13 Cracking 2018 02 16

Reinforced Concrete II. / Beton Armat II.
CRACKING AND CRACK CONTROL
Dr. NAGY-GYÖRGY Tamás

Professor
E-mail:
tamas.nagy-gyorgy@upt.ro
Tel:
+40 256 403 935
Web:
http://www.ct.upt.ro/users/TamasNagyGyorgy/index.htm
Office:
A219
Dr.ing. Nagy-György T.  Faculty of Civil Engineering .

1. CAUSES OF CRACKING
2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT CRACK CONTROL
3. CRACK CONTROL BY CALCULATION
4. CRACK CONTROL WITHOUT CALCULATION
5. MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT AREAS
Dr.ing. Nagy-György T.  Faculty of Civil Engineering .2

CAUSES OF CRACKING
Cracking of reinforced concrete elements → an unavoidable phenomenon
 the inability of concrete to take tensile stresses
Cracks could be:

- Extrinsic = produced be external causes - loads
- imposed deformations
- Intrinsic = generated in the interior of concrete

- restrained shrinkage of concrete
- variation of temperature
- plastic settlement of fresh concrete
- expansive products of corrosion
- freeze-thaw repeatedly actions
- irregularities in the execution process

torsiune
fisură de despicare
întindere centrică
FISURI PRODUSE DE SOLICITĂRI
fisură din încovoiere fisură de aderenţă
(în dreptul armăturii)
deplasar
fisuri înclinate
forţă concentratăload
concentrated centrale ale
tăiere
bending
încovoiere
normal
fisuri cracks
normale eforturi unitare de aderenţă ridicate
skewed secţiune
crack
strâmbă
fisuri deasupra
etrierilor
întindere centrică
centric tension
unghiuri de 45
45
inclined
fisuri cracks
înclinate tasarea plastică a betonului proaspăt
torsiune
torsion
tăiere
shear produse expansive de coroziune
secţiune deplasarea
strâmbă fisură
forţă în planul
concentrată centrale ale c
armăturilor
(Prof. Clipii)
(în dreptul armăturii)
strâmbă
Reinforced Concrete II. / Beton Armat II. fisură în planul
armăturilor
fisură în lungul armăturilor

FISURI CUunitare
eforturi CARACTER
de aderenţă ÎNTÂMPLĂTOR
ridicate coroziunea armăturilor
unghiuri de 45
cracks
fisuri over
deasupra
torsiune
theetrierilor
stirrups
deplasareadisplacement
Scaffolding susţinerilor deplasareadisplacement
Scaffolding verticală a
forţă concentrată centrale
tasareasettlement
plastic plastică a betonului
of freshproaspăt
concrete of theale cofrajului
slab formwork plăcii cofrajului
of the grinzii
beam formwork
expansive
produseproducts
expansiveof
decorrosion
coroziune
fisură în
crack in planul
the plane fisurăbending crack
din încovoiere bond
fisură crack
de aderenţă
(în dreptul
(near armăturii)
reinforcement)
armăturilor
of reinforcements
fisură în lungul
crack alongarmăturilor
the bar
coroziunea încovoiere
armăturilor
reinforcement corrosion fisuri normale eforturi unitare
high bond destresses
aderenţă ridicate
fisuri deasupra
(Prof. Clipii)
etrierilor
CRACKS APPEARED BEFORE THE CONCRETE HARDENING Tip

Phenomena due to fresh Plastic shrinkage Intrinsic
concrete behaviour Plastic settlement Intrinsic
Phenomena due to execution Movement of the scaffoldings and/or Extrinsic
process formworks Extrinsic
Thermal effects Early frost Extrinsic
CRACKS APPEARED AFTER THE CONCRETE HARDENING
Contractile aggregates Intrinsic
Physical phenomena Shrinkage Intrinsic
Microcracking due to use Extrinsic
Reinforcement corrosion Intrinsic
Chemical reactions
Alkali – aggregate reactions Intrinsic
Freeze - thaw repeatedly Extrinsic
Thermal effects Thermal variation of the environment Extrinsic
Inner thermal variation during the hardening Intrinsic
Actions with design intensity Extrinsic
Structural causes Accidental overload Extrinsic
Concrete creep I&E
(Prof. Clipii)

Cracking process: Phase 1 → formation of cracks

Phase 2 → opening of cracks
Crack width is a function of the number of cracks per unit length of

the element, so depends on the distance between the cracks.
The need for crack control

