The Vespa scooter has been many things to many people.

To post-war Italy, it represented an economic resurgence

for a struggling industrial family. To British teens of the early 1960s, it was a vital aspect of a cultural and fashion
trend. For people in developing countries, Vespas can be an important and affordable means of transportation. And
for some, Vespas just represent nostalgic fun.
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Photo courtesy of Trident 13

A 1998 Vespa ET4 125cc. See more motorcycle pictures.
In this article, we’ll look at what Vespas are, how they are made, the history behind the scooter and the Vespa style
that has made it so popular.
Why Scooters?
Scooters are two-wheeled vehicles powered by a small engine. Although it’s
similar in concept to motorcycles, it has some important differences. The
wheels of a scooter are fastened to the end of a short axle, rather than being
mounted between a “fork” in the frame. The engine is usually concealed in a
cowling of some kind, making them quieter and less likely to get oil or grease
on the rider’s clothes. Scooters generally have less horsepower than
motorcycles. The overall effect is a more “civilized” vehicle meant for practical
daily use. Today, a scooter can be defined as a two-wheeled vehicle built on a
monocoque frame with a 250 cubic centimeter (cc) engine or smaller. There
are scooters with larger engines, but they essentially represent a subclass of
vehicles in between scooters and motorcycles. Many jurisdictions legally
consider them motorcycles.
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People choose to drive scooters for a number of reasons, not the least of
them is the exceptional gas mileage a scooter can provide. Most models can
achieve better miles per gallon (mpg) ratings than all cars, but the most eco-
friendly hybrid cars are in the 60-70 mpg range--equal to the Vespa. Photo courtesy of Liftarn
Scooters are also convenient. Navigating city traffic and tight urban streets is The front wheel, which is
a lot easier on a scooter than in an SUV, and parking is no problem. For those fastened to the end of an axle.
living in rural areas, a scooter is a great way to make relatively short trips.
They’re easier to ride than a motorcycle, and the body panels ensure that clothes aren’t likely to be splashed with
mud and road dirt.
 Photo courtesy of Kyle Thompson
The front panel of the Vespa.
A scooter is a lot easier on the wallet than a car, as well. A brand new scooter can be as little as $800, with many
scooters available for less than $2,000. Of course, a scooter with the legendary Vespa name on it often comes at a
premium (prices range from $2,000 to over $6,000), and vintage scooters go for collector’s prices, sometimes
fetching thousands of dollars.

Photo courtesy of Coolcaesar

A Vespa store selling many varieties and colors.
For some scooter enthusiasts, it’s a matter of style. The shape of a Vespa evokes a fun retro feeling that many riders
enjoy as they cruise around town. Anyone who considers themselves a Mod (which we’ll explain later) simply can’t do
without a Vespa.

Inside a Vespa
A Vespa is a fairly simple vehicle. The body of the scooter also acts as the
frame, and is made out of pressed steel. Known as a monocoque frame, this
gives a scooter a good ratio of strength and rigidity compared to its weight.
This differs from motorcycles, which are built on a welded frame made of
beams or tubes of metal. The engine is usually rear-mounted (some newer
designs have the engine in the front), either beneath or behind the driver’s
seat. It is covered by an engine cowling or simply enclosed within the
frame/body. The engine may be off-centered, because in most scooter
models the engine is connected directly to the rear axle. This eliminates the
need for a belt or chain-driven system, reducing complexity and increasing
reliability. The first Vespas used two-stroke engines, but today almost all
scooters use four-stroke engines for lower emissions and greater fuel
efficiency.
Rather than sitting astride the vehicle, a scooter’s driver sits on the seat much
like sitting on a cushioned stool, with the feet flat on the floor of the frame
directly in front of the driver. This allows women to drive Vespas while wearing
a dress or a skirt (a major consideration when the Vespa was first designed,
and certainly a factor for some drivers today). The front panel protects the
driver’s legs from splashes. Storage space is usually included under the seat
or on the front panel.
Photo courtesy of Wapcaplet
A four-stroke engine.

Photo courtesy of ToyToy

A Vespa with a rear, right-mounted engine.
Part of the original Vespa design specification was the wheels be easy to remove for the average person, and that
the scooter carry its own spare. Modern scooters don’t all carry spares, but most of them have kept the stub axle
design that allows a scooter’s wheels to be removed much like a car tire. The wheel is fastened to the frame only on
one side, as opposed to a motorcycle wheel, which is placed between two frame rails (a fork), and may be connected
to the drive system, further complicating removal. Scooter wheels range from eight to 12 inches.
 Photo courtesy of Classic Vespas
A classic Vespa with the spare tire mounted on the rear of the
scooter.
Early Vespa models had manual transmissions controlled by twisting the left handlebar. It was connected to the
transmission by a series of rods, giving these models the nickname “Rods.” Twisting the right handlebar controlled
the throttle, with thumb controls for the horn and lights. Modern Vespas (except for intentionally retro models) are
known as “twist-n-go” scooters, because the transmission is a continuously variable automatic. The driver doesn’t
have to worry about shifting gears and can simply twist the throttle control to accelerate. Handlebar mounted squeeze
levers control braking, much like you’d find on a bicycle; steering controls are also similar to a bicycle or motorcycle.

