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Inductancia
El inductor es un elemento de un circuito
que guarda energía en el campo magnético
que rodea a sus alambres portadores de
corriente.
Del mismo modo que un capacitor guarda
dicha energía en el campo eléctrico formado
entre sus placas cargadas.
El inductor se caracteriza por su
inductancia, la cual depende de la forma de
dicho inductor.
Inductancia
Inductancia L:
di
εL = L
dt
Inductancia
We used a coil and the solenoid assumption to
introduce the inductance. But the definition
EL
L≡−
dI
dt
holds for all types of inductance, including a straight
wire. Any conductor has capacitance and inductance.
Vb < Va
di
Vb − Va = −L
dt
Cálculo de la inductancia
NΦ B
L=
i NΦB conexiones de flujo
Recordemos…
Magnetic Field of a Toroid
The toroid has N turns of
wire
Find the field at a point at
distance r from the center
of the toroid (loop 1)
r r
∫ B ⋅ ds = B( 2πr ) = µoN I
µo N I
B=
2πr
There is no field outside
the coil (see loop 2)
La inductancia de un toroide
Inductores con materiales
magnéticos
Recordemos…
Magnetización
La permeabilidad de la
mayor parte de los
materiales comunes
(excepto los
ferromagnéticos) tiene
valores cercanos a 1. r r
Con respecto a otros
materiales que no son
ferromagnéticos, la
B = κ mB 0
permeabilidad puede
depender de propiedades
como la temperatura y la
densidad del material, pero
no del campo B0.
Para los ferromagnéticos κm
depende del campo
aplicado B0.
Put inductor L to use: the RL Circuit
An RL circuit contains a
resistor R and an inductor L.
There are two cases as in a
RC circuit (charging and
discharging) but in an RL
circuit one changes current, not
electric charge.
Current increases:
When S2 is connected to
position a and when switch S1
is closed (at time t = 0), the
current through R and L begins
to increase
Current decreases:
When S2 is connected to
position b.
RL Circuit
Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the
circuit in the clockwise direction gives
dI
ε −IR −L =0
dt
Here because the current is increasing,
the induced emf has a direction that
should oppose this increase.
I=
ε
R
(
1− e −Rt L
≡
ε
R
) (
1 − e −t τ )
Where the time constant is defined as:
L Constante de tiempo
τ≡ inductiva
R
RL Circuit
When switch S2 is moved to
position b, the original current
disappears. The self-induced emf
will try to prevent that change, and
this determines the emf direction
(Lenz Law).
dI
IR + L = 0
dt
Solve for the current I, with initial
condition that I ( t = 0 ) = E R we find
ε −Rt L ε −t τ
I= e ≡ e
R R
Energy stored in an inductor
The increasing current I from the
battery supplies power not only to the
resistor, but also to the inductor. From
Kirchhoff’s loop rule, we have
dI
ε =IR +L
dt
Multiply both sides with I:
dI
εI = I 2 R + LI
dt
This equation reads: powerbattery=powerR+powerL
So we have the rate of energy increase in the inductor as:
dUL dI
= LI
dt dt
I
1 2
Solve for UL: UL = ∫ LId I = LI
0
2
Stored energy type and
the Energy Density of a Magnetic Field
Given UL = ½ L I2 and assume (for simplicity) a solenoid with L =
µo n2 V
2
1 B B 2 So the energy stored in the
UL = µo n 2V = V solenoid volume V is
2 µo n 2 µo magnetic (B) energy.
Since V is the volume of the solenoid, the magnetic energy
density, uB is
RL RC
( )
−t
Charging ε
I= 1 − e −Rt L I ( t ) = e RC
ε
R R
−t
Discharging ε Q RC
I = e −Rt L I (t ) = e
R RC
Energy 1 Q2 1
UL = LI 2 UC = = C (∆V ) 2
2 2C 2
k 1
ω = 2πf = ω = 2πf =
m LC
Oscilaciones electromagnéticas:
cualitativas
Oscilaciones electromagnéticas:
cuantitativas
U = UB + UE
2
1 2 1q
U = Li +
2 2C
U = cte
dU =0
dt
Oscilaciones electromagnéticas:
cuantitativas
d 2q 1 d 2x k
2
+ q=0 2
+ x =0
dt LC dt m
x = x m cos(ωt + φ )
q = qm cos(ωt + φ )
Oscilaciones electromagnéticas:
cuantitativas
2 2
1q qm
UE = = cos 2 (ωt + φ )
2 C 2C
1 2 1 2 2
U B = Li = Lω qm sen (ωt + φ )
2
2 2
Sustituyendo ω:
qm2
UB = sen (ωt + φ )
2
2C