EXPERMENT NO:10

FINDING THE FOURIER TRANSFORM OF A GIVEN SIGNAL

AND PLOTTING ITS MAGNITUDE AND PHASE SPECTRUM
AIM: -
To obtain Fourier Transform and Inverse Fourier Transform of a given signal / sequence
and to plot its Magnitude and Phase Spectra.
SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
1.MATLAB R2010a.
2.Windows XP SP2.
THEORY:-
Fourier Transform Theorems:
We may use Fourier series to motivate the Fourier transform as follows. Suppose that ƒ is a
function which is zero outside of some interval [－L/2, L/2]. Then for any T ≥ L we may expand
ƒ in a Fourier series on the interval [－T/2,T/2], where the "amount" of the wave e2πinx/T in
the Fourier series of ƒ is given by
By definition

The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an efficient algorithm for computing the DFT of a sequence;
it is not a separate transform. It is particularly useful in areas such as signal and image
processing, where its uses range from filtering, convolution, and frequency analysis to power
spectrum estimation

For length N input vector x, the DFT is a length N vector X, with elements
N
X(k) = sum x(n)*exp(-j*2*pi*(k-1)*(n-1)/N), 1 <= k <= N.
n=1
The inverse DFT (computed by IFFT) is given by
N
x(n) = (1/N) sum X(k)*exp( j*2*pi*(k-1)*(n-1)/N), 1 <= n <= N.
k=1
PROCEDURE:-
1) Open MATLAB Open new M-file Type the program
2) Save in current directory
3) Compile and Run the program
4) For the output see command window\ Figure window
PROGRAM:-
%Fourier Transform%
clc clear all;
close all;
syms t;
x=exp(-2*t)*heaviside(t);
y=fourier(x);
disp('Fourier Transform of input signal');
y
z=ifourier(y);
disp('Inverse Fourier Transform of input signal'); z
mg=abs(y);
subplot(2,1,1);
ezplot(mg);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('magnitude spectrum of a input signal');
grid;
pha=atan(imag(y)/real(y));
subplot(2,1,2);
ezplot(pha);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('phasespectrum of a input signal');
grid;
OUTPUT:-
Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform of input signal
Y= 1/(2+w*i)
Inverse Fourier Transform of input signal
Z= Heaviside(x)/exp(2*x)
 magnitude spectrum of a input signal

0.5

0.4
amplitude
0.3

0.2

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
time
phasespectrum of a input signal

1
amplitude

-1

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
time

RESULT:-

In this experiment the fourier transform of a given signal and plotting

its magnitude and phase spectrum have been demonstrated using MATLAB.

VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1.Define Fourier Series?

2.What are the properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Series?
3. What is the Sufficient condition for the existence of F.T?
4. Define the F.T of a signal?
5. What is the difference b/w F.T&F.S?

EXERCISE PROGRAMS

1.Write a MATLAB program to find the cross correlation using FFT.

.
 EXPERMENT NO:11

LAPLACE TRANSFORM

AIM: -
To perform waveform synthesis using Laplace Transforms of a given signal
SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
1.MATLAB R2010a.
2.Windows XP SP2.

THEORY:-

Bilateral Laplace transform :

When one says "the Laplace transform" without qualification, the unilateral or one-sided
transform is normally intended. The Laplace transform can be alternatively defined as the
bilateral Laplace transform or two-sided Laplace transform by extending the limits of
integration to be the entire real axis. If that is done the common unilateral transform
simply becomes a special case of the bilateral transform where the definition of the
function being transformed is multiplied by the Heaviside step function.
The bilateral Laplace transform is defined as follows:

Inverse Laplace transform

The inverse Laplace transform is given by the following complex integral, which is
known by various names (the Bromwich integral, the Fourier-Mellin integral, and
Mellin's inverse formula):