- Appearance and proper functioning of the elements
- Water and gas tightness
- Corrosion protection
 Exigencies/Conditions that define acceptable limits for crack

width

Crack width depends on:
- reinforcing coefficient
- rebar diameter and bond properties
- magnitude of the reinforcement stress
- load character: static or dynamic
- bar spacing
- concrete cover
- concrete quality
Checking of crack width is done in the 2nd stage (service stage),

taking into account the resulting stresses form quasi-permanent
combination of actions!
𝐺 + 𝜓2 𝑄𝑘
𝜓2 - reversible SLS, long term effects
EN 1990:2002
10
(CR 0-2012)
11
The limit value for crack width 𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 is determined according to the
function and nature of the structure.
In the absence of specific requirements, the durability and proper

appearance of the elements will be ensured.
(EN 1992-1-1:2004)
12
Crack control:
1) calculation of crack width and comparison with recommended

values
𝑤𝑘 ≤ 𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥
2) limitation of bars diameter or the distance between them.
Whichever is the control procedure and the reinforcement quantity

resulted from ULS, a minimum amount of bonded reinforcement is
required to control cracking in areas where tension is expected.

13

14
Crack width (𝒘𝒌 ) is a function of number of cracks per unit length of the element,
so depends on the distance between the cracks (𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 ) .
∆𝑙
Just before cracking 𝜀=
𝑙
On the length 𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙
rebar elongation = concrete elongation + 𝒘𝒌
𝜺𝒔𝒎 𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜺𝒄𝒎 𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒘𝒌 + 𝒘𝒌
< 0,1 mm
 100 mm
sr,max
cm 𝒘𝒌 = (𝜺𝒔𝒎 − 𝜺𝒄𝒎 )𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙
Contribution of tension concrete

sm 
s tension stiffening
(Prof. Clipii)
15
Centric tensioned element Ac

N
As
(Prof. Clipii)
16
Ac
N
Just before cracking

As
F𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
c, cr =
= A𝐴c𝑐f𝑓ctm
𝑐𝑡𝑚
N𝑐𝑟
𝑁 cr Limit of stage I.
F𝐹𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr =
=A𝐴s𝑠
𝜎𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr
(Prof. Clipii)
17
C1 Ac
N
As
F𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
c, cr =
𝑐𝑡𝑚
N𝑐𝑟
F𝐹𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr =
=A𝐴s𝑠
𝜎𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr
(Prof. Clipii)
18
C1 Ac
N
As
F𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
c, cr =
𝑐𝑡𝑚
N𝑐𝑟
F𝐹𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr =
=A𝐴s𝑠
𝜎𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr
Right after cracking
N
𝑁𝑐𝑟
cr
After the C1 crack formed, reinforcement takes all
the axial force  force transfer from reinforcement
𝐹F𝑠 s=
=N𝑁cr
𝑐𝑟 to concrete
(Prof. Clipii)
19
C1 Ac
N
As
F𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
c, cr =
𝑐𝑡𝑚
N𝑐𝑟
F𝐹𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr =
=A𝐴s𝑠
𝜎𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr
N
𝑁𝑐𝑟
cr
𝐹F𝑠 s=
=N𝑁cr
𝑐𝑟 to concrete by bond
N N
Concrete c = Ec ∙ c
c = 0
c = Nc / Ac
fbm
Reinforcement s = Es ∙ s
real s = Ns / As
simplified  = c = s  = c =  s
 s = N / As
Bond stress distribution Bond

fb med fb med
lb lb lb lb
(Prof. Clipii)
20
C1 Ac
N
As
F𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
c, cr =
𝑐𝑡𝑚
N𝑐𝑟
F𝐹𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr =
=A𝐴s𝑠
𝜎𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr
N
𝑁𝑐𝑟
cr
𝐹F𝑠 s=
=N𝑁cr
𝑐𝑟 to concrete by bond
 A new crack is possible to appear in the section

fbm where the tensile force in concrete becomes equal
real to 𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
simplified
(Prof. Clipii)
21
C1 Ac
N
As
F𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
c, cr =
𝑐𝑡𝑚
N𝑐𝑟
F𝐹𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr =
=A𝐴s𝑠
𝜎𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr
𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
N
𝑁𝑐𝑟
cr
𝐹F𝑠 s=
=N𝑁cr
𝑐𝑟 𝐹F𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr
to concrete by bond

simplified
(Prof. Clipii)
22
C1 C2 Ac
N
As
F𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
c, cr =
𝑐𝑡𝑚
N𝑐𝑟
F𝐹𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr =
=A𝐴s𝑠
𝜎𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr
𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
N
𝑁𝑐𝑟
cr
𝐹F𝑠 s=
=N𝑁cr
s, cr
to concrete by bond

simplified
(Prof. Clipii)
23
C1 C2 Ac
N
𝑠𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 As
F𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
c, cr =
𝑐𝑡𝑚
N𝑐𝑟
F𝐹𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr =
=A𝐴s𝑠
𝜎𝑠,𝑐𝑟
s, cr
𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
N
𝑁𝑐𝑟
cr
𝐹F𝑠 s=
=N𝑁cr
s, cr
to concrete by bond

simplified
𝑠𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 - maximum crack spacing

