LAB COPY

FLUID MECHANICS - 01
INSTRUCTER: ENGR SAEED
PREPARED BY: KAMRAN KHAN

PRACTICLE NO. 01

TITLE

DEMONSTRATION OF VARIOS PARTS OF HYDRAULIC

BENCH

HYDRAULIC BENCH
Hydraulic bench is a very useful apparatus in hydraulics and fluid mechanics. It is involved in
majority of experiments to be conducted e.g. to find the value of the co-efficient of velocity 'Cv',
coefficient of discharge 'Cd', to study the characteristics of flow over notches, to find metacentric
height, to find head losses through pipes, to verify Bernoulli's theorem etc.

PARTS
Its parts are given below.
Centrifugal pump
It draws water from sump tank and supplies it for performing experiments.
Sump tank
It stores water for Hydraulic bench. It is located in the bottom portion of Hydraulic bench. Water
from here is transported to other parts by using a pump. It has a capacity of 160 lits.
Vertical pipe
It supplies water to the upper part of hydraulic bench from sump tank through a pump.
Control valve
It is used to regulate the flow in the pipe i.e. to increase or decrease the inflow of water in the
hydraulic bench.
Connecter

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With the help of this we can attach accessories with the hydraulic bench. Special purpose terminations
may be connected to the pump supply by unscrewing connecter, no hand tools are required for doing so.
It is located in the channel.
Channel
It is used in number of experiments It provides passage for water for different experiments.
Drain valve
It is used for emptying sump tank.
Side channels
They are the upper sides of the channel. They are used to attach accessories on test.
Volumetric tank
It stores water coming from channel. This tank is stepped to accommodate low or high flow rates. It
has a capacity of 46 lits.
Stilling baffle
It decreases the turbulence of water coming from channel. It is located in the volumetric tank.
Scale & Tapping
A sight tube and scale is connected to a tapping in the base of the volumetric tank and gives an
instantaneous indication of water level.
Dump valve
It is used for emptying volumetric tank. It is located in the bottom of the volumetric tank.
Actuator
Dump valve is operated by a remote actuator, lifting actuator opens the dump valve, when it is given
a turn of 90' it will turn the dump valve in the open position.
Over flow
It is an opening in the upper portion of the volumetric tank. It sends the water level above 46 lits to
the sump tank.
Measuring cylinder
A measuring cylinder is provided for measuring of very small flow rate. The cylinder is stored in the
compartment housing the pump.
Starter
It on / off the hydraulic
bench.

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PRACTICLE NO. 02
TITLE
To calibrate a pressure gauge using a dead weight pressure gauge calibrator
APPARATUS
1) Dead weight pressure gauge calibrator having the following main components,
a) Cylinder
b) Weights
c) Leveling screws
d) Spirit level
e) Cylinder inlet
2) A gauge to be calibrated
3) Hydraulic bench

Concepts:
Calibration:
To compare the values of an instrument with that of the standard ones is known as calibration of that
instrument.
Pressure gauges:
The instruments with the help of which we measure the pressure are called as the pressure gauges.
Absolute pressure:
The pressure measured with reference to absolute zero is called as absolute pressure.
Gauge pressure:
The pressure measured with the atmospheric pressure is called as gauge pressure.
Vacuum pressure:
Negative gauge pressure is known as vacuum pressure.
Atmospheric pressure:
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere above us is known as the atmospheric pressure.
Its standard values are given below.
1 atm = 14.7psi
= 101300Pa
= 0.1Mpa
= 76cm of Hg
= 760 mm of Hg

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= 1.01 bar
= 34' of water

PROCEDURE:
1) I placed the pressure gauge and calibrate assembly on bench top.
2) I connected the inlet tube to the gauge manifold.
3) A length of tube was connected to the calibrator drain and laid into the channel to
prevent spillage of water on the bench top.
4) The calibrator was leveled by the adjusting feel whilst observing the spirit level.
5) I removed the piston and accurately determined its mass.
6) I closed the control valve of the bench and open both cocks then I operated the pump
starter and also open the control valve and admitted the water to the cylinder.
7) After removal of air bubbles from the tube, I closed the cock along with flow control
valve and switched of the pump.
8) I noted the gauge readings corresponding to the piston mass of .5 kg.
9) Then I added .5 kg mass each time and noted the corresponding gauge readings.
10) Then I find out the Absolute gauge error by the following formula.
Absolute gauge error = Pressure in cylinder - Gauge reading
11) Then I find out the %age gauge error by the following formula.
%Age gauge error = Absolute gauge error *100 / Pressure in cylinder
12) Then I plotted a graph between %age gauge error and pressure in cylinder.