Vespa APE
In addition to the two-wheeled Vespa scooter, the company also
produced a three-wheeled utility vehicle called the APE (pronounced
Ah-pay, it is Italian for bee). While APEs never became fashionable
like other Vespas, they were ubiquitous in Southeast Asian cities by
the 1960s and 70s. An enduring image for many veterans of the
Vietnam War is that of Vietnamese cities thronged with APEs (and
knock-off designs) loaded with cargo or people, the precarious
freight seemingly defying the laws of physics. Such use is a
testament to the durability of the small vehicles, which are still
mainstays in urban areas of the Pacific Rim today.
 Photo courtesy of MartinHansV
Piaggio Ape Delivery Van

Vespa History
Although the use of scooters does predate the introduction of the first Vespa,
it popularized and mass produced them on a level not previously seen. Italian
industry had suffered severely under Allied bombing during World War II, and
many Italian industries were geared for wartime production. With the Italian
economy struggling and much of their manufacturing facility in ruins, the
Piaggio family sought a way to reinvent their business. They had been
producing aircraft, but the demand was greatly reduced in post-war Italy.
Second-generation company owner Enrico Piaggio had an idea for a two-
wheeled, inexpensive vehicle that would be cheap and reliable--perfect for
financially struggling Italians who still needed a way to get around. There is a
legend that Enrico was inspired by his employees, who had trouble getting
from one part of the Piaggio facility to another due to large portions of it being
bombed out. However, this same tale is told of Vespa competitor Lambretta,
so the story is doubtful.
In any case, Piaggio called on aircraft engineer Corradino D’Ascanio to come
up with a design. Unfettered by any preconceptions about what a motorcycle
or scooter should look like, and aided by his experience designing sturdy,
lightweight aircraft frames, D’Ascanio created a prototype from spare parts
that fulfilled all of Enrico Piaggo’s wishes for the new vehicle. It just needed a
Photo courtesy of M. Huwyler
name, and based on its shape and the sound of the engine, Piaggio decided
to call it “Wasp.” The Italian word for wasp, of course, is vespa. Model AMCA Troupes Aeról
Portées Mle. 56 used by the
French military in World War II.
 Photo courtesy of M. Huwyler
An original Vespa with a sidecar attached.
Sales in Italy began slowly in 1946, but by 1950 Piaggio was selling more
than 60,000 units per year [Source: Patrick Taylor]. By that time, the Vespa
name and design was being licensed for production in other countries as well.
More than four million Vespas had been sold by 1969 (Brockway, 96), not
counting licensed production.
In 1951, British motorcycle company Douglas began producing Vespas under
license (they had been importing Piaggio-made models for two years prior).
While the sales numbers for Douglas Vespas represent a fraction of overall
sales, the cultural influence of the UK Vespa craze is difficult to understate
and certainly increased worldwide popularity.
Despite financial difficulties in the 1980s and 90s, and several changes of
ownership, the Piaggio Company and the Vespa names still exist. The 21st
century has seen the reentry of Vespas into the North American market, the
creation of high-end “touring” Vespas suitable for longer distance drives, and
major upgrades in engine efficiency and power. In 2007, Piaggio introduced
the MP3, a concept vehicle with two wheels in front and one in the rear. An
advanced suspension and computer-controlled fuel injection make the MP3 a
very futuristic scooter [Source: Piaggio USA].

Vespa’s Competition
Initially, Vespa faced serious competition from Lambretta, a
Photo courtesy of Dave Lewis
company with a similar history to Piaggio’s. While Lambretta A 1969 Vespa Rally 180, a rare
scooters were considered equally stylish, Vespa controlled most vintage scooter.
of the market share. More competition arrived in the 1970s and
80s, as companies in India and Southeast Asia began mass
producing inexpensive scooters for a market that was perfect for
them. Many of these designs were based on Vespa licenses.
Nevertheless, for many scooter enthusiasts, there’s only one
name worth knowing: Vespa.

Vespa Style
For all its practicality, the Vespa has always been an icon of style. Its aircraft-heritage shape is considered by some
to be the apex of Italian design; at the very least, it is a symbol that encapsulates Italian fashion, design, art and
architecture of the mid-20th century. The Vespa’s success depended heavily on that sense of style.
Vespa hit the British market at the perfect time. Rapidly changing, fad-driven youth culture took up scooters as status
symbols, incorporating them into the Mod movement, a subculture that favored modern fashions and a select group
of rhythm & blues and British rock bands like the Kinks, the Who and the Small Faces. The scooters were easier to
obtain by teenagers than cars, and allowed them to get home from concerts and clubs after public transportation had
stopped running for the night. Mods liked to customize their Vespas with elaborate chrome frames, footrests and
extra rearview mirrors – sometimes dozens of them [Source: Vespa Classics].
While the Mod craze was burning itself out by the mid-60s, it began moving
into the mainstream (as youth culture tends to do). British TV and movie stars
latched onto the “hip” Mod image, and soon could be seen riding Vespas on
screen and off, in advertisements for the latest model and promoting Vespa
contests. This popularity soon moved to American celebrities - stars like
Gregory Peck, Henry Fonda and Audrey Hepburn were pictured on Vespas
(Brockway, 25). Once Vespas were associated with celebrities, their
popularity spread worldwide.
More than 60 years after they were created, Vespas inspire a devoted
following among an international scooter-loving subculture. Vintage Vespas
and retro remakes are lined up for club meetings, day-long rides and even
long-distance runs. Niche magazines cater to the Vespa enthusiast, and
decades-old scooters are sent to restoration experts to be returned to their
original glory.
For more information on Vespas, motorcycles and related topics, check out
the links on the next page.

Photo courtesy of Amazon.com

Audrey Hepburn and Gregory
Peck on a Vespa in the film
Roman Holiday.