(Prof. Clipii)
24
𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 - On the length 𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 there is transfer of the force

𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟 from reinforcement to concrete by the bond
force 𝐹𝑏
- Real distribution of bond stress is non-linear, but for

real
real simplification of calculus can be adopted a
simplified
Bond stress distribution
rectangular distribution
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑐,𝑐𝑟
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝑢𝑠𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑚 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚  𝑠𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑢𝑓𝑏𝑚
where 𝑢 = 𝜋𝜙 - rebar perimeter

𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝜋𝜙 2 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝜙
𝜌=  𝐴𝑐 = =  𝑠𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0,25
𝐴𝑐 𝜌 4𝜌 𝑓𝑏𝑚 𝜌
Diameter 𝜙 ↘
 Reinforcing coefficient 𝜌 ↗
 𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 ↘  𝒘𝒌 ↘
bond ↗
𝒘𝒌 = (𝜺𝒔𝒎 − 𝜺𝒄𝒎)𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 (Prof. Clipii)
25
In EC2: crack spacing depends on the distance between bars
a) Distance between bars ≤ 𝟓(𝒄 + 𝝓/𝟐) – usual situation

𝝓
𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝟒𝒄 + 𝟎, 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐
𝝆𝒑,𝒆𝒇𝒇
where
𝜙 - bar diameter
- where a mixture of bar diameters is used in a section, an equivalent diameter: 𝜙𝑒𝑐ℎ = σ 𝑛𝜙 2 Τσ 𝑛𝜙
𝑐 - concrete cover to the longitudinal reinforcement
𝑘1 - coefficient which takes account of the bond properties of the reinforcement:
= 0,8 for high bond bars
= 1,6 for plain bars
𝑘2 coefficient which takes account of the distribution of strain:
= 0,5 for bending
= 1,0 for pure tension
= (𝜀1 + 𝜀2 )/2𝜀1 for cases of eccentric tension, in which 𝜀1 is the greater and 𝜀2 the lesser tensile
strain at the boundaries of the section considered, assessed on the basis of a cracked section
𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠 /𝐴𝑐,𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝐴𝑐,𝑒𝑓𝑓 effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement of depth ℎ𝑐,𝑒𝑓
ℎ𝑐,𝑒𝑓 = min 2,5 ℎ − 𝑑 ; ℎ − 𝑥 Τ3 ; ℎ/2
(Prof. Clipii)
26
a) Distance between bars ≤ 𝟓(𝒄 + 𝝓/𝟐) – usual situation

𝝓
𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝟒𝒄 + 𝟎, 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐
𝝆𝒑,𝒆𝒇𝒇
beam slab
element in tension fully cracked
2.5(ℎ − 𝑑)
ℎ𝑐,𝑒𝑓 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ൞ (ℎ − 𝑥)/3
ℎ/2
(Prof. Clipii)
27
b) Distance between bars > 𝟓(𝒄 + 𝝓/𝟐) – slabs, massive elements
𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝟑(𝒉 − 𝒙)

28
Crack width calculation
𝑁𝑐𝑟 Unloaded element
Element in stage I.
Uncracked element
𝑁𝐸,𝑞𝑝
Element in stage II.

concrete outline
between cracks (2-2)
Strain development
Capacity at cracking is given by the contribution of both materials :
𝑁𝑐𝑟 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 + 𝐴𝑠 𝜎𝑠,𝑐𝑟
(Prof. Clipii)
29
At the level of reinforcement, concrete and steel have identical strain
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐 → 𝜎𝑠 /𝐸𝑠 = 𝜎𝑐 /𝐸𝑐 → 𝜎𝑠 = 𝜎𝑐 (𝐸𝑠 /𝐸𝑐 ) → 𝜎𝑠 = 𝛼𝑒 𝜎𝑐
𝛼𝑒 = 𝐸𝑠 /𝐸𝑐 coefficient of equivalence
𝐴𝑠
→ 𝑁𝑐𝑟 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 + 𝐴𝑠 𝜎𝑠,𝑐𝑟 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 1 + 𝛼𝑒 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 (1 + 𝜌𝛼𝑒 )
𝐴𝑐
Just before cracking
𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 (1 + 𝜌𝛼𝑒 )

