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loads and allow loads with high inrush currents to start and run. In addition,
they must be protected by properly sized overcurrent protection devices
. and be equipped with conductors having allowable ampacity ratings to
supply the loads. Overcurrent protection devices and conductors must be
designed and installed in such a manner to safely protect the windings
of such power sources from dangerous short circuits, ground faults, and
overloads.
Transformers may be utility or customer owned and fall under the rules
of the National Electrical Safety Code. If customer owned, they are still
required to follow the National Electrical Safety Code as well as the
National Electrical Code. And these requirements must be complied with.
Note, When selecting the actual size circuit breaker or fuse for the
protection of electrical systems rated over 600 volts, see one of the
ANSI C Standards.
• -f, . i " •
For example, for fuses rated at 100 amps or less, see ANSI C
37.46, and for over 100 amps see ANSI 37.46 and ANSI 37.40.
When circuit breakers are used to protect high-voltage systems,
see ANSI C 37.06. However, there may be protection designs that
require reference to other ANSI C standards, and the designer must
be prepared to refer to such standards.
SIZING T R A N S F O R M E R S C L O S E D DELTA-CONNECTED
SECONDARIES
T h e total v o l t - a m p s of all loads in a b u i l d i n g shall b e u s e d
to size a transformer. D e p e n d i n g o n t h e l o a d r e q u i r e m e n t s T h e s i z e t r a n s f o r m e r r e q u i r e d to s u p p l y a c l o s e d delta-
of a building, s i n g l e - p h a s e a n d t h r e e - p h a s e c u r r e n t s m a y c o n n e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s y s t e m c a n b e f o u n d by multipiying
b e u s e d to s u p p l y the b u i l d i n g . T h e w i n d i n g s a r e c o n n e c t e d the following:
in c o n f i g u r a t i o n s n e c e s s a r y to s u p p l y v o l t a g e a n d l o a d re-
q u i r e m e n t s of t h e facility. • Multiply t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e l o a d in V A by 6 7 percent.
• M u l t i p l y t h e t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d in V A by 3 3 percent.
WYE-CONNECTED S E C O N D A R I E S
• A d d t h e k V A l o a d of (1) a n d (2) t o g e t h e r to d e r i v e the
T h e size t r a n s f o r m e r s r e q u i r e d to s u p p l y a w y e - c o n n e c t e d t w o lighting a n d p o w e r t r a n s f o r m e r s .
s e c o n d a r y s y s t e m c a n b e f o u n d by a p p i y i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g :
• Multiply t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e a n d t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d s In
• A d d i n g the total s i n g l e - p h a s e a n d t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d s V A by 3 3 p e r c e n t .
t o g e t h e r for an individual t r a n s f o r m e r
• U s e this total l o a d in k V A to d e r i v e t h e t w o power
• Dividing the load in V A by 1/3 (.33) to d e r i v e t h r e e transformers.
transformers :
S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 ( a ) for t h e rules a n d r e g u l a t i o n s for sizing
T h e kVA rating of t h r e e t r a n s f o r m e r s , if t h e y a r e s e p a r a t e l y t h e t r a n s f o r m e r u s e d in a c l o s e d d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d system.
connected together, will a d d up to o n e individual transformer.
Using this m e t h o d , a single t r a n s f o r m e r rating c a n b e s i z e d
a n d selected f r o m the total v o l t - a m p s . O n e t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h
three w i n d i n g s is sized by a d d i n g t h e total V A of all the l o a d s
t o g e t h e r a n d s e l e c t i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m e r ' s k V A rating b a s e d
upon this v a l u é . ( S e e F i g u r e 20-1) "3
^240V- -120 V-
-240V- -240 V-
-208 V-
-208 V - 120 V-
Xl X3
-208 V — -208 V — -120 V- (HIGH-LEG)_/
-120 V L3
20-2
Transformers
Open d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s y s t e m s c a n be
determined by c a l c u l a t i n g t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e l o a d at 1 0 0
.POWER ^PRIMARY
percent a n d t h e t h r e e - p h a s e load at 58 p e r c e n t a n d u s i n g SUPPLY X '480 VOLT
this total v a l u é to size t h e t r a n s f o r m e r . B y a d d i n g t h e s e t w o / -10
SECONDARY
H1 ,^2 H3 •240VOLT_^
• 10 •^.t
POWER LIGHTING
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER FINDING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AMPS
FOR SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
SIZING TRANSFORMERS FOR A BUILDING WITH A TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD CALCULATING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CURRENTS
OF 20 kVA FOR SÍNGLE-PHASE LOADS AND 30 kVA FOR THREE-PHASE LOADS
20-3
Stalicup's® Electrical Design
The amp rating for the primary or s e c o n d a r y can be T h e r e are t w o e x c e p t i o n s to t h e g e n e r a l rule to the
d e t e r m i n e d for a t h r e e - p h a s e s y s t e m by a p p i y i n g the a c c e s s i b i l i t y r u l e s , a n d t h e y a r e e x p l a i n e d u n d e r the next
following f o r m u l a : two headings.
OCPD
QUICKCALC
FINDING RATIO
480 V - 208 V = 2,3076
1
FINDING SECONDARY AMPS MIN. HEADROOM
TRANSFORMER- 30.08x2.3076 = 69 A • 6 1/2' (2 m)
•25kVA . 110.26(E)
SOLUTION: SECONDARY
AMPS IS 69 A BASED ON MIN. CLEARANCE
TRANSFORMER
PRIMARY AMPS X 2.3076. -•3'(914mm)
•TABLE110.26(A)(1}
SECONDARY 1
• 240 VOLT-
•10
D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s n o t o v e r 6 0 0 v o l t s a n d located on
CALCULATING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CURRENTS o p e n w a l l s or s t e e l c o l u m n s shall not b e r e q u i r e d to be
readily a c c e s s i b l e . It is p e r m i s s i b l e to g a i n a c c e s s to this
F i g u r e 20-3(b). S i z i n g a m p s of a t h r e e - p h a s e t r a n s f o r m e r .
t y p e of installation u s i n g a p o r t a b l e l a d d e r or bucket lift.
[ S e e F i g u r e 20-5(a)]
20-4
Transformers
DUE TOWALLBEING
PRIMARY ONLY - O V E R 600 VOLTS
MOUNTED WITH
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
450.3(A)ANDTABLE450.3(A) r 3 • .
TRANSFORMERS ARE
HUNG FROM BUILDING 1
STEEL (METAL) T h e t e r m primary is o f t e n i n f e r r e d in t h e fieId a s b e i n g
450.13(A)
t h e h i g h s i d e , a n d t h e t e r m secondary a s t h e l o w side of
t h e t r a n s f o r m e r . T h i s is really not t h e p r o p e r t e r m i n o l o g y .
T h e p r i m a r y is t h e input s i d e of t h e t r a n s f o r m e r a n d t h e
C!'
C s e c o n d a r y is t h e o u t p u t s i d e . T h u s , v o l t a g e h a s n o t h i n g t o
<^
d o w i t h " h i g h " or "low."
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
/CLEARANCES COMPLY • 110.26(A (1)
•110.34 A -FLOOR
Each transformer shall be protected by an overcurrent
WITHTABLE110.26(A)(1)
d e v i c e in t h e p r i m a r y s i d e . If t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n
is f u s e s , t h e y shall b e rated not g r e a t e r t h a n 2 5 0 p e r c e n t
HUNG FROM WALL OR CEILING (2.5 t i m e s ) of t h e r a t e d p r i m a r y c u r r e n t of t h e t r a n s f o r m e r .
NEC 450.13(A)
W h e n circuit b r e a k e r s are u s e d , they shall be set not
Figure 20-5(a). T r a n s f o r m e r s h u n g f r o m the w a l l or ceiling g r e a t e r t h a n 3 0 0 p e r c e n t (3 t i m e s ) the rated primary current.
shall not be required to b e readily a c c e s s i b l e . (See Figure 20-7)
T h i s o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e shall b e p e r m i t t e d to b e
TRANSFORMER HANGERS m o u n t e d in t h e v a u l t or at t h e t r a n s f o r m e r , if a p p r o v e d for
• MOUNTED ON WALL, OR FOR CEILING.
