Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

1998, 37, 1167-1172 1167

Solubility of Sulfur Dioxide in Sulfuric Acid of High Concentration

Qinglin Zhang, Hui Wang, Ivo G. Dalla Lana, and Karl T. Chuang*
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G6, Canada

The solubility of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in concentrated aqueous sulfuric acid (60-96 wt %) was
measured at different SO2 partial pressures and at temperatures of 298, 383, and 393 K. A
correlation is derived relating the SO2 solubility in aqueous sulfuric acid solution with different
SO2 partial pressures. Further simplifications for high concentrations of the sulfuric acid solution
allow the direct determination of a Henry’s law constant and its dependence on temperature
using the measured solubility data and the correlation. A comparison of the correlation with
limited literature data is also presented. The correlation well represents both the experimental
data of this work and the data reported in the literature. The overall heats of solution of SO2
in 79.01 and 95.91 wt % sulfuric acid solutions were also estimated using a van’t Hoff type
dependence of Henry’s law constant on temperature.

Introduction Equilibrium Equation of the SO2-H2SO4

Aqueous Solution System
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is frequently encountered when
recovering metals from sulfide ores, in sulfuric acid Solution of SO2 in aqueous sulfuric acid solution can
production, in the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil be considered as a single solute gas-liquid equilibrium
fuels, and during sulfur recovery from hydrogen sulfide. system. The vapor phase dissociation of SO2 is ap-
It is possible to analyze SO2 recovery by gas-liquid preciable only at high temperatures (Edwards et al.,
absorption in an appropriate solvent providing solubility 1975) and may therefore be neglected in our work. The
properties are available. In our work, we needed to vapor pressure of H2SO4 is also extremely low under
establish material balances for sulfur in the two phases our experimental conditions and can be neglected (Perry
of the gas-liquid system, SO2-concentrated sulfuric and Green, 1984). In aqueous sulfuric acid solution, SO2
acid. However, a comprehensive survey of the literature exists in molecular and ionic forms. The chemical
indicated very limited information on solubility of SO2 equilibrium between these two forms may be described
in sulfuric acid of concentration from 60 to 96 wt % at by an ionization equilibrium constant, K. For the SO2
temperatures >373 K. and aqueous sulfuric acid system, the simpler pertinent
Of the available properties, the majority deal with equilibrium reactions possible in the liquid phase are
SO2 solubility at 101.3 kPa and 353 K or lower temper- listed below:
atures (Miles et al., 1920 and 1946; Lopatto et al., 1934;
Johnstone et al., 1934; Hayduk et al., 1988). Although SO2 + H2O S H2SO3 (1)
various studies have been carried out on SO2 solubility
in pure water (Edwards et al., 1975 and 1978; Rumpf
H2SO3 S HSO3- + H+ (2)
and Maurer, 1992) or in dilute sulfuric acid of concen-
trations of <22 wt % (Pitzer et al., 1977; Hunger et al.,
1990; Govindarao et al., 1993), no model is available to HSO3- S SO32- + H+ (3)
correlate the SO2 solubility in sulfuric acid of high
concentration. When the available data are examined,
many inconsistencies are evident, even in regions where H2O S H+ + OH- (4)
different sets of data overlap. As a result, the literature
does not provide reliable solubility values for calcula-
tions at different process conditions. Additional experi- H2SO4 S H+ + HSO4- (5)
mental data at high acid concentrations and tempera-
tures are needed. A correlation of such information The corresponding chemical equilibrium constants
based on sound thermodynamic principles would also can be written as follows:
be useful.
In this paper, we report experimental results for the mH2SO3 γH2SO3
solubility of SO2 in concentrated sulfuric acid solutions K1 ) (6)
at temperatures of 298, 383, and 393 K and at different mSO2mH2O γSO2γH2O
SO2 partial pressures. A simple correlation was estab-
lished to relate the partial pressure of SO2 to the mHSO3-mH+ γHSO3-γH+
solubility of SO2 in sulfuric acid of high concentrations K2 ) (7)
at temperatures up to 393 K. mH2SO3 γH2SO3

* To whom all correspondence should be addressed. E- mSO32-mH+ γSO32-γH+

mail: Karlt.chuang@ualberta.ca. Telephone: (403) 492 4767. K3 ) (8)
Fax: (403) 492 2881.
mHSO3- γHSO3-