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FLUID MECHANICS - 01

Observations and calculations

Piston Piston Pressure Gauge Absolute %Age

mass a in cylinder readings gauge gauge
S.No Kg rm2 KN/m2 KN/m2 error error
e =F/A KN/m2
1 0.5 244.8*10
a -6 2042.48 10 2032.48 99.51
21 244.8*10-6 4084.96 30 4054.96 99.26
3 1.5 244.8*10-6 6127.45 50 6077.45 99.18
42 244.8*10-6 8169.93 69 8100.93 99.15
5 2.5 244.8*10-6 10212.41 89 10123.41 99.12

GRAPH

GRAPH B/W %AGE GAUGE ERROR &

PRESSURE IN CYLINDER

12000
PRESSURE IN CYLINDER

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.5 99.6
%AGE GAUGE ERROR

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FLUID MECHANICS - 01

PRACTICLE NO. 03
TITLE:
Experimental study of Laminar, Transitional and Turbulent
Flow
APPARATUS:
1) Hydraulic bench
2) Osborne Reynolds apparatus
Osborne Reynolds apparatus includes the following parts:
a) support columns
b) visualization pipes
c) outlet control valve
d) needle
e) reservoir
f) marble glasses (kanchi) for smoothness of flow
g) starter
h) overflow pipe
i) inlet pipe
j) dye reservoir
k) bil mouth
l) dye control valve

Concepts
Laminar flow:
The type of flow in which the particles move in a straight line in the form of a thin
parallel sheets is known as the Laminar flow.
Turbulent flow:
The type of flow in which the particles move in a zigzag pattern is known as the
turbulent flow.
Transitional flow:
When the flow changes from laminar to turbulent or vice versa a disturbance is created,
it is called as the transitional flow.

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Open channel flow:

When flow is exposed to the environment whether in pipes or open then it
is called as the
Closed
open channel flow. channel flow:
When flow is not directly exposed to the environment then it is called as
the closed or
There flow.
pipe are two ways to categorize a flow:
a) By visualization
b) By calculation
When liquid flows there are three forces acting on it:
a) Inertial force
b) Gravitational force
c) Viscous force
REYNOLDS NUMBER:
It is the ratio of inertial force to the viscous
force.
RN= v * D/�
Mathematically it is given as
I
f1) RN= 0 to 2000
Then flow will be laminar.
2) R N = 2000 to 4000
Then flow will be transitional.
3) RN= greater than 4000
Then flow will be turbulent.
PROCEDURE
1) I filled the reservoir with dye.
2) I positioned the apparatus on the bench and connected the inlet pipe to the bench feet.
3) Then I lowered the dye injector until it was just above the bell mouth inlet.
4) I opened the bench inlet valve and slowly filled head tank to the overflow level, then closed
the inlet valve.
5) Then I opened and closed the flow control valve to admit water to the flow visualization
pipe.
6) I opened the inlet valve slightly until water traveled from the outlet pipe.
7) I fractionally opened the control valve and adjusted dye control valve until slow flow with
dye indication is achieved.
8) At low flow rates the dye was drawn through the center of the pipe.
9) I increased the flow rate that produce eddies in the dye until the dye completely dispersed into
the water.
10) I visually observed the three types of flow.
11) When the dye was looking like a line then I categorized it as Laminar flow.
12) When the dye was looking dispersed I categorized it as Turbulent flow.
13) When the dye was looking like a line at some instant and dispersed at some times I
categorized it as Transitional flow.

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PRACTICLE NO. 04
TITLE:
To determine the metacentric height of a ship model
APPARATUS:
1) Water bulb
2) Metacentric height apparatus
3) Scale or measuring tube
CONCEPTS:
Metacenter:
When a floating body is given a small displacement it will rotate about a point, so the point at which
the body rotates is called as the Metacenter.
"OR"
The intersection of the lines passing through the original center of buoyancy and center of gravity of
the body and the vertical line through the new center of buoyancy.
Metacentric height:
The distance between center of gravity of a floating body and Metacenter is called as Metacentric
height.
Why to find Metacentric height?
It is necessary for the stability of a floating body, If metacenter is above center of
gravity body will be
stable because the restoring couple produced will shift the body to its original position.
Center of buoyancy:
The point though which the force of buoyancy is supposed to pass is called as the center of buoyancy.
"OR"
The center of area of the immersed portion of a body is called its center of buoyancy.
PROCEDURE:
1) First of all I adjust the movable weight along the vertical rod at a certain position and
measured the distance of center of gravity by measuring tape.
2) Then I brought the body in the water tube and changed the horizontal moving load distance
first towards right.
3) The piston tilted and suspended rod gave the angle of head, I noted the angle for respective
displacements.
4) I did the same procedure for movable mass by changing its position towards left.
5) Then I took the body from water tube and find another center of gravity by changing the
position of vertically moving load.
6) I again brought the body in the water tube and find the angle of head by first keeping the
movable load towards right and then towards left.
7) I repeated the above procedure for another center of gravity.
8) I calculated the metacentric height by the following formula:
M H = w * d / W * tanØ
Where
MH = Metacentric height
w = Horizontally movable mass
d = Distance of movable mass at right or left of center
W = Mass of assemble position