• HUNG FROM CEILING . s u c h p u r p o s e . It shall a i s o b e p e r m i t t e d to b e m o u n t e d in
t h e p a n e l b o a r d a n d b e d e s i g n e d to protect the w i n d i n g s a n d
circuit c o n d u c t o r s s u p p l y i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m e r .
20-5
stalicup's* Electrical Design
LOCKABLE CB USED AS A
DISCONNECT I S O U T O F
SIGHT OF TRANSFORMER
O
Stalicup's Note: Class 2 or Class 3 •450.14
transformers are not ¡ncJuded per 450.14.
L
fpr
DISCONNECTING
MEANS WITHIN SIGHT
OF TRANSFORMER
•450.14
DISCONNECTING MEANS
NEC 450.14
d k e d to
F i g u r e 20-7. I f t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n is f u s e s , t h e y shall b e r a t e d n o t g r e a t e r t h a n 2 5 0 p e r c e n t (2.5 t i m e s ) o f t h e r a t e ^ ^ i r e t o t
primary current of the t r a n s f o r m e r . W h e n circuit b r e a k e r s a r e u s e d , t h e y shall b e s e t a t n o t g r e a t e r t h a n 3 0 0 percent three-wii
times) the rated p r i m a r y current. . %. 240.21((
20-6
Transformers
level. [ S e e F i g u r e 20-8(a)] Solutlon; The size overcurrent protection device for primary side Is 450
amps.
IPERVISED LOCATIONS Note 1: Higher percentages than 125 percent per Table 450.3(A) shall be used to
size the overcun'ent protection device in the secondary side where the secondary
l.3(A) AND TABLE 450.3(A) voltage is greater than 600 volts.
¡secondary side o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r , t h e p e r c e n t a g e s f o r Solutíon: The size overcurrent protection device for secondary side is 800
amps.
the overcurrent p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s shall b e s e l e c t e d
ITable 450.3(A) b a s e d o n t h e particular v o l t a g e level. Note 2: If the secondary voltage is 4160, the overcurrent protection device using
a circuit breaker shall be sized at 300 percent and a fuse shall be sized at 250
Figures 20-8(b) a n d (c)] percent of transformer's FLC.
20-7
stalicup's® Electrical Design
NOTE 1: FOR SIMPLICITY, 240.6(A) WAS USED TO N O T E 1: FOR SIMPLICITY, 240.S(A) WAS USED T O
SELECT THE OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICES. S a E C T OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICES.
TRANSFORMER
•30
BARRIER
• 500 kVA
.408.3(A)(3),Ex.
•4.9%
SECONDARY NEUTRAL
•30 •230.75
•480 V
•4-WIRE
•Yii
MBJ GEC
GEC
• 250.30 A OCPD
•--GEC • 250.30 A 4
• 250.30 A •490.21(A) •250.30 A iS
GES CLEARANCES -
•TABLE 110.34(A)
SUPERVISED
L UTILITY S U P P L Y UTILITY S U P P L Y FUSES
LOCATIONS . TABLE 450.3(A|
•30
• 4,160 V N O T E 2: B E F O R E S E L E C T I N G T H E S I Z E O V E R C U R R E Ñ T ]
•13.8kV
• 4-WIRE P R O T E C T I O N D E V I C E , S E E T H E F O L L O W I N G ANSI
• 4-WIRE [ N O T E 2: B E F O R E S E L E C T I N G T H E S I Z E O V
STANDARDS:
I P R O T E C T I O N D E V I C E , S E E T H E F O L L O W I N G ANSI
• F O R C I R C U I T B R E A K E R S . S E E A N S I C 37.06
I STANDARDS.
• F O R F U S E S , S E E A N S Í C 37.46 ! • P O R C I R C U I T B R E A K E R S , S E E A N S ! C 37.06
• F O R F U S E S . S E E A N S Í C 37.46
Step 1: Finding FLA of transformer FINDING OCPD FOR THE PRIMARY AND
FLA=(kVAx1000)-s-(Vx\'3) SECONDARY SIDE OF THE TRANSFORMER
FLA = (500x1000) + (4160Vx 1.732) \'.
SlzIng OCPD for primary side
FLA =69.4 A
Step 1: Finding FLA of transformer
Step 2: Calculating FLA for OCPD FLA =(kVAx 1000)+ {VxV3)
450.3(A) and Table 450.3(A)
FLA = (450 X 1000) + (13,800 V x 1.732)
FLA = 69.4 A X 600%
FLA = 416-4 A FLA =18.83 A
Step 3: Selecting OCPD "•''V- ' Step 2: Calculating FLA for OCPD
Table 450.3{A), Note 3 and 240.6(A) i' . 450.3(A) and Table 450.3(A)
416,4Aperm¡ts400A FLA=18.83Ax600%
FLA=112.9A
Solutlon: The size overcurrent protection device for primary
side is 400 amps. Step 3: Selecting OCPD
Table 450.3(A), Note 3 and 240.6(A)
Note 1: For simplicity, 240.6(A) was used to select the overcun-ent
112.9Apennits110A
protection devices.
20-8
Transformers
.OCPD -GEC
•50A .250.30(A)(5)
•(3AWG cu.) ^^=50 •250.66
\Y
• 480V DELTA F i g u r e 2 0 - 1 0 . A transfornner of 6 0 0 v o l t s or l e s s , n o m i n a l ,
SUPPLY h a v i n g a n individual o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e o n the
X^OCPD p r i m a r y s i d e shall b e s i z e d at no m o r e t h a n 125 p e r c e n t of
•200 A t h e t r a n s f o r m e r ' s full-load c u r r e n t r a t i n g , in a m p s .
UNGROUNDED
SECONDARY SECONDARY
240.4(F) • 240 V SUPPLY
•240.21
•250.130 600 AWG KCMIL(420A}
•250.24(0 ALL CONDUCTORS cu.
•TABLE 310.15(B)(16)
QIHCKCALCI
•240.4{F)and 240.21(C)(1) \D (CB)
•480V + 240V = 2to1 •400 A
•400APANEL+ 2 = 200A • NONAUTOMATIC
•200AXPD ON PRIMARY
IS PERMITTED ^EGCs
''^•250.130(A)
QUICKCALC 2
APPLYING 240.4{n
FOR S-WIRE DELTA TO 3-WIRE DELTA
20-9
stalicup's® Electrical Design
í
20-10
Transformers
EMT
• 250.118 TRANSFORMER
/ 'SkVA TRANSFORMER
•48OV10 • .8 kVA
• PRl = 2-WIRE •480V, 10
• SEC = 2-WIRE • PRL = 2-WIRE
OCPD • SEC. = 2-WIRE
• PRIMARY
^ GEC
FLA X 167%
• 250.30(A)(5) _EGC
SBJ •250.66 • 250.30(A)(5), Ex. 3
• GES CIRCUIT
• 250.66 • 250.30{A)(4) CLASSIFICATION
• 250.50 • CLASS 1
. CLASS 2
• CLASS 3
•725.3
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
START AND STOP
FINDING OCPD FOR PRIMARY SIDE OF TRANSFORMER STATION
OF TRANSFORMER
Slzlno Primary OCPD ÍSecond Leve»
Stepi: Finding FLA of primary Sizing min. primary OCPD fHilrd Level) Sizing max. primary OCPD fThlrd Level)
FLA=kVAx(1000-í-V)
FLA=3kVAx(1000 + 480V) Step 1: Finding FLA of primary Stepi: Calculating OCPD
F U = 6,25 A FLA =kVAx (1000+ V) 430.72(C){4) and Step 1
F U = . 8 kVAx(1000-480 V) 1.7Ax500% = 8.5A
FLA=1,7A
Step 2: Calculating OCPD
450.3(8) and Table 450.3(B) Step 2: Selecting OCPD
6.25Ax167%=10.4A Step 2: Calculating OCPD 430.72(C)(4) and 240.6(A)
450.3(8) and Table 450.3(8) 8,5Apermits6A
Step 3: Selecting OCPD 1.7Ax300% = 5.1 A
Table 450.3(B] and 240.6(A) Solution: The máximum size overcurrent
10.4Aperm)ts 10A Step 3: Selecting OCPD protection device in the primary
Tabte 450.3(8) and 240.6(A) side is 6 amps.