𝜀𝑠,𝑐𝑟 = 𝜀𝑐,𝑐𝑟 = =
𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠

30
Crack width is determined by the increasing (𝜟 ) of the strain in reinforcement from
𝜀𝑠,𝑐𝑟 = 𝜀𝑐,𝑐𝑟 up to the value of 𝜀𝑠 = 𝜎𝑠 /𝐸𝑠
𝜎𝑠 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 (1 + 𝜌𝛼𝑒 )
∆𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑠 − 𝜀𝑠,𝑐𝑟 = 𝜺𝒔 − 𝜺𝒄,𝒄𝒓 = −
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠
𝑤𝑘 = 𝑠𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∆𝜀𝑠 = 𝑠𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝜀𝑠 − 𝜀𝑐,𝑐𝑟 )
Formula in EC2: 𝒘𝒌 = 𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝜺𝒔𝒎 − 𝜺𝒄𝒎 )
(Prof. Clipii)
31
Formula in EC2
𝒘𝒌 = 𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝜺𝒔𝒎 − 𝜺𝒄𝒎 )
where
𝜀𝑠𝑚 - the mean strain in the reinforcement under the relevant combination of loads,
including the effect of imposed deformations and taking into account the effects of
tension stiffening.
𝜀𝑐𝑚 - the mean strain in the concrete between cracks
𝜀𝑠𝑚 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 may be calculated from the expression

𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝜎𝑠 − 𝑘𝑡 1 + 𝛼𝑒 𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜎𝑠
𝜀𝑠𝑚 − 𝜀𝑐𝑚 = ≥ 0.6
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝜎𝑠 - stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section
𝑀
𝜎𝑠 = 𝛼𝑒 (𝑑 − 𝑥) Navier’s formula applied for bent RC section
𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝑘𝑡 - factor dependent on the duration of the load
= 0,6 for short term loading
= 0,4 for long term loading
𝜌𝑝,𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠 /𝐴𝑐,𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑒𝑓𝑓 for crack width calculation and contribution of tensile concrete 𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚

32

33
CONTROL OF CRACKING WITHOUT DIRECT CALCULATION
For reinforced concrete slabs subjected to bending without significant

axial tension, specific measures to control cracking are not necessary
where the overall depth does not exceed 200 mm and the detailing
provisions have been applied.
Where the minimum amount of reinforcement is provided, crack widths are unlikely
to be excessive if:
- for cracking caused dominantly by restraint, the bar sizes given in Table 7.2N are not
exceeded where the steel stress (𝜎𝑠 ) is the value obtained immediately after cracking
(may be assumed 𝑓𝑦𝑘 ).
- for cracks caused mainly by loading, either the provisions of Table 7.2N or the
provisions of Table 7.3N are complied with. The steel stress (𝜎𝑠 ) should be calculated
on the basis of a cracked section under the quasi permanent combination of actions.

34

35

36
Maximum bar size Maximum bar spacing

Steel stress (mm) for 𝑤𝑘 (mm) for 𝑤𝑘
𝜎𝑠 (MPa)
0,4 mm 0,3 mm 0,2 mm 0,4 mm 0,3 mm 0,2 mm
160 40 32 25 300 300 200
200 32 25 16 300 250 150
240 20 16 12 250 200 100
280 16 12 8 200 150 50
320 12 10 6 150 100 -
360 10 8 5 100 50 -
400 8 6 4 - - -
450 6 5 - - - -
(Prof. Clipii)
37

