Project proposal

Distribution Responsive Loads and Voltage and

Frequency Control in Micro Grids
Introduction

The global electricity demand is increasing

each and every year due to the rapid growth of world infrastructures. The requirement of supply
for the demand also has become strategic on availability of limited energy sources. The common
non-renewable means of power generation has a high impact on environment. Therefore, the
world immensely tends to the use of renewable energy for their power generation.

Micro grid concept has really grown with renewable energy power generation due to the
technical and economic benefits of micro grids such as the increase in the use of renewable
energy and distributed energy resources to reduce carbon emissions from fossil fuel energy
sources, increase in power supply reliability during power outages, increase in revenue to
operators from energy sales as well as ancillary grid services and accessible, affordable energy to
rural areas where power grid infrastructure or long transmission line is non-existent.

Micro grid is an electrical grid that is designed to provide power for a small community with its
own power sources, generation loads and ascertainable boundaries in a significant smaller scale
localized area. Usually, diesel generators and diesel backup systems are the main sources to
generate electricity and the generators in the micro grid may be micro turbines, fuel cells,
reciprocating engines, or any number of alternate power sources ensuring the availability of
power. But through the Micro grid concept, the integration of renewable energy such as wind
and solar arrays is made possible.

In micro grids, 10% of the total generating capacity is kept behind to maintain the system
stability of the micro grid and 90% of base load is being consumed and the remaining capacity is
used to ramp powers up and down for controlling the demand due to intermittent production of
wind and sun light during cloudy days which may result to fluctuations in the generation output.
Thus, diesel generators would need to ramp even harder and more frequently to smooth out the
variations. That frequent ramping does make quick accelerations of diesel engine and it reduces
the efficiency and cost effectiveness. Therefore, micro grids utilize battery based quick response
energy storage systems. These systems can store energy when the demand is lower than the
supply as well as deliver real-time and reactive power to the micro grid when demand is higher
than supply.

The important aspect is maintaining system stability which can be controlled by micro grid even
when connected to grid or in isolated (islanded) mode.

The Micro grid controls include regulating the power, voltage, and frequency when it is
connected to grid or in island operation within specified power quality and reliability. The Micro
grid control changes over from grid-connected mode to islanded mode with minimum voltage
and frequency fluctuations.

Frequency is a parameter indicating the balance of generation and consumption in a power

system. Ancillary services are referred to frequency and voltage control, which are essential parts
of a power system. In conventional ancillary services such as in micro grids, the frequency can
1
be primarily controlled by adjusting the generation side resources including extra capacities from
large generators and interconnection of renewable energy sources.

The integration of renewable energies using the microgrid concept requires the development of
intelligent controllers and new protection technique Therefore; accurate simulation models of
microgrids are needed to study the impact of renewable and other distributive loads on the
network and the efficacy of new control and protection systems. The PSCAD simulation
software is developed to analyze power systems transients. The active power/frequency and
reactive power/voltage, droop control strategies of a microgrid with dynamic models of a PV
cell, wind turbine can be analyzed. The PSCAD is most suitable for simulating the time domain
instantaneous responses, also popularly known as electromagnetic transients of electrical
systems.

Objective

The objectives of this study are to model a simple power

network and modify it as a practical Micro grid as well as, analyze the handling of voltage and
frequency in the network. Furthermore, it involves necessary modifications to balance the system
generation and the demand with modeled renewable energy sources in the Micro grid, and
observe the change in frequency graphically through simulation software where the different
responsive loads affect in Micro grid.

2
Methodology

The intention of this project is to design a power

system network for a micro grid, control and analyze the behavior of the micro grid relative to
the voltages and frequency of the micro grid by using PSCAD simulation software.

The above mentioned power system network is built up using IEEE- bus system. Previously,
the plan was to develop IEEE 12-bus system but, due to the insufficiency of required data and
parameters in this model the IEEE 14-bus system was selected.

Then IEEE 14-bus system is modeled according to the data sheet, furthermore verified the
design model so that applied parameters are same as IEEE 14-bus system data sheet. The values
are converted into per unit quantities. An analysis will be done on how the IEEE 14 Bus system
works. The study will be done in two cases.

Case 1 (generation > load) - after applying the values for generation sources, the system was
studied. The active power, reactive power vs. time graphs at generation bus bars were plotted
and behavior is analyzed.

Case 2 (generation < load) – by breaking the bus bar one voltage source at 2.5s how other
source’s feed the active and reactive power and the bus bar voltages behavior with time is
analyzed.

Case 3 – Voltage drops in bus bars are studied by applying different load in different bus bars
in IEEE-14 bus system.