Solution: The size overcurrent protection device in the 5.1 ApemitsSA
primary side is 10 amps. Note: The secondary side is a motor
Solutíon: The minimum size overcurrent controller circuit.
protection device in the primary
PRIMARY 2 AMPS OR MORE side is 3 amps.
BUT LESS THAN 9 AMPS
NEC 450.3(B) AND TABLE 450.3(B)
PRIMARY LESS THAN 2 AMPS
NEC 450.3(B), NEC 430.72(C){4), AND TABLE 450.3(B)
íure 20-11(b). W h e r e t h e r a t e d p r i m a r y c u r r e n t of a
nsformer is less t h a n 9 a m p s but 2 a m p s or m o r e , a n
srcurrent device rated or set at no m o r e t h a n 167 p e r c e n t
F i g u r e 2 0 - 1 1 ( c ) . W h e n t h e r a t e d p r i m a r y c u r r e n t of a
lofprimary current shall b e u s e d .
t r a n s f o r m e r is less t h a n 2 a m p s , a n o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n
d e v i c e rated o r set at not m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 p e r c e n t shall b e
ithree-phase, f o u r - w i r e g r o u n d e d s y s t e m , t h e f o l l o w i n g u s e d , u n l e s s 4 3 0 . 7 2 ( C ) ( 4 ) is a p p l i e d .
•• -'. .f ' ."- •-.
jitions shall apply:
Proper c o n n e c t i o n s shall b e m a d e . ' • • •• ^- fciH :
20-11
stalicup's* Electrical Design
DETECTING GROUNDS ON T H R E E -
PHASE, THREE-WIRE S Y S T E M S TRANSFORMER
450.5(B) •50kVA
•48OV,30, PRl,
•2O8V,30, SEC
• PRl = 3-WIRE
T h e following c o n d i t i o n s shall a p p l y w h e n a u t o t r a n s f o r m e r s • S E C = 4-WIRE
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION Solution: The minimum size overcurrent Solution: The máximum size overcurrent
protection device in the primary protection device in the
450.5(B)(2) side is 150 amps. secondary side is 175 ams
Note: The size of the overcureni protection Note: Table 450.3(8), Note 1 perrr.:^
T h e overcurrent protection d e v i c e shall o p e n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y device in primary shall not exceed the 250% higher size overcunent protection device ic á
x FLA of the primary. used.
with a c o m m o n t h p all u n g r o u n d e d ( p h a s e ) c o n d u c t o r s a n d
be set to thp at not m o r e t h a n 125 p e r c e n t of the rated p h a s e PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
600 VOLTS OR LESS
current of the transformer.
NEC 450.3(B) AND TABLE 450.3(B)
SECONDARY TIES
450.6
20-12
Transformers
f
• 30. 3-WIRE
.rcuit: however, it d o e s not p r o v i d e o v e r l o a d p r o t e c t i o n .
ially, limiters, rather t h a n f u s e s , a r e u s e d f o r p r o t e c t i o n
leties due to t h e fact t h e y a r e v e r y c u r r e n t limiting a n d
protect the circuit e l e m e n t s f r o m d a m a g e d u r i n g s h o r t -
jit conditions. , .
-42% OF
ZIGZAG A
,]iere is normally a l o a d c a n t e r c o n n e c t e d t o t h e tie a t
I points where a t r a n s f o r m e r b a n k c o n n e c t s to t h e tie.
transformer is p r o t e c t e d by a circuit b r e a k e r in t h e CONTINUOOS MBJ7 -GEC
PER PHASE
lary leads b e t w e e n t h e t r a n s f o r m e r a n d t h e l o a d PER NEUTRAL
_GES
rules for designing a n d installing s e c o n d a r y ties c a n b e Solution: A current of 42 amps or greater wlH
M k t m e d up as f o l l o w s : cause the service OCPD to trip opm.
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Where t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e t i e d t o g e t h e r in p a r a l l e l
NEC 450.5(B)(2)
and connected by tie c o n d u c t o r s t h a t d o not h a v e
' overcurrent p r o t e c t i o n a s p e r A r t i c l e 2 4 0 , t h e F i g u r e 20-14. T h e overcurrent protection device shall
i ampacity o f t h e ties c o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s s h a l l o p e n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h a c o m m o n trip f o r all u n g r o u n d e d
IM| not be less t h a n 6 7 p e r c e n t of t h e rated s e c o n d a r y ( p h a s e ) c o n d u c t o r s a n d b e s e t t o trip a t not m o r e t h a n 1 2 5
H[ current of t h e largest t r a n s f o r m e r in t h e tie circuit. percent of the rated phase current of the transformer.
T |See F i g u r e 20-15)
Note, 4 2 percent o f t h e o v e r c u r r e n t protection device's rating
shall b e u s e d if c o n n e c t e d in t h e a u t o t r a n s f o r m e r ' s neutral
F
connection. Review Sections 250.24(8), 250.30(A)(1), a n d
sign Tip: T h i s a p p l i e s w h e r e t h e l o a d s a r e a t t h e 250.32(B)(1), E x .
nsformer s u p p l y points p e r 450.6(A)(1).
D e s i g n T i p : T h i s rule a p p l i e s m a i n l y w h e r e the l o a d s
óeparalleling of t r a n s f o r m e r s is c o m m o n , b u t g r e a t c a r e are connected between transformer supply points per
tiould be exercised to e n s u r e t h a t t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e 450.6(A)(2). ( S e e F i g u r e 20-16)
imilar in all conditions o f use. If they a r e not, o n e transformer
illtry to carry m o r e o f t h e load t h a n t h e o t h e r t r a n s f o r m e r
ad. Ifthe transformers are o f t h e s a m e capacity a n d similar Sections 450.6(A)(1) a n d (A)(2) state that both
haracteristics, t h e y e a c h , in theory, will carry 5 0 p e r c e n t e n d s o f e a c h tie c o n n e c t i o n shall b e p r o v i d e d w i t h a
(the total load. T h e 6 7 p e r c e n t a l l o w s for d i f f e r e n c e s in protective d e v i c e t h a t o p e n s a t a certain t e m p e r a t u r a
jnsformer sizes a n d t h u s a l l o w s f o r a d j u s t i n g s o l u t i o n s . of t h e tie c o n d u c t o r . T h i s p r e v e n t s d a m a g e to t h e tie
, c o n d u c t o r a n d its i n s u l a t i o n , a n d s u c h installations
Where t h e l o a d is c o n n e c t e d t o t h e t i e a t a n y s h a l l c o n s i s t of:
point b e t w e e n t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s u p p l y p o i n t s ,
and ovecaurrent protection is not p r o v i d e d b y t h e (a) A limiter is a fusible link cable connector. T h e limiter
provisions listed in A r t i c l e 2 4 0 , t h e rated a m p a c i t y is s e l e c t e d a n d d e s i g n e d f o r t h e i n s u l a t i o n , c o n d u c t o r
ofthe tie shall not be less t h a n 100 p e r c e n t o f t h e m a t e r i a l , etc. o n t h e tie c o n d u c t o r s .
rated s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t of t h e largest t r a n s f o r m e r
(b) A c i r c u i t b r e a k e r , a c t u a t e d b y d e v i c e s h a v i n g
connected to t h e s e c o n d a r y tie s y s t e m e x c e p t a s
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t a r e c o m p a r a b l e to t h e a b o v e , c a n
provided in 450.6(A)(4). ( S e e F i g u r e 20-15)
b e u s e d if d e s i g n e d a n d s i z e d properly.
