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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by:-
DESAI NIRAV M.
MECHANICAL-A
SEM-VII
(15012031009)
GANPAT UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
U. V. PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KHERVA, MEHSANA
1.COMPANY PROFILE
Introduction of company:-
General Information:-
Unit of Glance:-
SABAR DAIRY, At-Post: Boria, Ta: Himmatnagar, Dist: Himmatnagar,
Pin-code: 383006.
Product
The manufactured by Sabar dairy is below,
1. Amul spray powder
2. Amul butter
3. Amul instant milk food
4. Amul pure ghee
5. Amul Shrikhand
6. Amul Shakti milk
7. Amul gold milk
8. Amul butter milk
9. Amul skimmed milked powder
Overview of plant:-
The Sabar dairy produce different milk product. There are two main plants
for mechanical site,
(1) Refrigeration plant,
(2) Boiler plant
Refrigeration plant:-
Principle of Refrigeration:-
Refrigeration is defined as “the transfer of the heat from a lower
temperature region to a higher temperature one”. Refrigeration device that
produce refrigeration operate using for the vapour compression cycle
(reversed Carnot cycle). Some examples of refrigeration device are heat
Pumps, Refrigerators, Automotive air-conditioners, residential/commercial
air-conditioners. All of these devices have one thing in common, to reduce
the temperature of an enclosed environment. The ideal vapour-
compression cycle uses refrigerant as the working fluid to absorb and reject
heat energy. The energy transfer allows the vapour-compression cycle
assumes that the system is perfect based on thermodynamic theory,
therefore neglecting any losses associated to performance.
REFEIGERATION CYCLE:-
CONDENSORS:-
In a cooling cycle of a refrigeration system, heat is
absorbed by the vapour refrigerant in the evaporator followed by the
compression of the refrigerant by the compression . The high pressure and high
temperature state of the vapour refrigerant is then converted to liquid at the
condensers. It is designed to condense effectively the compressed refrigerant
vapour.
(1) Air cooled condenser:-
(a)Natural convection air-cooled condensers,
(b)Forced convection air-cooled condensers,
(3)Evaporative condensers:-
EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER:-
Principle of operation:-
An evaporative condenser is a condenser
integrated into a cooling tower which rejects the latent heatof condensation of
refrigerant (Ammonia/Freon) through a coil to the surroundings by means of
evaporation. Water sprayed onto the coil exchanges heat with the refrigerant. A
small quantity of water is evaporated into the air thereby cooling the remaining
water cascading to the basin at the bottom. Post evaporation the saturated air
passes through the drift eliminators and then forced out using a fan.
EXPANSION DEVICES:-
The expansion device is also known as metering
or throttling device. The expansion device is an important device that devices the
high pressure side and low pressure side of refrigerating system. It is connected
between the receiver and the evaporator device performs the following function.
A boiler is closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated
or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating
applications, including boiler-based power generation, cooking, and
sanitation.
Boiler is a device used for generation steam which is used for driving prime
movers or industrial purposes like process heating.
According to IBR a boiler is a closed pressure vessel with capacity exceeding
22.75 liters for generating steam under pressure.
At atmospheric pressure water volume increase 1,600 times when converts
into steam.
In boiler plant 6 boilers are produce steam for milk products. Detail of the
boiler is an under,
In water tube boiler feed water feed through the tubes and enter to the
boiler drum. The circulated water is heated by the combustion gases and
converted into steam at the vapour space in the drum. These boilers are
selected when the steam demand as well as steam pressure requirements
are high as in the case of process cum power boiler / power boilers.
Most modern water boiler tube design are within the capacity range
4,500-1,20,000 kg/hr of steam, at very high pressures. Many water tube
boilers now a days are of “packaged” construction if oil and /or gas are to
be used as fuel. Solid fuel fired water tube designs are available but
packaged designs are less common.
BOILER MOUNTINGS:-
These are different fittings and devices which are
necessary for the necessary for the operation and safety of a boiler.
Normally these devices are mounted over boiler shell.
Pressure gauge:-
Function:-
The function of pressure gauge is to indicate the steam pressure of the
boiler in pound/inch2(kg/cm2) or bar.
It reads pressure of steam above atmosphere.
The actual pressure of steam=gauge pressure+ barometer reading
Common type of pressure gauge used is known as bourdon pressure gauge.
Location:- It is fixed in front of steam boiler and in steam space in drum.
Steam stop valve ( Junction valve):-
Function:-
To control the flow of steam from boiler to the main team pipe.
To shut off the steam completely when required.
Location:- steam stop valve is usually fitted to highest part of boiler shell
i.e., Top of shell.
Top feed:-
Function:-
In this design for feed water injection, the water is fed to the top of the
boiler. This can reduce boiler fatigue caused by thermal stress. By spraying
the feed water over a series of trays the water is quickly heated and this
can be reduce lime scale.
Flash Tank:-
Function :-
High pressure blow down enters this vessel where the steam can ‘flash’
safely and be used in a low-pressure system or be vented to atmosphere
while the ambient pressure blows down flows to drain.
Hand holes:-
Function :-
They are steel plate installed in opening in ”header” to allow for inspections
& installation of tubes and inspection of internal surfaces.
Man hole:-
Function :-
It is a hole provided on the boiler so that a workman can go inside the
boiler for inspection, cleaning and maintenance.
Mud hole:-
Function :-
Ti collects all impurities present in the water. It is at the bottom or shell.
These impurities are removed time to time by help of blow of cock.
Controlling draught:-
Function :-
Most boilers now depend on mechanical draught equipment rather than
natural draught. This is because natural draught is subjected to outside air
conditions and temperature of flue gases leaving the furnace, as well as the
chimney height. All these factor make proper draught hard to attain and
therefore make mechanical draught equipment much more economical.