S0888-5885(97)00611-8 CCC: $15.00 © 1998 American Chemical Society

Published on Web 02/12/1998
1168 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 37, No. 3, 1998
mOH-mH+ γOH-γH+
K4 ) (9)
mH2O γH2O
mHSO42-mH+ γHSO42-γH+
K5 ) (10)
mH2SO4 γH2SO4
These equilibrium constants have been reported as a
function of temperature in the literature (Lowell et al.,
1970; Pitzer et al., 1977).
At equilibrium, the overall mass balance for SO2 in
the liquid phase gives:
mSO2 ) mSO2 + mH2SO3 + mHSO3- + mSO32- (11)
The corresponding charge balance in the liquid be-
comes:
mH+ ) mHSO3- + 2mSO32- + mOH- + mHSO4- (12)
For SO2 as a molecular solute, equilibrium between
vapor phase and liquid phase is given by:
φSO2PSO2 ) mSO2γSO2H (13)
The fugacity coefficient, φSO2, can be calculated from
a correlation by Hayden and O’Connell (1975):
BP
φSO2 ) exp (RT ) (14)
The values of B are available for different species,
such as SO2, at different temperatures from a compila-
tion by Dymond and Smith (1969).
By adopting Edwards’ simplification of the Pitzer
model for activities (Edward et al., 1975), the activity
of SO2 may be estimated as follows:
ln(γSO2) ) 2βSO2-SO2mSO2 (15)
Because βSO2-SO2 is a parameter characteristic of the
molecular-molecular interaction (Edwards et al., 1975
and 1978; Rumpf and Maurer, 1992), it can be consid-
ered to be independent of the solute-solvent system.
Accordingly, the correlation given by Rumpf and Maurer
(1992) based on solubility data for the SO2-H2O system
is used to obtain the following:
137.92 31270
βSO2-SO2 ) 0.0934 - + (16)
T T2
The total concentration of SO2 dissolved in the aque-
ous sulfuric acid solution, [i.e., the solubility of SO2
(mSO2)] is determined experimentally. However, to
correlate the solubility of SO2 at different SO2 partial
pressure using eq 13, the solubility of molecular form,
SO2 (mSO2), has to be determined based on the equilib-
rium eqs 6-10 and mass and charge balance eqs 11 and
12 in the liquid phase. Additionally, activity coefficients
for the different species in the liquid phase are also
required for the determination of solubility of molecular
form SO2 (mSO2).
In high concentration sulfuric acid solutions, the
dissolved SO2 was shown to be present mostly in its
molecular rather than ionic form (Gold and Tye, 1950).
Govindarao and Gopalakrishna (1993) further showed
that ionization of SO2 becomes negligible at sulfuric acid
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the solubility measurement ap-
paratus: (1) gas supply cylinder; (2) gas reservoir; (3) pressure
gauge; (4) solubility cell; (5) heater and magnetic stirrer; (6) needle
valve; (7) 3-way valve; (8) on-off valve.
concentrations >22 wt %. Because our sulfuric acid
concentration of interest is in the range 65-98 wt %,
the concentration of molecular SO2 in sulfuric acid
solution, mSO2, may be approximated by its solubility
in sulfuric acid, (mSO2); that is:
mSO2 = mSO2 (17)
Based on this assumption (eq 17), the activities of
ionized species in sulfuric acid are no longer needed for
the calculation of the concentration of the molecular
solute, SO2. In this paper, the assumption (eq 17) was
used in the interpretation of sulfuric acid concentrations
>65 wt %. The concentration of dissolved molecular
SO2 is taken equal to the solubility of SO2 in concen-
trated sulfuric acid. The latter was measured experi-
mentally.
Combining eqs 13, 14, 15, and 17, we obtain:
BP
ln PSO2 + ) ln H + ln mSO2 + 2βSO2-SO2mSO2
RT
(18)
At relatively low SO2 pressures and high temperatures,
φSO2 approaches unity, enabling eq 18 to be further
simplified to:
ln PSO2 ) ln H + ln mSO2 + 2βSO2-SO2mSO2 (19)
The Henry’s law constant defined in eq 18 or 19, H, can
be estimated using the experimental solubility data of
SO2 at different sulfuric acid concentrations and tem-
peratures.
Experimental Section
Materials. The SO2 (>99.9%) was purchased from
Linde, N2 (prepurified) was purchased from Praxair
Canada Inc., and sulfuric acid (>96 wt %) was supplied
by Anachemia Canada Inc.
Sulfuric acid of a specific concentration was prepared
by adding the concentrated acid solution to distilled
water, and the concentration was determined by titra-
tion using a standard 0.1 N NaOH solution (Fisher
Scientific Ltd.).
SO2 Solubility Measurements. A diagram of the
apparatus used for solubility measurements is shown
in Figure 1. Two vessels were used: a stainless steel
gas reservoir of 334 cm3, and a solubility cell made of
Pyrex glass with an internal magnetic stirrer and a
volume of 122 cm3. A Heiss pressure gauge ((0.5 kPa)
was used to measure the pressures in both the reservoir
and the solubility cell. The temperature in the solubility
cell was controlled with an OMRON digital temperature
 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 37, No. 3, 1998 1169