Then by replacing the voltage sources into alternative sources and by modifying the 14-bus
system into distribution system the model is observed. From changing the loads analyzed,
voltage behavior of the system and how system frequency changes in different conditions are
studied.

3
Problem and Research Question

There are more than 23000 TWh power

consumes in the world at the year 2015.This amount keeps rising and so does demand. The
Numbers of Sri Lankan consumers have increased with a percentage ranging from 4.5% to 5.4%
accounts of domestic, religious, general purpose and industrial. 4,363,324 total numbers of
consumers in 2010 and it has increased by 208,760 in 2011, as a percentage of 4.7%. 239 grid
coupled power plants supply total installed capacity of 3887MW to the system by the end of the
year 2016.From these power plants 17 hydro power plants, 9 thermal plants and 1 wind power
plant are owned by Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB).

Independent Power Produces (IPP) owned and operated the remaining five thermal power plants.
Mini hydro power plants, solar power plants, wind power plants and biomass power plants have
been operated by Small Power Producers (SPPs). 25 of out of above renewable power plants
have been granted during 2015. Artificial reservoirs usually are not expected to cater for reliable
generation over a hydrological cycle due to extreme environmental conditions (drought
conditions, bad weather) therefore other base load back up is always required in an integrated
network.

All the above percentage calculations are based on monthly review reports and daily generation
reports submitted by the system control center of the Ceylon Electricity Board. From the Sri
Lankan power generation 7,395 (51%) of secondary energy is supplied mainly by thermal power
plants. 3,496 (25%) is supplied by the hydro power plants. The contribution of the renewable
energy is 9% of the total generation. So huge amount of fossil fuels has been imported Sri Lanka
annually to meet the balance.

Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) can keep up with the supply to meet current demand at present
but, an increasing number of customers and higher demand in peak periods are major challenges
to the constant electricity demand. To meet the future current demand power system necessitates
constant and intelligent management. The Ceylon Electricity Board predicts that there will be a
power problem at the end of year 2020 if new power plants are not commenced. And also due to
the long transmission line such as 220kV to circulate power among the country, even so uses of
high-voltage transmission lines, but it isn’t much efficient because of power loss.

As a tropical country we can pile up renewable energies such as solar and wind power from most
of the areas and seaboard areas around country. From these renewable energies it can create
4
localized power system with utilizing a micro grid. These micro grids can operate while
connecting to the grid or in islanded mode. In this both modes can acquire different outcomes
and it can majorly effect to minimize peak demand. It can be providing maximum utilization of
generated energy while minimizing transmission loss.

5
Expected Outcomes

[Including Economic Aspects, Environmental Aspects, and Social Aspect etc.]

Power System analysis and simulations on distribution

responsive loads and voltage and frequency control in Microgrids can assist to encourage
microgrid concept in country like Sri Lanka. therefore it meets following results.

 Environmental Aspects
Microgrids include increasing use of renewable energy and distributed energy resources
to reduce carbon emissions from fossil fuel energy sources.

 Economic Aspects
Increase power supply reliability during power outages, increased revenue to operators
from energy sales as well as ancillary grid services, and accessible, affordable energy to
remote areas and can mitigate cost for use of fossil fuel energy
 Social Aspect

Re-cent experience has shown that microgrids can help to supply electricity to critical
facilities such as health care and telecommunication, and grid restoration during natural
disasters that cause large-scale damages to power transmission grids

6
Result validation

Details of the Supervisor

 Name :…………………………………………………………………………..

 Qualifications :…………………………………………………………………………..

 Employment :………………………………………………………………………......

 Address :……………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………….....

 Telephone :…………………………………………………………………………....

 E-mail :…………………………………………………………………………….

I agree to supervise the project titled …………………………………………………………………………….

Signature of the Supervisor with seal: ………………………………… Date: ……….……………

7
Work Plan

1. Background research on Microgrid - to get good idea of value and important about
microgrid.
2. Background research on power system network - to get a good idea about power system
analyzing (load shedding, primary frequency response, responsive loads).
3. Improving computer base power system Simulink – to get good idea about PSCAD or
Simulink software drawing.
4. Literature review – studied the past researches regarding microgrid improvements
5. Modeling a power system network.
6. Analyzing the power system network.
7. Improving the controlling of power system network.
8. Further improvement
9. Technical simulation graph preparation
10. Final report preparation
11. Final preparation

8
Reference

Annual report CEB -2012, 2014, 2015

A review of voltage and frequency control strategies for islanded microgrid

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6379246/

https://www.scribd.com/document/315172842/Primary-and-Secondary-Frequency-Control-in-an-
Autonomous-Microgrid-Supported-by-a-Load-Shedding-Strategy

Modeling and Control of Microgrid: An overview

M. S. Mahmoud , S. Azher Hussain , M A. Abido