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STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING

TNCF 2017 - DRAFT SYLLABUS

Subject: Biochemistry Class : XI

TOPIC CONTENT

Unit 1 : Scope and objectives;Types of cell - prokaryotic

cells and eukaryotic cells; Sub cellular
Introduction to Biochemistry
Organelles - cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus,
and the Cell
mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
apparatus, ribosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes,
cytoplasm chloroplast and vacuole; Body
fluids:Bloodcerebra spinal fluid,lymph;Acids and
bases:Definition of pH; Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation;pH of various body fluids; Regulation of
acid base balance; Buffer systems; Respiratory
regulation; Renal regulation; Buffers Definition
and examples of buffers Applications of buffers:
Buffers of blood, Bicarbonate buffer, Phosphate
buffer, Protein buffers, Hb buffer

Unit 2 : Introduction;Importance, definition and

classification; Monosaccharides, Disaccharides,
Bio – Molecules
oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides; Proteins -
Definition, Classification and Function;
Functional diversity of proteins; Lipids –
Definition,classification and functions; Nucleic
acids;Definition,classification and Functions;
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DNA and RNA

Unit 3: Chemical nature of enzymes and active site;

Naming of Enzymes and classification of
Enzymes
Enzymes; Factors influencing Enzymes activity –
pH, Temperature, Substrate concentration,
Enzymes Concentration
ActivatorsandInhibitors;Inhibitors - Competitive
inhibition, Uncompetitive inhibitionandNon-
competitive inhibition; Allosteric inhibition; ISO
enzymes; Medicinal and industrial uses of
enzyme;

Unit 4: Functions of carbohydrates; Monosaccharides -

Structure of glucose, galactose and fructose;
Carbohydrates
Physical properties; Chemical properties -
Reactions of glyosidic –OH group& Alcoholic –
OH group Aldehyde –CHO group; Haworth
projection; Disaccharide - structure and
properties of Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose;
Polysaccharides: Homo polysaccharides - starch
& Glycogen; Hetero polysaccharides - Heparin
and hyaluronic acid

Unit 5 : Sources of proteins;Aminoacid:Properties of

amino acids, Physical and chemical properties,
Proteins
Classification of amino acids based on ‘R’
groups; Essential and non-essential amino
acids;non-canonical amino acids; Peptide bond
and its characteristics; Properties of protein:
Physical properties – Colour,taste,Solubility
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Opticalactivity andcolloidal nature;

Denaturation of proteins, Salting in and
out;Structure of proteins: Primary, Secondary,
Tertiary and Quaternary structures; Biologically
important proteins: Plasma proteins and
Hemoglobin

Unit 6 : Classification of fatty acids; Saturated fatty

acids and Unsaturated fatty acids; Essential
Lipids
fatty acids; Tri-aryl glycerols: Physical
properties and Chemical properties, Quantitative
tests, Acid number, Saponification number,
Iodie number, Polenske
numberRiechertMeissnumber, Acetyl number;
Phospholipids: Classification - Glycerol
phospholipids, Sphingolipids; Importance of
phospholipids; Sterols: Cholesterol – structure,
properties and importance, Ergosterol and
Stigmasterol

Unit 7 : Purine and pyrimidine bases; Pyramidin Bases:

Structure and properties; Purine bases:
Nucleic Acids
Structure and Properties; Chargaff’s rule;
Nucleic acids, Nucleosides, Nucleotides,
Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA): Types of DNA,
Watson and Crick model, Functions of DNA,
DNA as a genetic material – Griffith’s
Transformation; Ribonucleic acid (RNA):
Structure of RNA, Types of RNA, Functions of
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RNA, Difference between DNA and RNA

Unit 8: Vitamins Introduction and classification of vitamins; Fat

soluble vitamins - Structure, Function, Sources,
Requirements, absorption, storage and
deficiency of Vitamins A, D, E, K; Water soluble
vitamins: Structures, Function, Sources,
Requirements, absorption, storage and
deficiency of Vitamin B complex, Thiamine, B1,
B2, B3, B6, B12, C and Biotin; Co-enzyme
functions of vitamins