Table 1. Solubility of Pure SO2 in H2SO4 Solution

H2SO4 H2SO4
concentration, SO2 partial SO2 solubility, concentration, SO2 partial SO2 solubility,
wt % pressure, kPa mmol/kg H2SO4 wt % pressure, kPa mmol/kg H2SO4
at 298 K
79.01 95.72 325.6 95.91 110.4 476.4
79.01 128.4 441.6 95.91 117.5 511.7
79.01 152.8 535.5 95.91 128.7 563.6
79.01 167.0 598.8 95.91 138.8 621.9
79.01 179.1 658.1 95.91 153.0 700.5
at 383 K
79.01 142.8 72.02 95.91 147.1 100.7
79.01 173.8 84.56 95.91 177.4 124.0
79.01 190.6 95.50 95.91 205.0 144.6
79.01 199.9 108.5 95.91 240.5 171.3
at 393 K
65.71 64.34 42.81 75.19 142.9 79.70
65.71 86.84 61.25 75.19 155.0 86.88
65.71 113.5 75.47 75.19 166.2 95.16
65.71 115.4 88.13
84.37 68.60 32.81
79.01 131.0 51.72 84.37 109.4 50.16
79.01 206.0 87.06 84.37 129.7 61.56
79.01 231.3 99.25 84.37 151.0 73.91
79.01 254.6 113.4 84.37 168.2 86.41
87.72 157.9 100.8 95.91 184.3 99.53
87.72 202.5 131.1 95.91 202.6 110.6
87.72 228.8 139.3 95.91 228.9 130.5
87.72 258.2 160.9 95.91 248.2 140.6