20-13
stalicup's® Electrical Design
V UTILITY - /
RANSFORMEF
/^2000kVA
1500 kVA-^
LATERALS
VOLTAGE^
*30 '30
•480V
•
XB
)
LIMITERS-
BUS TIE y
TO THE TIE •67%OF SECONDARY A TO THE TIE / V T O LOAD
SYSTEM SYSTEM
TOTHETtE
B U S TIE 7 TOTHETC;
•100%OF SECONDARY A
FINDING BUS TIE AT 67% SYSTEM SYSTEM
FINDING B U S T K A T 1 0 0 %
Stepi: Finding FLA of transformer
FLA=(kVAx1000) + (VxV3)
Stepi: Finding FLA of transformer
FLA = (2000 X1000) + (480 V x 1.732)
FLA = (kVAx1000) + ( V x ^ )
FLA =2406.7 A
FLA = (2000 x 1000) + (480 V X 1.732)
FLA = 2406.7 A
Step 2: Calculating tie
450.6(A)(1)
Step 2: Calculating tie
2406.7Ax67% = 1612.5A
450.6(A)(2)
2406.7 A X 100% = 2406.7 A
Solutlon: The secondary bus tie shall be rated
at least 2000 amps.
Solution: The secondary bus tie shall be rated
at least 2500 amps.
LOADS AT TRANSFORMER SUPPLY POINTS ONLY Note: The 2500 amps is the next standard size.
NEC 450.6(A)(1)
LOADS CONNECTED BETWEEN
Figure 20-15. T h e ampacity of t h e ties connecting TRANSFORMER SUPPLY POINTS
NEC 450.6(A)(2)
c o n d u c t o r s shall n o t b e less t h a n 6 7 p e r c e n t o f t h e r a t e d
s e c o n d a r y current of the largest t r a n s f o r m e r in t h e tie circuit. Fig
be
F i g u r e 2 0 - 1 6 . T h e r a t e d a m p a c i t y o f the tie shall not anc
less t h a n 100 p e r c e n t o f t h e rated s e c o n d a r y current i con
D e s i g n T i p : T h e a b o v e a p p l i e s w h e r e t h e t i e circuit l a r g e s t t r a n s f o r m e r c o n n e c t e d t o the secondary tie s\ con
p r o t e c t i o n is p r o v i d e d p e r 4 5 0 . 6 { A ) ( 3 ) , a n d t h e t i e e x c e p t a s p r o v i d e d in 4 5 0 . 6 ( A ) ( 4 ) . seo
c o n d u c t o r shall fully c o m p l y w i t h all rules a n d regulations the
in s u c h s e c t i o n s .
1
20-14
Transformers
W h e n s e c o n d a r y ties f r o m t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e u s e d ,
a n o v e r c u r r e n t d e v i c e in t h e s e c o n d a r y of e a c h
t r a n s f o r m e r t h a t is rated or set at not g r e a t e r t h a n
2 5 0 percent (2.5 t i m e s ) of the rated s e c o n d a r y
c u r r e n t o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s h a l l b e p r o v i d e d . In
a d d i t i o n , t h e r e shall b e a circuit b r e a k e r a c t u a t e d by
30
•480V a r e v e r s e - c u r r e n t relay; t h e b r e a k e r is t o b e set at
not g r e a t e r t h a n t h e rated s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t of t h e
TO
CB LOADS ca^>, transformer. Such overcurrent protection protects
a g a i n s t o v e r l o a d s a n d short-circuit c o n d i t i o n s , a n d
t h e r e v e r s e - c u r r e n t relay a n d circuit b r e a k e r shall b e
V LIMITERS d e s i g n e d to h a n d i e a n y r e v e r s a l o f c u r r e n t flow into
BLJSTIES r n THP TIP the transformer. ( S e e Figure 20-18)
• 133% OF SECONDARY A SYSTEM
GUARDING
If the operating v o l t a g e of s e c o n d a r y ties e x c e e d s
150 volts to g r o u n d , t h e r e shall b e a s w i t c h a h e a d
450.8
of the limiters a n d tie c o n d u c t o r s t h a t is c a p a b l e o f
T r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e i s o l a t e d in a r o o m o r
deenergizing the tie c o n d u c t o r s a n d the limiters. T h i s
accessible oniy to qualified personnel to prevent accidental
switch shall c o m p l y w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g :
c o n t a c t w i t h live parts. To s a f e g u a r d live parts f r o m p o s s i b l e
d a m a g e , t h e t r a n s f o r m e r shall b e e l e v a t e d . T h e f o l l o w i n g
(a) T h e current rating o f t h e s w i t c h shall n o t b e are a c c e p t a b l e m e a n s of s a f e g u a r d i n g live parts a s required
less t h a n the c u r r e n t rating o f t h e c o n d u c t o r s i n 1 1 0 . 2 7 { A ) and 110.34(E).
connected to s u c h s w i t c h .
(b) T h e s w i t c h shall b e c a p a b l e of o p e n i n g its
• T r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e i s o l a t e d in a
rated current.
room or accessible oniy to qualified personnel.
(c) T h e s w i t c h s h a l l n o t o p e n u n d e r t h e
magnetic torces c a u s a d by short-circuit . • P e r m a n e n t p a r t i t i o n s or s c r e e n s shall b e p e r m i t t e d
currents. to be installed.
20-15
Stalicup's® Electrical Design
2000 kVA
TRANSFORMERS
1500kVA- MPARALlfL R4 PARALLEL
LATERALS
•30 '30
•480V BUS IN
•480V
SWITCHGEAR
UNIT UNIT (
SWITCHES SWITCHES
CB-
UMITERS
PARALLEL OPERATION
BUS TIES
•250%OF SECONDARY A NEC 450.7
TO THE TIE TO THE TIE
SYSTEM SYSTEM
RNDING BUS PROTECTKW AT 250% F i g u r e 2 0 - 1 9 . T r a n s f o r m e r s s h a l l b e p e r m i t t e d to
Step 1: Finding FLA of transfomier
c o n n e c t e d in parallel a n d s w i t c h e d a s a unit, provided
FLA=(kVAx 1000) + (Vx>/3) t r a n s f o r m e r h a s o v e r c u r r e n t protection that is properly
FLA = (2000 X 1000) + (480 X1.732)
FLA = 2406.7 A
DRY-TYPE T R A N S F O R M E R S
INSTALLED INDOORS
VENTILATION 450,21
450.9 T h e r u l e s f o r installing d r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s indoors
be s u m m e d up as follows:
T r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e l o c a t e d a n d i n s t a l l e d in r o o m s o r
áreas that are not subject t o e x c e e d i n g l y high t e m p e r a t u r a s • D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s g r e a t e r t h a n 112-1/2 kVA,
" ^ ó prevent overheating a n d possible d a m a g e to windings. h a v i n g C l a s s 155 o r h i g h e r insulation systems, sh
T r a n s f o r m e r s w i t h v e n t i l a t i n g o p e n i n g s shall b e installed h a v e a f i r e - r e s i s t a n t , h e a t - i n s u l a t i n g barrier pl.
so t h a t t h e ventilating o p e n t n g s a r e n o t b l o c k e d b y w a l l s o r b e t w e e n t r a n s f o r m e r s a n d c o m b u s t i b l e material,
o t h e r o b s t r u c t i o n s t h a t c o u l d b l o c k air flow. if n o barrier, shall b e s e p a r a t e d at least 6 ft (1.
m ) h o r i z o n t a l l y a n d 12 ft ( 3 . 7 m ) vertically from
c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l p e r 450.21 ( B ) , E x . 1.
( S e e Figure 20-21)
20-16
Transformers
D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s g r e a t e r t h a n 112-1/2 k V A a n d
h a v i n g Class 155 or higher of insulation s y s t e m s shall
30RMORE STRANDS
OF BARBEO WIRE b e installed in a f i r e - r e s i s t a n t t r a n s f o r m e r r o o m p e r
•110.31
4 5 0 . 2 1 ( B ) , E x . 2. ( S e e F i g u r e 20-22)
GROUNDING D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s r a t e d 112-1/2 k V A o r l e s s a n d
NEC 450.10 6 0 0 volts or less shall not b e r e q u i r e d to h a v e a 12 in.
