E= E= E= pH pH scale

pH 1 2 3 4 5
0 -1.78 -1.55 -1.38 3.9 8.6 -1
1 -1.78 -1.609 -1.46 3.9 8.6 -1.1
2 -1.78 -1.668 -1.54 3.9 8.6 -1.2
3 -1.78 -1.727 -1.62 3.9 8.6 -1.3
4 -1.78 -1.786 -1.7 3.9 8.6 -1.4
5 -1.78 -1.845 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -1.5
6 -1.78 -1.904 -1.86 3.9 8.6 -1.6
7 -1.78 -1.963 -1.94 3.9 8.6 -1.7
8 -1.78 -2.022 -2.02 3.9 8.6 -1.8
9 -1.78 -2.081 -2.1 3.9 8.6 -1.9
10 -1.78 -2.14 -2.18 3.9 8.6 -2
11 -1.78 -2.199 -2.26 3.9 8.6 -2.1
12 -1.78 -2.258 -2.34 3.9 8.6 -2.2
13 -1.78 -2.317 -2.42 3.9 8.6 -2.3
14 -1.78 -2.376 -2.5 3.9 8.6 -2.4
 Chart Title
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3
pH E pH E E
1 -1.78 3.9 -0.169 -0.1
2 -1.78 3.9 -0.228 -0.2
3 -1.78 3.9 -0.287 -0.3
4 -1.78 3.9 -0.346 -0.4
5 -1.78 3.9 -0.405 -0.5
6 -1.78 3.9 -0.464 -0.6
7 -1.78 3.9 -0.523 -0.7
8 -1.78 3.9 -0.582 -0.8
9 -1.78 3.9 -0.641 -0.9
10 -1.78 3.9 -0.7 -1
11 -1.78 3.9 -0.759 -1.1
12 -1.78 3.9 -0.818 -1.2
13 -1.78 3.9 -0.877 -1.3
14 -1.78 3.9 -0.936 -1.4
-1.5
-1.6
-1.7
-1.8
-1.9
-2
-2.1
-2.2
-2.3
-2.4
-2.5
-2.6
-2.7
-2.8
-2.9
-3
-3.1
-3.2
-3.3
-3.4
-3.5
-3.6
 Chart Title
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
-1.8
-2
pH E pH E E
1 -0.66 9.3 -0.169 -0.9
2 -0.66 9.3 -0.228 -0.8
3 -0.66 9.3 -0.287 -0.7
4 -0.66 9.3 -0.346 -0.6
5 -0.66 9.3 -0.405 -0.5
6 -0.66 9.3 -0.464 -0.4
Chart T
7 -0.66 9.3 -0.523 -0.3
0.6
8 -0.66 9.3 -0.582 -0.2
9 -0.66 9.3 -0.641 -0.1 0.4
10 -0.66 9.3 -0.7 0 0.2
11 -0.66 9.3 -0.759 0.1 0
12 -0.66 9.3 -0.818 0.2 0 2 4 6 8
-0.2
13 -0.66 9.3 -0.877 0.3
14 -0.66 9.3 -0.936 0.4 -0.4
9.3 -0.6

-0.8

-1

-1.2
 Chart Title

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
T DG DG
1000 -95300 -151550
1050 -97395 -149588
1100 -99490 -147625
1150 -101585 -145663
1200 -103680 -143700
1250 -105775 -141738
1300 -107870 -139775 Chart Title
1350 -109965 -137813 0
1400 -112060 -135850 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
-20000
1450 -114155 -133888
1500 -116250 -131925 -40000
1550 -118345 -129963
-60000
1600 -120440 -128000
1650 -122535 -126038 -80000

1700 -124630 -124075 -100000

1750 -126725 -122113
-120000
1800 -128820 -120150
1850 -130915 -118188 -140000

-160000
 Chart Title
200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
pH E pH pH E E
1 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -1.609 -1.46 -2.6
2 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -1.668 -1.54 -2.4
3 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -1.727 -1.62 -2.2
4 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -1.786 -1.7 -2 0
0 2 4 6 8
5 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -1.845 -1.78 -1.8
6 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -1.904 -1.86 -1.6 -0.5
7 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -1.963 -1.94 -1.4
Al203
8 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -2.022 -2.02 -1.2 -1
9 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -2.081 -2.1 -1
10 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -2.14 -2.18 -0.8 -1.5
11 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -2.199 -2.26 -0.6
12 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -2.258 -2.34 -0.4
Al
-2
13 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -2.317 -2.42 -0.2
14 -1.78 3.9 8.6 -2.376 -2.5 0 -2.5

-3
 Chart Title
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Al203 AlO-2 Al+3 a l 3+ + 3e = Al

Al 2O3 + 6 H+ + 6e + 2 Al + 3H2O
Al O2- + 4 H+ + 3e = Al + 2H2O
2 Al 3+ + 3 H2O = Al 2O3 + 6 H+
Al 2O3 + H20 = 2 Al O2- + 2 H+

Al2
Al O3

Al