controller. Stainless steel tubing of 1/8 in. o.d. was used
for all connections. Compared with the volume of the
gas phase in the solubility cell, the volume of the tubing
was negligible.
The measurement procedure involved accurately
weighing the solubility cell and magnetic stirrer before
and after charging the cell with ∼70 g of acid. The
accurate weight of sulfuric acid of the desired concen-
tration is obtained by subtracting the weight of the cell
and the stirrer from the total weight including the acid.
The total volume of the cell and the connecting tubes
was predetermined by filling the sealed cell with water.
The volume of acid charged was determined based on
the weight and density for a particular acid concentra-
tion and temperature. The volume of gas phase at
equilibrium was then obtained by subtracting the acid
volume from the total volume. The acid was deaerated
for a few minutes, with a nitrogen purge, under reduced
pressure and with stirring. The amount of acid evapo-
rated was considered to be negligible because of the very
low vapor pressure of concentrated sulfuric acid. Before
the SO2 gas was transferred from the reservoir to the
solubility cell, the initial pressure and temperature in
both the reservoir and the cell were recorded. The
temperature of the cell was raised to a predetermined
level. The SO2 gas was then introduced from the
reservoir to the desired pressure in the cell by adjusting
the needle valve. When the stirrer was turned on, the
rate of solution of SO2 gas into the concentrated acid in
the cell was initially very high requiring that additional
gas be introduced to reach/maintain the desired pres-
sure. When the pressure in the cell became constant,
the final pressure readings in both the reservoir and
the solubility cell were recorded after an elapsed time
of at least 1 h to ensure equilibrium conditions.
At equilibrium, the gas-phase compositions were
analyzed with a GOW MAC gas chromatograph (GC)
equipped with a 2-meter long 1/8 in. o.d. stainless steel
column packed with Poropak Q (-100+120 mesh). A
thermal conductivity detector (TCD) was used, with the
column temperature kept at 333 K and the detector
temperature at 408 K. The GC was calibrated using
standard gas mixtures of SO2 and N2 supplied by
Praxair Canada Inc. The pressure of SO2 was then
calculated based on the analysis and the total pressure
in the cell. The mass of SO2 remaining in the gas phase
was estimated with the equation of state for an ideal
gas. The amount of SO2 transferred from the reservoir
to the solubility cell was calculated from the pressure
decrease in the reservoir. The solubility of SO2 in
sulfuric acid could then be obtained by subtracting the
SO2 remaining in the cell as gas phase from the total
amount of SO2 gas transferred to the cell from the
reservoir.
An isotherm of SO2 solubility in aqueous sulfuric acid
as a function of partial pressure of SO2 can be measured
by gradually increasing the cell pressure and recording
the pressure changes in both the reservoir and the
solubility cell at equilibrium. Although it was possible
to complete all of the measurements simply by succes-
sive increases in gas pressure over an initial acid charge,
each measurement was repeated with fresh acid (pre-
pared in a large batch) to avoid possible accumulation
of experimental errors when the pressure change in the
reservoir was very small.
Results and Discussion
Experiments were conducted with pure SO2 at dif-
ferent partial pressures and at temperatures of 298, 383,
and 393 K. The results obtained from different experi-
ments are shown in Table 1.
Estimation of Henry’s Law Constant, H. The
Henry’s law constant, H, can be determined with eq 18
or 19 combined with eqs 14 and 16. The mean values
of H and their mean square of variance are shown in
Table 2 for different sulfuric acid concentrations and
different temperatures. For comparison, the solubility
data for pure SO2 reported by Hayduk et al. (1988) were
also used to calculate H for 97 wt % sulfuric acid at 298
1170 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 37, No. 3, 1998

Table 2. Estimated Henry’s Law Constant

H2SO4
temperature, concentration, H, mPa (kg H2SO4 solution)/mol
K wt % by eq 18 by eq 19
298 79.01 0.2882 ( 0.02a 0.2955 ( 0.01a
298 95.91 0.2310 ( 0.01 0.2360 ( 0.01
298 97.00 0.2032 ( 0.01 0.2102 ( 0.01b
383 79.01 1.988 ( 0.08 2.012 ( 0.08
383 95.91 1.456 ( 0.02 1.475 ( 0.01
398 65.71 1.469 ( 0.08 1.482 ( 0.09
398 75.19 1.795 ( 0.02 1.813 ( 0.02
398 79.01 2.290 ( 0.09 2.327 ( 0.09
398 84.37 2.088 ( 0.07 2.105 ( 0.07
398 87.72 1.605 ( 0.06 1.628 ( 0.06
398 95.91 1.836 ( 0.09 1.861 ( 0.09
a Mean square of variance. b Taken from Hayduk et al., 1988.