( 3 0 0 m m ) s e p a r a t i o n or barrier if t h e y a r e c o m p l e t e l y
e n c l o s e d , e x c e p t for v e n t o p e n i n g s . ( S e e F i g u r e 20-
jre 20-20. T r a n s f o r m e r s e n c l o s e d by f e n c e s or g u a r d s 24)
: be g r o u n d e d a n d b o n d e d . Live parts r e q u i r e a g u a r d
All i n d o o r d r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s of o v e r 3 5 , 0 0 0 volts
las a fence to prevent u n a u t h o r i z e d entry a n d to protect
shall b e installed in a vault. Vault r e q u i r e m e n t s shall
¡general public a n d unqualified p e r s o n s f r o m d a n g e r o u s
fully c o m p l y w i t h P a r t III o f A r t i c l e 4 5 0 .
ical parts.
( S e e Figure 20-25)
.ROOM
• COMBUSTIBLE
MATERIAL ROOM
•450.21(B), Ex.1 • FIRE-RESISTANT
'450.21(8)
TRANSFORMER FIRE-RESISTANT
NEC LOOP TRANSFORMER
•NOTTOTALLY ENCLOSED • MIN, FIRE RATING •NOT TOTALLY
•CLASS 155 OR HIGHER TRANSFORMERS 450.21 (A) OF 1 HOUR ENCLOSED
INSULATION •112-1/2 kVAOR LESS •450.21(8)
•DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS 450.21{B)
•OVER 112-1/2 kVA •OVER 112-1/2 kVA
•450.21(B),Ex.1 OVER 112-1/2 kVA
TRANSFORMERS 450.21(C}
•OVER 35,000 V
NEC 450.21{B), Ex. 2
20-17
stalicup's® Electrical Design
I
^COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL
112-1/2 kVAOR L E S S
-TRANSFORMER
• DRY-TYPE
• 112-1/2 kVAOR LESS NO MINIMUM SPACING REQUIRED
•450.21 (A) FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL
- SPACING
'12" {300 mm) MIN.
'450.21(A)
NOT TRANSFORMER
TOTALLY • TOTALLY ENCLOSED
^ COMBUSTIBLE ENCLOSED • DRY-TYPE
^ MATERIAL TYPE •112-1/2 kVAOR LESS
•450.21{A), Ex.
-COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL
-BARRIER
-VAULT
NOT OVER 112-1/2 kVA • FIRE-RESISTANT
NEC 450.21 (A) • NONCOMBUSTIBLE
MATERIAL
•450.21(0)
F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 3 . D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s rated 112-1/2 k V A o r
less a n d 6 0 0 volts o r less shall h a v e a fire-resistant, h e a t -
insulating barrier b e t w e e n t r a n s f o r m e r s a n d c o m b u s t i b l e TRANSFORMER
• OVER 35,000 VOLTS
material, or, w i t h o u t a barrier, shall b e s e p a r a t e d at least • 450.21 (C)
12 in. ( 3 0 0 m m ) f r o m t h e c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l w h e r e t h e
v o l t a g e is o v e r 6 0 0 v o l t s .
DRY-TYPE T R A N S F O R M E R S
INSTALLED OUTDOORS
450.22 CODE LOOP CODE LOOP
WALLS, ROOF, AND FLOOR 450.42 DRAINAGE 450.46
Dry-type transformers installed outdoors shall have DOORWAYS 450.43 FOREIGN SYSTEMS 450.47
VENT OPENINGS 450.45 STORAGEINVAULTS 450.48
w e a t h e r p r o o f e n c l o s u r e s . S e e t h e definition in A r t i c l e 100
for t h e difference b e t w e e n " w e a t h e r p r o o f a n d "watertight."
OVER 35,000 VOLTS
NEC 450.21 (C)
L E S S FLAMMABLE LIQUID-INSULATED
F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 5 . A l l i n d o o r d r y - t y p e transformers
TRANSFORMERS
3 5 , 0 0 0 volts shall b e installed in a vault.
450.23
Transformers using a "listed" high fire point liquid
NONFLAMMABLE FLUID-INSULATEI
s h a l l b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e i n s t a l l e d i n d o o r s , b u t o n i y in
" n o n c o m b u s t i b l e " á r e a s of " n o n c o m b u s t i b l e " b u i l d i n g s . T h e TRANSFORMERS
sets t h e m i n i m u m fire point at 3 0 0 ° C ( 5 7 2 ° F ) . T h i s is 450.24
the m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r a a t w h i c h t h e liquid ignites. S u c h
t r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e installed i n d o o r s , f o r T r a n s f o r m e r s u s i n g a "dielectric" nonflammableliqu:;s^
v o l t a g e s u p to 3 5 , 0 0 0 . H i g h e r v o l t a g e s r e q u i r e a v a u l t if b e p e r m i t t e d to b e i n s t a l l e d indoors in any l o c a t r t
t h e y a r e installed i n d o o r s . T h i s is d u e to t h e s a f e t y r e q u i r e d v o l t a g e s u p t o 3 5 , 0 0 0 . H i g h e r voltages require a vaui: -vte
b e c a u s e of t h e h i g h e r v o l t a g e a n d a s s o c i a t e d e q u i p m e n t . installed i n d o o r s d u e to t h e safety required for the ¡g^
( S e e F i g u r e 20-26) voltage and associated equipment.
20-18
Transformers
REMOVING GASES
. AUTOMATIC FIRE COMBUSTIBLE
• FLUE OR
EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM MATERIALS
•450.23 • CHIMNEY
LIQUID
CQNTAINMENT ASKAREL-INSULATED TRANSFORMERS
AREA INSTALLED INDOORS
LESS FLAMMABLE LIQUID-INSULATED NEC 450.25
TRANSFORMERS
NEC 450.23
F i g u r e 20-27. A s k a r e l - i n s u l a t e d t r a n s f o r m e r s of o v e r 2 5 kVA
shall b e f u r n i s h e d w i t h a relief v e n t s u c h a s a c h i m n e y to
re 20-26. T r a n s f o r m e r s u s i n g a "Usted" high fire point relieve the p r e s s u r e built up by g a s e s that m a y b e g e n e r a t e d
shall be permitted to b e installed i n d o o r s , but o n i y in within the transformer.
ibustible" á r e a s of " n o n c o m b u s t i b l e " b u i l d i n g s . T h e
sets the m i n i m u m fire point at 3 0 0 X ( 5 7 2 ' F ) .
OIL-INSULATED T R A N S F O R M E R S ^
INSTALLED INDOORS
the purpose of this s e c t i o n , a n o n f l a m m a b l e dielectric
'isone that d o e s not h a v e a f l a s h point or fire point, a n d 450.26
notflammable in air.
T h e rules for installing o i l - i n s u l a t e d t r a n s f o r m e r s i n d o o r s
c a n b e s u m m e d up a s f o l l o w s : ;
20-19
stalicup's* Electrical Design
-VAULT
• REINFORCED CONCRETE
W A L L S , R O O F S , AND F L O O R S
•ATLEAST4'*{100mm)THICK
450.42
OIL-INSULATED TRANSFORMERS
INSTALLED INDOORS TRANSFORMER
NEC 450.26, Ex.1 • OIL-INSULATED
• BARRIER
NEEDED
I' 1 1 1 1 i^^r^r
SPRINKLER S Y S T E M - - - ^
• S E E NFPA13
LOCATION OF TRANSFORMER VAULTS TRANSFORMER
• OIL-FILLED
TRANSFORMER
•OIL-FILLED
450.41 •450.27 • BARRIER NEED3
•PPP
Vaults shall b e d e s i g n e d a n d built w i t h s p e c i f i c rules a n d
regulations. OIL-INSULATED TRANSFORMERS
h y-^, ú. INSTALLED OUTDOORS
NEC 450.27
W h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e , t r a n s f o r m e r v a u l t s shall b e l o c a t e d at
an outside wall of the b u i l d i n g . T h i s rule is i n t e n d e d to a l l o w F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 9 ( b ) . F i r e - r e s i s t a n t b a r r i e r s , water-spi
ventilation direct t o t h e o u t s i d e w i t h o u t u s i n g d u c t s , f l u e s , s y s t e m s , a n d e n c l o s u r e s for the t r a n s f o r m e r s are a : : - '
etc. per 450.45. s a f e g u a r d s if, w h e r e u s e d . t h e y a r e installed by
ofthe NEC.