38
If crack control is required, a minimum amount of bonded reinforcement is

required to control cracking in areas where tension is expected.
 this amount may be estimated from equilibrium between the tensile force in concrete just
before cracking and the tensile force in reinforcement at yielding (or at a lower stress if
necessary to limit the crack width).
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘 ≥ 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
minimum reinforcement should be determined for the individual parts of the section (webs,
flanges)
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑒𝑓 𝐴𝑐𝑡 /𝜎𝑠
𝐴𝑐𝑡 is the area of concrete within tensile zone. The tensile zone is that part of the section which is calculated to be in
tension just before formation of the first crack
𝜎𝑠 is the absolute value of the maximum stress permitted in the reinforcement immediately after formation of the crack. This may be
taken as the yield strength of the reinforcement, 𝑓𝑦𝑘 . A lower value may, however, be needed to satisfy the crack width limits
according to the maximum bar size or spacing
𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑒𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 mean value of the tensile strength of the concrete effective at the time when the cracks may first be
expected to occur
𝑘 is the coefficient which allows for the effect of non-uniform self-equilibrating stresses
𝑘𝑐 a coefficient which takes account of the stress distribution within the section immediately prior to cracking and of the change of the
lever arm
39
In the case of high beams, where the reinforcements resulted from bending moment
are concentrated only on a small part of the height (e.g. bottom), there is an increase
in the distance between the cracks, which leads to an increase in the crack width
h  1,0 m
In order to control the cracks on the side faces of the beams, additional reinforcements must
be provided on the side faces inside the stirrups, uniform distributed between the main
reinforcements and the neutral axis
𝐴𝑠,𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 ≥ 0,5𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑓𝑐𝑡,𝑒𝑓 𝐴𝑐𝑡 /𝑓𝑦𝑘
Distances between suplimentary bars and their diameter could be established with tabel 7.2N

40
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !!!
Dr. NAGY-GYÖRGY Tamás

Profesor
E-mail:
tamas.nagy-gyorgy@upt.ro
Tel:
+40 256 403 935
Web:
http://www.ct.upt.ro/users/TamasNagyGyorgy/index.htm
Office:
A219

41

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Reinforced Concrete II. / Beton Armat II.

CRACKING AND CRACK CONTROL

Dr. NAGY-GYÖRGY Tamás

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T.  Faculty of Civil Engineering .

2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT CRACK CONTROL

3. CRACK CONTROL BY CALCULATION

4. CRACK CONTROL WITHOUT CALCULATION

5. MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT AREAS

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T.  Faculty of Civil Engineering .2

Cracking of reinforced concrete elements → an unavoidable phenomenon

 the inability of concrete to take tensile stresses

Cracks could be:

- Intrinsic = generated in the interior of concrete

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T.  Faculty of Civil Engineering .3

fisură în lungul armăturilor

CRACKS APPEARED BEFORE THE CONCRETE HARDENING Tip

2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT CRACK CONTROL

3. CRACK CONTROL BY CALCULATION

4. CRACK CONTROL WITHOUT CALCULATION

5. MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT AREAS

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T.  Faculty of Civil Engineering .7

Cracking process: Phase 1 → formation of cracks

Crack width is a function of the number of cracks per unit length of

The need for crack control

 Exigencies/Conditions that define acceptable limits for crack

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T.  Faculty of Civil Engineering .8

Crack width depends on:

Checking of crack width is done in the 2nd stage (service stage),

In the absence of specific requirements, the durability and proper

1) calculation of crack width and comparison with recommended

2) limitation of bars diameter or the distance between them.

Whichever is the control procedure and the reinforcement quantity

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T.  Faculty of Civil Engineering .

2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT CRACK CONTROL

3. CRACK CONTROL BY CALCULATION

4. CRACK CONTROL WITHOUT CALCULATION

5. MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT AREAS

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T.  Faculty of Civil Engineering .

rebar elongation = concrete elongation + 𝒘𝒌

𝜺𝒔𝒎 𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜺𝒄𝒎 𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒘𝒌 + 𝒘𝒌

cm 𝒘𝒌 = (𝜺𝒔𝒎 − 𝜺𝒄𝒎 )𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙

Contribution of tension concrete

Centric tensioned element Ac

Just before cracking

Right after cracking

Bond stress distribution Bond

 A new crack is possible to appear in the section

 A new crack is possible to appear in the section

 A new crack is possible to appear in the section

 A new crack is possible to appear in the section

𝑠𝑟,𝑚𝑎𝑥 - maximum crack spacing

𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 - On the length 𝒔𝒓,𝒎𝒂𝒙 there is transfer of the force

- Real distribution of bond stress is non-linear, but for

where 𝑢 = 𝜋𝜙 - rebar perimeter

In EC2: crack spacing depends on the distance between bars

a) Distance between bars ≤ 𝟓(𝒄 + 𝝓/𝟐) – usual situation

In EC2: crack spacing depends on the distance between bars

a) Distance between bars ≤ 𝟓(𝒄 + 𝝓/𝟐) – usual situation

In EC2: crack spacing depends on the distance between bars

b) Distance between bars > 𝟓(𝒄 + 𝝓/𝟐) – slabs, massive elements

Dr.ing. Nagy-György T.  Faculty of Civil Engineering .

Crack width calculation

𝑁𝑐𝑟 Unloaded element

Element in stage II.