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Ø = Respective angle of heel

OBSEERVARIONS & CALCULATIONS

Horizontally movable mass = w = 0.31kg

Mass of assemble position = W = 1.478kg
Center of gravity = y1 = 8 mm
Center of gravity = y2 = 9 mm
Center of gravity = y3 = 10 mm

CONSIDERING RIGHT PORTION

Dist of movable
mass at right of Angle of head Metacentric height
S.No center "Ø" MH (mm)
"d" (mm) for for
y y1 2y 3 y 1y 2y 3
1 20 2.5 2.75 3.3 96.07 87.33 72.75
2 40 4.5 5.5 6 106.6 87.13 79.82
3 60 7.5 9 9.5 95.58 79.45 75.20

CONSIDERING LEFT PORTION

Dist of movable
mass at left of Angle of head Metacentric height
S.No center "Ø" MH (mm)
"d"(mm) for for

y y 2y
1 3 y 1y 2y 3
1 20 2.5 2.75 3.5 96.07 87.33 68.58
2 40 4.5 5.5 6 106.6 87.13 79.82
3 60 7.5 9.75 10 95.58 73.23 71.37

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EXPERIMENT NO: 05

CALIBRATION OF RECTANGULAR NOTCH

"OR"
CALIBRATION OF U - NOTCH
" OR"
TO DETERMINE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF A
RECTEANGULAR NOTCH

APPARATUS:
1) Hydraulic bench
2) Stopwatch
3) Rectangular
notch CONCEPTS:
NOTCH:
A Notch is regarded as an orifice with water level below its upper edge.
Notch is made of a metallic plate and its use is to measure the discharge of liquids.
These are used for measuring the flow of water from a vessel or tank with no pressure flow.
Since the top edge of the notch above the liquid level serves no purpose therefore a notch may have
only bottom edge and sides.
SILL "OR" CREST OF A NOTCH:
The bottom edge over which liquid flows is known as Sill or Crest of
the notch.
RECTANGULAR NOTCH:
The notch which is Rectangular in shape is called as the rectangular notch.
Coefficient of discharge (Cd):
It is the ratio between the actual discharge and the theoretical discharge.
Mathematically:
Cd = Q / Q theoratical
actual
Q theoratical = 2 / 3 *b *√2g * H 3 / 2
Q actual = Cd * 2 / 3 *b *√2g * H 3 / 2
Q actual = k H3/2
Taking log on both hand sides:
Log Q = Log k + 3 / 2 Log H
Now here
Log k = Intercept
K = log - 1(Intercept)
K = 2 / 3 *Cd*b*√2g

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PROCEDURE:
The stepwise procedure is given below:
1) Fix the plate having rectangular notch in the water passage of Hydraulic bench.
2) Turn the hydraulic bench on; water will accumulate in the channel.
3) When the water level reaches the Crest or sill of notch stop the inflow and note the reading,
and design it as H1.
4) Restart the bench and note the volume and time of water that accumulates in the volumetric
tank of bench, from this find the discharge, and also note the height of water at this point.
5) Find H = H2 - H1
This will give you the head over the notch.
6) Find the width of the notch.
7) Take different readings by changing the discharge head over the notch, using the above
procedure.
8) Plot a graph between Log 10H and Log10Q and find K from graph equation.
9) Find Cd from the following formula.
Cd = 2 / 3 * k / √2g * b

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OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS

b =
3 cm
S.N o H1 H2 H Volume Time Q Log10H Log 10Q
cm cm cm Liter Sec Cm3/sec
1 8. 6 11. 3 2.7 5 16.5 8 301.5 6 0.431 2.47
2 8. 6 12. 6 4 5 9.2 6 539.95 0.60 2 2.73
3 8. 6 13.7 5.1 5 6.8 2 733.1 3 0.707 2.8 6
4 8. 6 14. 6 6 5 5.01 998.00 3 0.77 8 3

GRAPH:

CALIBRATION CURVE
3.5
3 0.778,
3
2.5 0.602,
0.707,
2.86
0.431, 2.73
2
log10Q

2.47

1.5
GRAPH EQUATION:
1
y = 1.492x + 1.825 8
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Log10H

As
Y - Intercept = Log 10K = 1.8258
So
K = Log 10-1[ 1.8258 ]
K = 12.6683
Also
Cd = 3 * k / 2 * √2g * b
Cd = 0.143

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