Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727 by the Julian calendar in use in
England at the time; or 4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 by the Gregorian calendar) was an
English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and alchemist; who wrote the
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (published 5 July 1687), where he described
universal gravitation and, via his laws of motion, laid the groundwork for classical
mechanics. Newton also shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for the development
of differential calculus. However, their work was not a collaboration; they both discovered
calculus separately but nearly contemporaneously.

Newton was the first to promulgate a set of natural laws that could govern both terrestrial
(earthly) motion and celestial motion. He is associated with the scientific revolution and
the advancement of heliocentrism. Newton is also credited with providing mathematical
substantiation for Kepler's laws of planetary motion. He would expand these laws by arguing
that orbits (such as those of comets) were not only elliptic; but could also be hyperbolic and parabolic.

He is also notable for his arguments that light was composed of particles. He was the first to realise that the
spectrum of colours observed when white light was passed through a prism was inherent in the white light, and not
added by the prism as Roger Bacon had claimed in the 13th century.

Newton also developed Newton's law of cooling, describing the rate of cooling of objects when exposed to air; the
binomial theorem in its entirety; and the principles of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. Finally,
he studied the speed of sound in air, and voiced a theory of the origin of stars.

The Beatles

The Beatles were one of the most influential music groups of the rock era, and
many consider them the best musical group on Earth. Initially they affected the
post-war baby boom generation of Britain and the U.S. during the 1960s, and
later the rest of the world. Certainly they were the most successful group, with
global sales exceeding 1.1 billion records.

While they were originally famous for light-weight pop music (and the extreme
hysterical reaction they received from young women), their later works achieved
a combination of popular and critical acclaim perhaps unequaled in the 20th
century.

Eventually, they became more than recording artists, branching out into film
and — particularly in the case of John Lennon — political activism. They
achieved an iconic status beyond mere celebrity, with far reaching effects difficult to exaggerate.

The members of the group were John Lennon, (James) Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr (Richard
Starkey), all from Liverpool, Merseyside, England. Original drummer Pete Best was asked to leave the group just
before it started recording. Stuart Sutcliffe was with them in Hamburg but also left.

Beatlemania began in the UK and exploded following the appearance of the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show in the
United States, on February 9, 1964. The pop-music band became a worldwide phenomenon with worshipful fans,
hysterical adulation, and denunciations by culture commentators and others such as Frank Sinatra.

Some of this was confusion over the sources of their music (a similar confusion was evinced in 1956 over Elvis
Presley by commentators who were unaware of the tradition of blues, R&B and gospel out of which Presley
emerged), and some of it was simply an incredulous reaction to the length of their hair. At any rate, it was
regarded by the band members with both awe and resentment.