COMPUTER HARDWARE

MOTHERBOARD
 MOTHERBOARD

• Terms
• Motherboard – Main PCB – Connects all PC
components.
• Connects all parts of a computer system
including the CPU, hard drives & memory.
• It uses slots, connectors and sockets for this
purpose.
• Also called MOBO, Main board, System board.
 MOTHERBOARD

• TYPES

• Desktop Motherboards
• Server Motherboards
• Laptop Motherboards
 MOTHERBOARD

• Desktop Motherboards

• Used in PCs and Desktop computers.

• Most basic type of motherboard typically
used for applications at homes & offices.
 MOTHERBOARD

• Server Motherboards
• More advanced than Desktop motherboards and
offer high end services.
• Support expansion and future upgrades.
• Have more sockets & slots for processors,
memory and PCI slots.
 MOTHERBOARD

• Laptop Motherboards
• Laptop Motherboard connects all the parts of a
laptop.
• Laptop Motherboard offers more advanced
features as compared to the desktop
motherboard.
 MOTHERBOARD

• Form Factors
• Riser Cards
• Chipsets
• Troubleshooting
 FORM FACTOR

• Form factor depends on Motherboard physical shape

and layout.
 FORM FACTOR

• Motherboard available in different forms

• Advanced Technology (AT) Form factor
• Baby AT Form factor.
• Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) Form
factor.
• Micro ATX form factor.
 MOTHERBOARD

AT- Motherboard
 AT- MOTHERBOARD

• AT – Motherboard
• Presence of ISA Slots (16 bit)
• Two types of Memory slot.
• Power connectors – P8 & P9
• Location of Processor
• Din connector for Keyboard
 MOTHERBOARD
ATX- Motherboard
 ATX- MOTHERBOARD

• ATX – Motherboard
• Power connectors – P1
• Location of Processor
• Presence of PS/2 port (No DIN connector)
• No ISA slot / Only PCI slot
• Raiser cards ( AMR / CNR)
 MOTHERBOARD
Raiser cards

• AMR – Audio Modem Raiser card

• CNR – Communication & Networking Raiser Card
 MOTHERBOARD
Raiser cards

• AMR – Audio Modem Raiser card

• CNR – Communication & Networking Raiser Card
 MOTHERBOARD - CHIPSET

• North Bridge & South Bridge are the two most important onboard
components which determine the features & capabilities of the
motherboard
 MOTHERBOARD – Chipset architecture

• NORTH BRIDGE

Northbridge handles the communication between the

CPU, main memory and the AGP port.

• SOUTH BRIDGE

South bridge handles data from the PCI, ISA slots and
other devices that are not under the control of
Northbridge.
 CHIPSET
North-South Bridge Architecture
 CHIPSET
MCH/ICH Architecture
CHIPSET - Types of Chipset
Components of Motherboard

• Motherboard has
several connectors,
jumpers, expansion
slots for connecting
various components
of system.
• Different connectors
on the motherboard
enable connection of
different devices.
CONNECTORS
CONNECTORS
EXPANSION SLOTS
JUMPERS

• Jumpers are used to configure

hardware devices of the
system
• Jumper consists a pair of pins
and a small shunt.
• Different motherboards have
different jumper settings,
positioning & numbering.
• Refer motherboard manual
when dealing with jumpers.
• Earlier Motherboard are
configured using jumpers.
• Nowadays this is eliminated
as most of the settings are
done using BIOS.
JUMPERS
MOTHERBOARD - COMPONENTS
MOTHERBOARD - COMPONENTS
 Installation of Motherboard

• To troubleshoot ensure the following :

• Motherboard does not touch the system case or
bend under pressure.
• System case does not have loose components
or cables.
• Cables are not tightly wound.
• All connections are correct.
• There are not any cross connections between
wires.
 Installation of Motherboard

• To troubleshoot ensure the following :

• Screws connecting the motherboard do not
touch any wire.
• Power supply is properly connected to the
motherboard.
• Unused power connectors are not touching any
part of the system.
• Expansion slots are in place.
 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• The information travel inside the

computer by means of buses.

• Buses are wires located on the

motherboard that enable the data
transmission.
 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• Bus Speed
• Bus speed is the speed at which data can
move across the bus.
• Bus speed is measured in Megahertz (MHZ)
• Bus speed is one of the major factors that
influence the speed of the computer.
 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• Bus Width
• The amount of data that a bus can carry or
transfer at a given instant.
• Bus width is measured in bits.
BUSES IN COMPUTER

System & I/O buses

 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• Two main categories

• System Bus
• I/O Buses

• System Bus
• Located on the CPU.
• Connects CPU, RAM, Optional buffer memory or
Cache memory.
• In new systems it is called FSB (Front Side Bus)
• Speed and width of the system bus depends on the
type of CPU.
 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• I/O Bus

• I/O Bus are derived from System bus.

• I/O buses connects the CPU with peripheral
devices.
 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• Different bus standard include

• MCA Bus
• Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) is not compatible
with older buses such as ISA cards.
• It has a width of either 16 or 32 bit.
• Not used in PC nowadays.
 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• Different bus standard include

• ISA Bus
• Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA) width was 8
bits when created.
• Width was later expanded to 16 bits and remain
unchanged.
• Used in old PCs (AT motherboards)
• 16 Bits – 8.33 MHz - 8 Mbps – 98 pins.
• Not Plug & play, have to configure through Jumpers
& Dip switches,
 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• Different bus standard include

• EISA Bus
• Extended Industrial Standard Architecture (EISA) is
compatible with ISA cards.
• Width of the bus is 32 bits.
• Rarely used in Desktop computers
• Used in Network file servers.
 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• Different bus standard include

• VESA Local bus

• Video Electronics Standard Association
(VESA) bus was the local bus used in PCs.
• It is a 32-bit bus, which has a speed of 33
Mhz.
• This is no longer used and replaced by PCI
bus.
 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• Different bus standard include

• PCI Bus
• Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is most
common I/O bus.
• Performance far superior than VESA bus.
• Most PCI buses are 32-bit with a speed of 33 MHz,
some have a width of 64-bit.
• PCI generally support 3 or 4 slots.
• Video card, network cards, SCSI card can be used in
this PCI slots.
 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• Different bus standard include

• PCI Bus
• Version 1.0
• 33 Mhz, 32-bit, 133 Mbps, 5 V
• Version 2.1
• 66 Mhz, 64-bit, 533 Mbps, 3.3 V
 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• Different bus standard include

• PCI - Express
• Different speeds -
• 66 / 133 / 266 / 533 Mhz,
• High Speed (533 - 4266 Mbps)
 BUSES IN COMPUTER

• Different bus standard include

• AGP Bus
• Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) bus forms a
dedicated path between the video card, and the
memory and the microprocessor.
• It provides high performance graphics capabilities to
the system.
• This bus is useful for the creation of 3D graphics.
• 32 bit, 66 Mhz,
Speed 1x - 266 Mbps, 2x - 533 Mbps to 8x -2133 Mbps
 PROCESSORS

Speed of processors depends on

• Cache
• Cache is a high-speed temporary memory, which
stores the instructions that are often used.
• Processor can access information faster from the
cache than from the RAM.
• Cache is a part of the processor.
• The capacity of the cache is dependant on the
processor model.
COOLING DEVICES

Thank You