K. As Table 2 shows, H depends strongly on the Figure 2. Solubility of pure SO2 in sulfuric acid solution at 298
temperature. The Henry’s law constant, H, is also a K. Key: (9) 79.01 wt % H2SO4; (b) 95.91 wt % H2SO4; (2) 97.00
complicated function of acid concentration. At 393 K, wt % H2SO4 (Hayduk et al., 1988). Dashed line: calculated with
H increases with sulfuric acid concentration and reaches eq 19; dotted line: calculated with eq 18.
a maximum at an acid concentration of ∼79 wt %;
further increase in acid concentration results in a
decrease in H. This complicated dependence of SO2
solubility on acid concentration has been observed by
many researchers and was summarized by Hayduk et
al. (1988). The small mean square of variance indicates
that either eq 18 or 19 well represent the relationship
between SO2 partial pressure and its solubility in
concentrated sulfuric acid solution. For process design
purposes, H may be estimated from correlation (eq 18)
or based on a single experimental solubility measure-
ment at a particular acid concentration and temperature
(eq 19).
With H values determined, the dependence of SO2
solubility in a specific acid concentration on SO2 partial
pressure can be calculated using either eq 18 or 19. For
a given partial pressure of SO2, PSO2, the solubility of
SO2, mSO2, can be calculated directly using eq 19. To Figure 3. Solubility of pure SO2 in sulfuric acid solution at 383
calculate the dependence of the solubility of SO2, mSO2, K. Key: (b) 95.91 wt % H2SO4; (O) 79.01 wt % H2SO4. Dashed
on its partial pressure using eq 18, a numerical iteration line: calculated with eq 19; dotted line: calculated with eq 18.
procedure has to be used because the total pressure, P,
is the sum of SO2 partial pressure, PSO2, and the vapor
pressure of the sulfuric acid solution. Because eq 18
cannot be solved analytically for PSO2 versus mSO2, a
FORTRAN program was developed to solve eq 18
numerically. The computer program involves an itera-
tive procedure where eq 18 is changed into the general
form of F(PSO2, mSO2) ) 0, and the iteration is continued
until the value of F becomes < 10-5.
Comparisons of the calculated SO2 solubility using
either correlation 18 or 19 with the experimentally
measured solubility data are shown in Figures 2-4.
Evidently, both correlations represent the experimental
data well (Figures 2-4). As shown in Figure 4, the
solubility of SO2 decreases with increase in acid con-
centration and reaches a minimum at ∼79 wt % sulfuric
acid. The calculated solubility values using either eq
18 or 19 overlapped in the experimental range of Figure 4. Solubility of pure SO2 in sulfuric acid solution at 393
K. Key: (O) 95.91 wt % H2SO4; (b) 87.72 wt % H2SO4; (9) 84.37
interest, confirming the validities of these correlations.
wt % H2SO4; (0) 79.01 wt % H2SO4; (2) 75.19 wt % H2SO4; (1)
The results also indicate that the assumption of ideal 65.71 wt % H2SO4. Dashed line: calculated with eq 19; dotted
gas behavior for SO2 is valid at the low partial pressures line: calculated with eq 18.
and high temperatures used in the experiments.
An additional comparison of the reported data with
the calculated solubilities was also done using eq 19 to Estimation of the Overall Heat of Solution. As
avoid the unnecessary iteration procedures. Figure 5 reported previously by Govindarao and Gopalakrishna
shows that these calculated solubility values agree well (1993), Henry’s law constant, H, exhibits a van’t Hoff
with the experimental data. equation-type dependency on temperature; that is:
 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 37, No. 3, 1998 1171

Figure 5. Comparison of the model with reported experimental

data by Lopatto et al. (1934). Key: (b) 66.71 wt % H2SO4 at 303
K; (9) 66.71 wt % H2SO4 at 313 K; (2) 70.74 wt % H2SO4 at 303
K; (1) 70.74 wt % H2SO4 at 323 K. Dashed lines: calculated with Figure 6. Estimation of SO2 heat of solution in sulfuric acid.
eq 19. Key: (b,O) 79.01 wt % H2SO4 with H obtained with eqs 18 and
19, respectively, and ∆Hs ) 20.87 kJ/mol ; (9,0) 95.91 wt %
∆Hs H2SO4 with H obtained with eq 18 and 19, respectively, and ∆Hs
ln H ) ln as - (20) ) 20.95 kJ/mol; (2) 66.71 wt % H2SO4, with H obtained with eq
RT
19, and ∆Hs ) 19.70 kJ/mol; (1) 70.74 wt % H2SO4, with H
obtained with eq 19, and ∆Hs ) 22.61 kJ/mol.
Then, the heat of solution, ∆Hs, can be determined by
plotting ln H versus 1/T. The values of H for particular Table 3. Estimated Overall Heat of Solution of SO2
sulfuric acid concentrations and different temperatures sulfuric acid, temperature, ∆Hs,
are used to estimate the least-squares value of the wt % K kJ/mol reference
parameters as and ∆Hs in eq 20. Figure 6 shows
22.0 303-353 -15.78 Govindarao and
excellent linearity (with squared regression coefficient Gopalakrishna (1993)
(r2) > 0.999) for the sulfuric acid concentrations of 79.01 66.71 303-313 -19.70 Lopatto et al. (1934)
and 95.91 wt %. The data reported by Lopatto et al. 70.74 303-323 -22.61 Lopatto et al. (1934)
(1934) were also used to estimate the heat of solution 79.01 298-393 -20.87 this work
at acid concentrations of 66.71 and 70.74 wt %. Table 95.91 298-393 -20.95 this work
3 shows the overall heat of solution of SO2 estimated lated solubility using our correlations with the experi-
with eq 20 for different acid concentrations and tem- mental data follows. The main attribute of our simplified
perature ranges. correlation (eq 19) is that it contains no adjustable
For the solution of SO2 in water, Johnstone and parameters, which enables the evaluation of the solubil-
Leppla (1934) reported an estimated heat of absorption ity of SO2 in sulfuric acid at different partial pressures
of 26.08 kJ/mol for the following reaction; of SO2 from one experimentally determined value of SO2
solubility at the desired sulfuric acid concentration and
SO2 (gas) S SO2 (aqueous) (21) temperature.