^ oO
lR
Transformers
DOOR
Design Tip: P e r s o n n e l d o o r s shall s w i n g o u t a n d b e • 3 HOUR RATED
VENT •450.43(A)
equipped with p a n i c b a r s , p r e s s u r e p l a t a s , o r o t h e r OPENINGS
•450.45 PANIC BARS,
devices that o p e n u n d e r s i m p l e p r e s s u r e p e r 4 5 0 . 4 3 ( C ) . PRESSURE PLATES
ETC. PER450.43(C)
DRAINAGE „ ;•
450.46
VAULT
Drains shall be p r o v i d e d f o r v a u l t s c o n t a i n i n g m o r e t h a n i WECLOOP
kVA t r a n s f o r m e r c a p a c i t y to d r a i n off oil t h a t m i g h t VENTS 450.45(A) VENT-'
• LOCATION • OPEN DtRECTLY TO
accumulate o n t h e floor d u e t o a l e a k in a t r a n s f o r m e r VENTS 450.45(C} THE OUTSIDE
caused by an accident. T h i s rule is d e s i g n e d to p r e v e n t a •SIZE ' NO DUCT OR FLUES
VENTS 450.45(D)
fire hazard from o c c u r r i n g . ' - •COVERING
VENTS 450.45(E)
•DAMPERS
F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 1 . W h e r e v e n t i l a t i o n is direct to t h e o u t s i d e ,
[STORAGEINVAULTS w i t h o u t t h e u s e o f d u c t s o r f l u e s , t h e v e n t o p e n i n g shall
«0.48 h a v e a n á r e a o f at least 3 s q . in. ( 1 9 0 0 m m ^ ) f o r e a c h k V A
of t r a n s f o r m e r c a p a c i t y , b u t n e v e r less t h a n 1 s q . ft (0.1
INostorage of a n y k i n d shall b e p e r m i t t e d in a v a u l t o t h e r m^) in á r e a .
lían the transformers a n d e q u i p m e n t n e c e s s a r y f o r their
20-21
stalicup's® Electrical Design
STORAGE IN VAULTS
WATER PIPES AND ACCESSORIES NEC 450.48
NEC 450.47
F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 3 . N o s t o r a g e m a t e r i a l of a n y kind shall
F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 2 . P i p i n g f o r fire p r o t e c t i o n w i t h i n t h e v a u l t or p l a c e d in a vault o t h e r t h a n t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s a n d equi
piping to w a t e r - c o o l e d t r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d to n e c e s s a r y f o r their o p e r a t i o n .
be present in a vault. N o o t h e r piping or d u c t s y s t e m shall
enter or p a s s t h r o u g h .
• T h e c o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s shall not e x t e n d beyond
t h e s w i t c h b o a r d , p a n e l b o a r d , d i s c o n n e c t i n g means,
CONNECTIONS FROM THE o r c o n t r o l d e v i c e s t h e y supply.
SECONDARY OF TRANSFORMERS • C o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s s h a l l b e e n c l o s e d in a
r a c e w a y t h a t will e x t e n d f r o m t h e c o n n e c t i o n to the
240.21 (B) AND (C) e n c l o s u r e o f a n e n c l o s e d s w i t c h b o a r d , panelboard,
o r c o n t r o l d e v i c e s , o r t o t h e b a c k o f a n open|
O v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s of circuits shall b e l o c a t e d switchboard.
at t h e point w h e r e t h e s e r v i c e to t h o s e circuits o r i g i n a t e s .
However, it shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o m a k e c o n n e c t i o n s f r o m • T h e rating of t h e o v e r c u r r e n t d e v i c e protecting the
the s e c o n d a r y side of t r a n s f o r m e r s . S u c h c o n d u c t o r s shall p r i m a r y o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r , m u l t i p l i e d b y the primaryi
be d e s i g n e d a n d installed b y t h e rules a n d r e g u l a t i o n s of t o s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e ratio, shall n o t e x c e e d 10 times
240.21 ( B ) a n d ( C ) . S i z i n g c o n n e c t i o n s , not o v e r 2 5 ft ( 7 . 5 t h e a m p a c i t y of t h e s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r for fieId
m ) l o n g , shall b e d e s i g n e d a n d i n s t a l l e d p e r 240.21 ( B ) installations w h e r e t h e s e c o n d a r y conductors leave
t h e e n c l o s u r e or vault. i
(3) a n d ( C ) ( 5 ) . T r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s o f
separately d e r i v e d s y s t e m s for industrial locations a r e s i z e d
O v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n f o r p a n e l b o a r d s shall comply w|
per 240.21(C)(2), (C)(3), a n d (C)(6). O u t s i d e t r a n s f o r m e r
t h e p r o v i s i o n s o u t l i n e d in 4 0 8 . 3 6 , including E x . 1, Ex.
connections are sized per 240.21 (C)(4). O v e r c u r r e n t
a n d E x . 3, w h i c h e v e r a p p l i e s . T h e m á x i m u m number||
protection shall be provided by 450.3(B) a n d T a b l e 450.3(B).
o v e r c u r r e n t d e v i c e s shall b e p e r m i t t e d to be determir
(See 2 4 0 . 9 2 ( B ) a n d (D) a n d F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 4 for iilustrated
p e r 4 0 8 . 5 4 a n d 4 0 8 . 5 5 . E x . 1.
diagrams.)
S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 5 f o r t h e p r o p e r p r o c e d u r e for makii
NOT OVER 10 FT (3 m) LONG c o n n e c t i o n u s i n g t h e 10 ft (3 m ) rule.
240.21 (C)(2)
NOT O V E R 25 FT (7.5 m) LONG
C o n d u c t o r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e c o n n e c t e d , w i t h o u t 240.21(B)(3) AND(C)(5)
o v e r c u r r e n t protection at t h e c o n n e c t i o n , t o a f e e d e r or
t r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d a r y w h e r e all t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s C o n d u c t o r s s u p p l y i n g a t r a n s f o r m e r shall be permitted|
aremet: b e t a p p e d , w i t h o u t o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n at the tap,
f e e d e r w h e r e all t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e met:
• C o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s d o not e x c e e d 10 ft (3 m ) in
length. • T a p p e d c o n d u c t o r s s u p p l y i n g t h e primary shall h;
a n a m p a c i t y at l e a s t 1/3 o f t h e rating of the feedf
• C o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s shall h a v e a c u r r e n t rating
being tapped.
not less t h a n t h e c o m b i n e d c a l c u l a t e d l o a d s of t h e
circuits s u p p l i e d b y c o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s . T h e i r • C o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s s u p p l y i n g t h e secondary
a m p a c i t y shall n o t b e less t h a n t h e rating of t h e shall h a v e a n a m p a c i t y at least 1/3 o f t h e rating of
o v e r c u r r e n t protection d e v i c e a t t h e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e f e e d e r b e i n g c o n n e c t e d , b a s e d o n the primary-
the c o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s . t o - s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e ratio.
20-22
Transformers
-DISTRIBUTION PANEL
CONNECTION PER 240.21(C)(2)
ANY
10- - * DISTANCE' I MI I I I I ti I
(3 m] o . o- II M I I M 11 i
MAX
CB OR FUSES
CONNECTION PER240.21(B)(3) and {C)(5)
ANY
"DISTANCE I lllllllllll
II II I I M I t u i
i
• T h e total l e n g t h of o n e p r i m a r y p l u s o n e s e c o n d a r y
SBM CLOSER c o n d u c t o r shall not b e o v e r 2 5 ft (7.5 m ) .
• S e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s shall t e r m í n a t e in a s i n g l e
.OCPD circuit b r e a k e r o r s e t o f f u s e s , s i z e d t o p r o t e c t t h e
•408.36
secondary.
MBJ^' CONNECTED J
A CONDUCTORS
/ ^ 1 0 ' (3 m) OR LESS S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 6 for t h e p r o p e r p r o c e d u r e for m a k i n g a t a p
GEC-- ' .240. í.21(B)(1)an(J(C)(2)
a n d c o n n e c t i o n u s i n g t h e 2 5 ft (7.5 m ) rule.
