advancement of the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics.
Developed absolute thermometric scale
He is known for formulating the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics. The
measure of absolute temperatures has been named after him. It was he who
coined the term “kinetic energy”.

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Famous For: Explaining Hooke’s Law of Elasticity
Robert Hooke is known for the physics principle that is the law of elasticity, which is
better known as Hooke’s Law. He constructed one of the earliest reflecting telescopes.

Richard Feynman (1918-1988)

Famous For: Work on Path integral formulation on quantum mechanics,
particle physics, theory of quantum electrodynamics and, superfluidity
Richard Feynman is known for his efforts in the integral formulation’s path in
quantum mechanics along with advancing the theory of quantum
electrodynamics and superfluidity. He is also remembered for his
involvement with the Manhattan project.

Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

Famous For: Discovery of electromagnetic induction and came up with the idea for first
electrical transformer
Michael Faraday is known for his work on chemistry and physics, specifically In physics,
he worked heavily in the field of magnetism and electricity. Many scientific concepts
have been named after him; Faraday’s law of induction, Faraday’s law of electrolysis,
and so on. He was successful in converting gases into liquid form.

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)

Famous For: Supporting the Theory on the existence of an atomic nucleus
Ernest Rutherford is known for his work in the field of nuclear physics. He worked with
J.J. Thomson that led to the eventual discovery of the electron. He also explained the
nature of radioactivity, in which he discovered two types of x-rays, alpha and beta rays.
Marconi (1874-1937)
Famous For: His work on the Wireless Telegraphy
Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi is known for his pioneering work on the radio telegraph
system, which eventually led to him being recognized as the inventor of the radio. He
received the Nobel Prize in 1909 along with Karl Braun for their contribution to the world of
wireless innovations.

Max Planck (1858-1947)

Famous For: The formulation of the quantum theory
German national Max Planck is known for bringing to the world the concept or
theory of quantum physics. His work in the field of physics expanded the
understanding of time and space.

Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

Famous For: Inventing the first electric battery
Alessandro Volta is known for and credited for the discovery of methane and making the
earliest known form of the battery in the 18th century. The “battery” was made of copper and
zinc, with sulfuric acid used to complete the circuit.

J.J. Thomson (1856-1940)

Famous For: Showing the existence of the electron
Joseph John (J.J.) Thomson is known for the identification of the electron and isotopes.
During one of his experiments, Thomson was able to identify a negative charged particle
which became known as the electron.

Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961)

Famous For: Extensive Advancements on Quantum mechanics and the Schrodinger
equation.
Erwin Schrodinger is known for his contribution to the world of physics in which he explains
what is known as wave mechanics, it became known as the Schrodinger equation. He also
provided answers for the diatomic molecule, the quantum harmonic oscillator, and the rigid
rotor.
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
Famous For: Work on the Theory of Electromagnetism and the Kinetic theory of gases
James Clerk Maxwell is known for his Theory of Electromagnetism which was published in a paper he
wrote, A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field in 1865. He demonstrated that the
electromagnetic field is occurs in electricity, light, and magnetism. In collaboration with another
scientist Ludwig Boltzmann, Maxwell explained the theory of kinetic gases, also known as the
“Maxwell distribution”.

Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)

Famous For: Work on Quantum Mechanics and the Uncertainty Principle
Werner Karl Heisenberg is known for the matrix formulation applied in quantum mechanics.
The Heisenberg principle, or the “uncertainty principle” in quantum mechanics, became
important to the field of physics in explaining inequalities of results from physical properties.
MICROSCOPE
A microscope (from the Ancient Greek: μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or
"see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked
eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using such an
instrument. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.
There are many types of microscopes, and they may be grouped in different ways. One way is to
describe the way the instruments interact with a sample to create images, either by sending a beam
of light or electrons to a sample in its optical path, or by scanning across, and a short distance from,
the surface of a sample using a probe. The most common microscope (and the first to be invented)
is the optical microscope, which uses light to pass through a sample to produce an image. Other
major types of microscopes are the fluorescence microscope, the electron microscope (both,
the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the various types
of scanning probe microscopes.
Although objects resembling lenses date back 4000 years and there are Greek accounts of the
optical properties of water-filled spheres (5th century BC) followed by many centuries of writings on
optics, the earliest known use of simple microscopes (magnifying glasses) dates back to the
widespread use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century. The earliest known examples of
compound microscopes, which combine an objective lens near the specimen with an eyepiece to
view a real image, appeared in Europe around 1620. The inventor is unknown although many claims
have been made over the years. Several revolve around the spectacle-making centers in
the Netherlands including claims it was invented in 1590 by Zacharias Janssen (claim made by his
son) and/or Zacharias' father, Hans Martens, claims it was invented by their neighbor and rival
spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey (who applied for the first telescope patent in 1608), and claims it
was invented by expatriate Cornelis Drebbel who was noted to have a version in London in
1619. Galileo Galilei (also sometimes cited as compound microscope inventor) seems to have found
after 1610 that he could close focus his telescope to view small objects and, after seeing a
compound microscope built by Drebbel exhibited in Rome in 1624, built his own improved
version. Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope for the compound microscope Galileo
submitted to the Accademia dei Lincei in 1625] (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye").

CELLS
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of
all known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of
life". The study of cells is called cell biology.
Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such
as proteins and nucleic acids. Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell;
including bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals) While the number of cells in plants and
animals varies from species to species, humans contain more than 10 trillion (10) cells. Most plant and
animal cells are visible only under a microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres.
The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named the biological units for their resemblance
to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery. Cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias
Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells,
that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, that all cells come from
preexisting cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell
functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells. Cells emerged on Earth at least
3.5 billion years ago.