If we consider that the solution of SO2 in high concen- Conclusions

tration acid involves only the reaction in eq 20 (i.e., no
dissociation or hydrolysis occurs), then the heat of
solution in a concentrated sulfuric acid solution should
approximate the heat of absorption estimated by
Johnstone and Leppla (1934). Our values, 20.87 and
20.95 kJ/mol for 79.01 and 95.91 wt % acid solutions,
respectively, are in the range of the value of 26.08 kJ/
mol reported by Johnstone and Leppla (1934). This
agreement further supports the assumption of little or
no dissociation of SO2 occurring in sulfuric acid of high
concentrations.
It has been shown that the presence of sulfuric acid
in the solution increases the hydrogen ion concentration,
which suppresses the hydrolysis of dissolved SO2. The
hydrolysis of SO2 may be neglected even at acid con-
centration of 22 wt % (Govindarao and Gopalakrishna
1993). This assumption of negligible hydrolysis or
dissociation of SO2 led to the simpler correlations
developed in our study. This assumption presumably
is even more valid at the much higher acid concentra-
tions (65-96 wt %) used in this study, compared with
its verification at 22 wt % by Govindarao and Go-
palakrishna (1993). The good agreement of the calcu-
The SO2 solubility in concentrated aqueous sulfuric
acid solution was measured at temperatures of 298, 383,
and 393 K and at different SO2 partial pressures. A
relatively simple correlation is presented that describes
the solubility of SO2 in sulfuric acid. The good agree-
ment between the calculated solubility value and the
experimental data reported in the present study and
also in the literature further strengthens the validity
of the correlation and its assumptions. The correlation
should be useful for predictions of the equilibrium
solubility of SO2 in high concentration sulfuric acid
under various process conditions.
Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge the financial support from
the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
of Canada. The fruitful discussions with Prof. A. Mather
of the University of Alberta are much appreciated.
Nomenclature
as ) constant, defined in eq 20
1172 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 37, No. 3, 1998
B ) the second virial coefficient of SO2 at a specified
temperature
H ) Henry’s law constant, (kPa) (kg-solvent) (mol)-1
∆Hs ) heat of solution of SO2 in sulfuric acid, kJ/mol
Ki ) the dissociation equilibrium constant for dissociation
reaction i
mj ) the concentration of the species j (molecule, cation,
or anion) in sulfuric acid solution, mole/(kg-sulfuric acid
solution)
mSO2 ) solubility of SO2 in sulfuric acid solution, mol/(kg-
sulfuric acid solution)
P ) the total gas pressure in the solubility cell, kPa
PSO2 ) the partial pressure of SO2 over sulfuric acid of given
concentration, kPa
T ) absolute temperature, K
R ) gas constant, 8.314 J/(mol K)
Greek
βSO2-SO2 ) the specific interaction parameter for SO2
molecules
γj ) the activity coefficient of the species j in sulfuric acid
solution
φSO2 ) the fugacity coefficient of SO2
Subscripts
i ) dissociation reaction as defined by eq i, i ) 1-5
j ) species, H2O, H2SO4, H2SO3, SO2,H+, OH-, HSO3-,
HSO4-, SO32-
s ) solution
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Received for review September 2, 1997
Revised manuscript received November 26, 1997
Accepted December 1, 1997
IE9706119