GES- PANELBOARD
MARKING
•408.58
20-23
stalicup's® Electrical Design
-SERVICE CONDUCTORS
'230.42(A)(1)
SECONDARY
OUTPUT
•350 A
_CONNECTED
CONDUCTORS
25' (7.5 m) OR LESS
C)i
240.21(C)(3)
OCPD
•408.36
ONE CONDUCTOR
SHOWN FOR SIMPLICITY
CALCULATED LOAD
IS 345 A
MIIMUM SIZE
CONNECTION
.240.21(B)(3)(2)and (C)(5}
OCPD SIZING THWN cu. CONDUCTORS SIZING OCPD
CONDUCTORS .240.21(B)(3){5)
Step 1: Calculating min. size connection S t e p i : Calculating OCPD
•THWN cu • 408.36
•408.54 240.21(C)(3}(2) 240.4(E), 240.21 (C)(3)(1), and
Calculated load is 345 A 240.4(B)
500 KCMIL cu. =380 A
Step 2: Sizing conductors OCPD rated at 350 A protects
SIZING PRIMARY TAPPED CONDUCTORS Table 310.15(B)(16) conductors from overload
500 THWN cu. = 380 A
Solution: The size overcurrent protection
Stepi: Calculating primary tap device is permitted to be 350
Step 3: Vertfying size
240.21(BK3)(1)
240.21(C)(3)(1) amps.
1/3 of 250 A =83 A
380 Ais greater ttian 345 A
Note: If 6 circuit breakers are used. they
Step 2: Selecting conductors
Solution: The size THWN copper must be equal to one main.
Table 310.15(B}{16}
83 A requires 4 AWG cu. conductors are 500 KCMIL
rated at 380 amps.
Sotutkm: The size THWN copper
conductors are 4 AWG,
INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATION SECONDARY CONDUCTORS
StZING SECONDARY CONNECTING
CONDUCTORS
NOT OVER 25 FT (7.5 m) LONG
NEC 240.21 (C)(3)
Stepi: Calculating secondary connection
240.21(B)(3)(2)
(480 V + 208 V) X (1/3 X 250 A) = 192 A F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 7 . T h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n s h o w s t h e procedure
Step 2; Selecting conductors s i z i n g a 2 5 ft (7.5 m ) c o n n e c t i o n f r o m t h e secondary ofí
Table 310.15(B){16) transformer.
192 A requires 3/0 AWG cu.
• T h e c o n n e c t e d c o n d u c t o r s a r e suitably protected
^- NOT OVER 25 FT {7.5 m) LONG -1' > ^
NEC 240.21 (B)(3) AND {C)(5) from physical d a m a g e .
Figure 20-36. T h e primary tap for this connection rule • T h e c o n d u c t o r s t e r m í n a t e at a single circuit breaker
shall b e at least 1/3 of t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e or a s i n g l e s e t o f f u s e s t h a t will limit t h e load to the
protecting t h e largar f e e d e r c o n d u c t o r s . T h e s e c o n d a r y a m p a c i t y o f t h e c o n d u c t o r s . T h i s single overcurrent
connecting conductors shall be at least 1/3 o f t h e o v e r c u r r e n t protection d e v i c e c a n s u p p l y a n y n u m b e r of additional
protection device protecting t h e f e e d e r c o n d u c t o r s b a s e d o v e r c u r r e n t d e v i c e s o f its l o a d s i d e .
on the p r i m a r y - s e c o n d a r y t r a n s f o r m e r ratio.
• T h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e for the conductors
is a n integral part o f a d i s c o n n e c t i n g means or shall
• Connected conductors shall be protected from
b e l o c a t e d i m m e d i a t e l y a d j a c e n t thereto.
physical d a m a g e .
• T h e d i s c o n n e c t i n g m e a n s f o r t h e conductors are
S e e F i g u r e 20-37 f o r t h e p r o c e d u r e t o b e a p p l i e d w h e n a installed at a readily a c c e s s i b l e location either outside
2 5 ft (7.5 m ) c o n n e c t i o n rule is installed f r o m t h e s e c o n d a r y of a b u i l d i n g o r s t r u c t u r e o r inside, nearest the point
side o f a transformer. of e n t r a n c e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r s .
20-24
Transformers
TRANSFORMER SECONDARY
CONDUCTORS IN LENGTHS O F
10 FT (3 m) TO 25 FT (7.5 m)
240.21 (C)(6)
Conductors o v e r 10 ft (3 m ) a n d u p t o 2 5 ft (7.5 m ) in l e n g t h
be permitted t o b e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e s e c o n d a r y size \
UNDERGROUND C U S T O M E R 0 W N E D \^
of a transformer. W h e n a p p i y i n g this s e c t i o n , t h e 2 5 ft ( 7 . 5 TRANSFORMER -13,8007,30
CONDUIT
m) secondary c o n n e c t i o n shall b e t e r m i n a t e d in a s i n g l e * 300.5 •300.50
l.92(A) ^ -----
Jer and branch-circuit c o n d u c t o r s shall b e p r o t e c t e d
the point w h e r e t h e c o n d u c t o r s r e c e i v e t h e i r s u p p l y .
[However, t h i s p e r m i t s a v a r i a t i o n o f r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r
TRANSFORMER
isformer s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s t a k e n f r o m s e p a r a t e l y SECONDARY
/ed systems a n d o u t s i d e f e e d e r t a p s . CONNECTION
•300 KCMIL THWN cu
Figure 20-40) , _ ^. . , •285 AMPS E A C H
C O N D U C T O R S A R E 25'IN
LENGTH
INSTALLATIONS AND CONNECTIONS NOTE: THE RATING OF THE TRANSFORMER IS 100 kV AND
SECONDARY CONDUCTORS NOT OVER 25 FT (7.5 m) LONG.
20-25
stalicup's® Electrical Design
CALCUUTE PRLSC
38.937 A
F i g u r e 20-40. T h i s illustration s h o w s f e e d e r a n d b r a n c h - PRí
28.8
SC
circuit c o n d u c t o r s p r o t e c t e d at t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e c o n - PRl
CASE 1
d u c t o r s r e c e i v e their supply. (AIso, s e e 240.21 (C)(4) for a •100'(30 m) RULE
SC = 1352 A
-'PÍ-
similar rule.) NOTE; T'HA7-Í352ACÍ.£ARSI50AE
SHORT-CIRCUIT AND GROUND-FAULT 480/277 V ratio and 500 mVA availabie short-circuit
100 circuit feet of 4000 amp cable bus, and a three-phase
current on the primary for
bolted fault at the end
24o.92(c){i)(3) ; máximum
valué is well
150 percent
within
requirement)
the rating
within .42 seconds.
of the secondary
This time vs. current
conductors. (Cable bus has a
resistance of .001819 and the transformer has a resistance of .005295.)
T r a n s f o r m e r T i p : S u c h p r o t e c t i o n shal! b e permitted
T r a n s f o r m e r T i p : !n s o m e c a s e s , t h e short-circuit a n d b e p r o v i d e d by six or less o v e r c u r r e n t protection dev'
ground-fault protective arrangements may provide w h e r e t h e total rating d o e s n o t e x c e e d t h e ampacity
o v e r l o a d p r o t e c t i o n . If e n g i n e e r i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s p r o v e t h e c o n d u c t o r s r o u t e d p e r 2 4 0 . 9 2 ( D ) . U p to six o
this to b e t h e c a s e , s e p á r a t e o v e r l o a d p r o t e c t i o n is not c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s c a n b e u s e d i n s t e a d of
really n e e d e d . o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e at t h e f e e d e r termina'
20-26
Transformer
,-OCPD
•240.92{C)(1)AND{C)(2)
SBM CLOSER .