Example :
Let y(t)=exp(t). We have

The integral converges if s>1. The functions exp(t) and 1/(s-1) are partner functions.
PROCEDURE:-
Open MATLAB Open new M-file Type the
program
Save in current directory
Compile and Run the program
For the output see command window\ Figure window
PROGRAM:-
%Laplace Transform%
clc clear all;
close all;
syms t;
x=exp(-2*t)*heaviside(t);
y=laplace(x);
disp('Laplace Transform of input signal');
y
z=ilaplace(y);
disp('Inverse Laplace Transform of input signal');
z
OUTPUT:-
Laplace Transform
Laplace Transform of input signal
Y=
1/(s+2)
Inverse Laplace Transform of input signal
Z=
1/exp(2*t)
RESULT:-
Laplace and inverse laplace transforms were verified using MATLAB functions.
VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1.Define Laplace-Transform?
2. What is the Condition for Convergence of the L.T?
3. What is the Region of Convergence(ROC)?
4. State the Shifting property of L.T?
5. State convolution Property of L.T?
EXERCISE PROGRAMS
1.Write a MATLAB program to find the Laplace transform of a sinusoidal signals.
 EXPERMENT NO:12

LOCATING THE ZEROS AND POLES AND PLOTTING THE

POLE ZERO MAPS IN S-PLANE AND Z-PLANE FOR THE
GIVEN TRANSFER FUNCTION.
AIM: -
To locating the zeros and poles and plotting the pole zero maps in s-plane and z-
plane for the given transfer function.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
1.MATLAB R2010a.
2.Windows XP SP2.
THEORY:-
A Transfer Function is the ratio of the output of a system to the input of a system,
in the Laplace domain considering its initial conditions to be zero. If we have an input
function of X(s), and an output function Y(s), we define the transfer function H(s) to be:

transfer function is the Laplace transform of a system‟ s impulse response.

Given a continuous-time transfer function in the Laplace domain, H(s) or a discrete-time

one in the Z-domain, H(z), a zero is any value of s or z such that the transfer function is
zero, and a pole is any value of s or z such that the transfer function is infinite.
Zeros:1. The value(s) for z where the numerator of the transfer function equals
zero 2. The complex frequencies that make the overall gain of the filter transfer
function zero.
Poles: 1. The value(s) for z where the denominator of the transfer function equals
zero 2. The complex frequencies that make the overall gain of the filter transfer
function infinite.
Z-transforms
the Z-transform converts a discrete time-domain signal, which is a sequence of real or
complex numbers, into a complex frequency-domain representation.The Z-transform, like
many other integral transforms, can be defined as either a one-sided or two-sided
transform.
Bilateral Z-transform
The bilateral or two-sided Z-transform of a discrete-time signal x[n] is the function X(z)
defined as

Unilateral Z-transform
Alternatively, in cases where x[n] is defined only for n ≥ 0, the single-sided or unilateral
Z-transform is defined as
In signal processing, this definition is used when the signal is causal.

The roots of the equation P(z) = 0 correspond to the 'zeros' of X(z)

The roots of the equation Q(z) = 0 correspond to the 'poles' of X(z)
PROCEDURE:-
Open MATLAB Open new M-file Type the program
Save in current directory
Compile and Run the program
For the output see command window\ Figure window
PROGRAM:-

%locating poles of zero on s-plane%

clc;
clear all;
close all;
num=input('enter numerator co-efficients');
den=input('enter denominator co-efficients');
h=tf(num,den);
poles=roots(den);
zeros=roots(num);
sgrid;
pzmap(h);
grid on;
title('locating poles of zeros on s-plane');

%locating poles &zeros on z-plane%

clc;
clear all;
close all;
num=input('enter numerator coefficient');
den=input('enter denominator
coefficient'); p=roots(den);
z=roots(num);
zplane(p,z);
grid;
title('locating poler and zeros on s-plane');
OUTPUT:-

locating poles of zero on s-plane

enter numerator coefficient[1 2 3]
enter denominator coefficient[7 6 5]

locating poles &zeros on z-plane

enter numerator coefficient[1 2 3]
enter denominator coefficient[1 2 3]

RESULT:-

In this experiment the zeros and poles and plotting the pole zero maps in s-plane and z-plane
for the given transfer function using MATLAB.

VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1.Study the details of ztrans() and iztrans() functions?
2.What are poles and zeros?
3.How you specify the stability based on poles and zeros?
4.Define S-plane and Z-plane?
5.What is the difference b/w S-plane and Z-plane?
EXERCISE PROGRAMS
1.Write a MATLAB program to find the impulse response of the following difference equation
3y(n)-5y(n-1)+4y(n-2)=x(n)-2x(n-1).