.250.30(A)(4){2) ^
SERVICE EQUIPMENT
W/SIX OCPDs
- S I N G L E OCPD LIMITS THE
: LOAD TOTHE AMPACITY OF
THE CONDUCTORS OUTDOOR CONNECTIONS AT
, .240.92(C)|2)(1) TRANSFORMER PRIMARY
.240.92(0} OUTSIDE
SIX MAINS LIMIT / TRANSFORMER
THE LOAD TOTHE / • 500 kVA
AMPACITY OFTHE
CONDUCTORS
.240.92(C)(2)(2)
SECONDARYV
OC RELAYING LIMITS THE OLP FOR CONNECTION INSIDE BUILDING •480V
LOAD TO THE AMPACITY OF •UNGROUNDED
THE CONDUCTORS 'a.'--',
•240.92(C)(2)(3} .TOAN ADJUSTABLE-SPEED DRIVE,
SUBPANEL, OR OTHER EQUIPMENT
OVERLOAD PROTECTION
l NEC240.92(C)(2) SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS
OUTSIDE FEEDER TAPS
NEC240.92(D)
Figure 20-42. T h i s illustration s h o w s m e t h o d s of p r o v i d i n g
oad protection.
Figure 20-43(b). This illustration shows alternative
m e a n s p e r m i t t e d for p r o t e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s c o n n e c t e d to a
transformer located outside.
NOTE: SECONDARY CONDUCTORS
•4-2/OAWGTHWN cu.
• PARALLEL PER PHASE
1 20-2
stalicup's» Electrical Design
0)
•240.100(A(1
• 240.100 B AND{C)
QUICKCALC 2
APPLYING 240.92(E)
FOR A 3.W1RE DELTA TO 3-WIRE DELTA
OCPD LIMITS THE LOAD Step 1: Finding ratio A
TOTHE AMPACITY OF
240.92(E)
THE CONDUCTORS
•240.100(8) AND (C) 480 + 4160Vx380A = 43.8to1
SECONDARY
OVER 600 VOLT WIRING METHODS: • 480 V SUPPLY Solution: The 40 amp overcurrent
UNGROUNDED^ protection device on the
ABOVE GROUND
SECONDARY 500 KCMIL (380 A)
•300.37 primary can protect the
• 250.130(B) CONDUCTORS cu.
UNDERGROUND secondary conductors.
•TABLE
•300.50 310.15(B)(16)
20-28
Transformers
-TRANSFORMER HANGERS
'TOTALLY ENCLOSED
SUSPENDED CEILING
*RMC • MC CABLE
* IMC • MI CABLE
•EMT • e s CABLE
•FMC •AS CABLE
•FMT •ALS CABLE
•MODULAR WIRING SYSTEM •AC CABLE
• METAL SURFACE RACEWAY •CL2P
•CL3P
WHERE ACCESSIBLE
NEC LOOP FOR CABLES
• WIREWAY WITH METAL COVERS
SOÜD BOTTOM METAL TRAY CONTROL AND SIGNALING
SOLID METAL COVERS •TABLE 725.179
' BUSWAYS W/0 PLUG-INS FIREALARM
•TABLE 760.179(1)
COMMUNICATIONS
•TABLE 800.179
CATV
• T A B L E 820.179
m e t h o d s in s p a c e s u s e d f o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l air.
20-29
Ñame Date
Section Answer
2. T h e lighting t r a n s f o r m e r for a n o p e n d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s y s t e m c a n
b e f o u n d by m u l t i p i y i n g t h e t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d by percent and adding
this v a l u é t o t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e l o a d .
(a) 3 3 (b)58
(c)67 - .;. (d)75
3. A t r a n s f o r m e r 6 0 0 volts or l e s s . n o m i n a l , h a v i n g a n individual o v e r c u r r e n t
p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e o n t h e p r i m a r y s i d e shall b e s i z e d at not m o r e t h a n
p e r c e n t o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r ' s f u l l - l o a d c u r r e n t rating, in a m p s . ( G e n e r a l rule)
(a) 100 (b)110
(c) 115 —
4 . A n o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n s e n s i n g d e v i c e shall b e d e s i g n e d t o trip at
p e r c e n t o f its c o n t i n u o u s c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e or neutral rating.
(a) 100 (b) 125
(c)150 r;;.., (d) 2 5 0
7 . F l e x i b l e m e t a l c o n d u i t in s i n g l e l e n g t h s shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e u s e d in air-
h a n d l i n g s p a c e s w h e r e not e x c e e d i n g ft.
(a)3 , , , „ (b)4
(c)5 * ' (d)6
8. A c l o s e d d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s y s t e m c a n b e f o u n d by m u l t i p i y i n g t h e
s i n g l e - p h a s e l o a d by percent.
(a) 67 (b)89
(c)100 ,.. (d)125
9. D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s n o t o v e r 6 0 0 volts t h a t a r e l o c a t e d o n o p e n w a l l s or
steel c o l u m n s d o not h a v e to b e accessible.
(a) easily (b) readily
(c) e m p l o y e e (d) permanently
20-31
10. If installing f u s e s , t h e i n d i v i d u a l o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e for t h e p r i m a r y
s i d e of a t r a n s f o r m e r rated o v e r 6 0 0 v o l t s shall b e rated n o t g r e a t e r t h a n
p e r c e n t o f t h e r a t e d p r i m a r y c u r r e n t o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r . ( S u p e r v i s e d location)
(a) 1 2 5 (b)150
(c)200 V, " (d)250
2 3 . T h e lighting t r a n s f o r m e r for a n o p e n d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s y s t e m c a n
b e d e t e r m i n e d by m u l t i p i y i n g t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e l o a d by percent plus
5 8 p e r c e n t of the t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d . -^i.
(a) 5 8 (b)67 :.vj;v -
(c) 100 (d) 125 • •
2 4 . For a t r a n s f o r m e r in a s u p e r v i s e d l o c a t i o n w i t h 6 p e r c e n t i m p e d a n c e a n d a
s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e rated 6 0 0 v o l t s or l e s s . t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e o n
t h e s e c o n d a r y s i d e shall b e s i z e d at n o t m o r e t h a n p e r c e n t of t h e F L C
rating.
(a) 100 (b)125 : 1.-^
(c) 2 2 5 (d) 2 5 0 • - *
2 8 . D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s e x c e e d i n g 112 k V A shall n o t b e l o c a t e d w i t h i n
in. of c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l s of b u i l d i n g , u n l e s s t h e t r a n s f o r m e r h a s C l a s s 155
insulation s y s t e m s or h i g h e r a n d is c o m p l e t e l y e n c l o s e d e x c e p t for v e n t i l a t i o n
^ openings.
(a)3 y (b)6 :^:.V M
(C)10 (d)12 :•; . - f : . ' - . ^ i ^ : - - . -
20-33
Section Answer
3 1 . W h a t is t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y a m p e r a g e f o r a 2 0 kVA, 4 8 0 / 2 4 0 volt, s i n g l e -
phase transformer?
3 2 . W h a t is t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y a m p e r a g e f o r a 2 0 k V A , 4 8 0 / 2 4 0 volt, t h r e e -
phase transformer?
34. W h a t is t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e rating f o r t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y
s i d e of a t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g ?
• 4 0 0 kVA t r a n s f o r m e r
• 4 1 6 0 / 4 8 0 volts •
• t h r e e - w i r e to f o u r - w i r e
•three-phase • ^
' • nonsupervised location (any location)
3 5 . W h a t is t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e rating f o r t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y
s i d e of t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g ? .. r
• 4 0 0 kVA t r a n s f o r m e r .^-
• 4 1 6 0 / 4 8 0 volts
: • t h r e e - w i r e to f o u r - w i r e
• • three-phase
• supervised location ^ ,
20-34
Section Answer
39. W h a t is t h e m i n i m u m a n d m á x i m u m individual o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e
rating for the p r i m a r y side of a t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h the f o l l o w i n g ?
• .7 kVA t r a n s f o r m e r
• 4 8 0 volts
• t w o - w i r e to t w o - w i r e
• single-phase
4 1 , W h a t size o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e a n d T H W N c o p p e r c o n d u c t o r s a r e
required for a 10 ft t a p w i t h a c a l c u l a t e d load of 142 a m p s ?
42. W h a t s i z e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e ( s e c o n d a r y ) a n d T H W N c o p p e r
conductors (primary a n d s e c o n d a r y ) are required for a 2 5 ft tap w i t h t h e following?
• 200 a m p overcurrent protection device (primary)
• 4 8 0 volt p r i m a r y . . ;> •
• 2 4 0 volt s e c o n d a r y , . . . .
20-35