Unit 9 : Introductionandclassification of minerals; Micro

and macro minerals; Functions, Description,
Minerals
Sources, Requirements, Absorption, excretion,
Factors affecting absorption and Deficiency of
macro minerals (Calcium,Phosphorus, Sodium,
Potassium, Chlorine, Magnesium and sulphur)
and Micro minerals (Iron, Copper, Iodine,
Fluorine, Zinc, Cobalt, Manganese, Chromium,
Molybdenum and Selenium)

Unit 10 : Introduction and principles of Chromatography;

Types of chromatography: Column
Biochemical Techniques
Chromatography - Adsorption chromatography,
Partition chromatography, Gas–liquid
chromatography, Ion–exchange chromatography,
Molecular sieve chromatography, Affinity
chromatography; High performance liquid
chromatography; Thin layer chromatography;
Paper chromatography; Electrophoresis:
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Principle and types of electrophoresis: PAGE,

SDS–PAGE and Agarose gel electrophoresis;
Centrifugation techniques:Principle,types
anduses; Differential Centrifugation;
Applications of analytical centrifuge;
Spectrophotometry: Beer – Lambert’s
law,Colorimeter; Absorption spectra,
Application of Spectra photometry; Polymerase
chain reactor; DNA finger
printing;Microarray;Biosensors
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STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING

TNCF 2017 - DRAFT SYLLABUS

Subject:Biochemistry Class: XII

TOPIC CONTENT

Unit 1 : Chemical composition: Lipid, Proteins, Integral Proteins,

Peripheral Proteins; Models Proposed for plasma
Cell membrane
membrane: Monolayer Model, Lipid Bilayer Model, Unit
MembraneModel, Fluid Mosaic Model; Membrane
Transport: Passive Transport, Facilitated diffusion,
Active Transport, Endocytosis; Viscosity: Factors
affectingviscosity and its biological application; Surface
Tension: Factors affecting surface tension and
itsbiological importance; Osmosis and itsbiological
significance, Regulation of pH by respiratory Mechanism
and renal Mechanism

Unit 2 : Introduction to Digestion:Buccalcavity, Stomach,

Pancreas and Liver, Small Intestine, Large
Digestion
Intestine;Secretion of GastroIntestinalTract;Digestion
and Absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and
nucleic acids: Digestion in duodenum, Digestion in
small Intestine, Absorption and the Factors affecting the
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rate of absorption;Gastro intestinal hormones

Unit 3: Introduction to metabolism; Anabolism and Catabolism;

Glycolysis: Reactions of Glycolytic pathway and the
Carbohydrate
Summary of Glycolysis; Energetics of Glycolysis under
Metabolism
anaerobic condition; Tricarboxylic acid cycle: Reactions
and energetics of Tricarboxylic acid cycle; Hexose Mono
Phosphate (HMP) shunt: Oxidative phase and Non–
oxidative phase; Glycogen:
GlycogenesisandGlycogenolysis; Gluconeogenesis:
Reactions of gluconeogenesis; Precursors for glucose,
Cori cycle; Diabetes Mellitus: Types, Symptoms,
Diagnosis, Glucose tolerance

Unit 4: Biosynthetic reactions of amino acids; Catabolism of

amino acids: Deamination and Transamination (AST &
Protein Metabolism
ALT),Decarboxylation,Trans methylation, Catabolism of
carbon skeleton of amino acids; Urea cycle; Formation
of Niacin, Melanin, Thyroid Hormones and
catecholamine

Unit 5 : Biological functions of lipids; Bio synthesis of fattyacids;

Oxidation of fatty acids –β-Oxidation; Cholesterol
Lipid Metabolism
Biosynthesis; Important derivations of cholesterol: Bile
salts and Vitamin D; Phospholipids: Types, Biosynthesis
of phospholipids,Biosynthesis of lecithin; Degradation
ofPhospholipids; Lysolecithesformation; Effects of iso-
lecithin; Cephalin; Atherosclerosis
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Unit 6 : Introduction; Replication: Models of

Replication,DNApolymerase,and sequential process of
Molecular Biology
replication;Catabolism of deoxy ribonucleases;
Exonucleases; Endonucleases; Transcription: Steps of
Transcription, Processing of mRNA Molecule, Processing
of tRNA Molecule, Reverse Transcription;Translation

Unit 7 : Introduction;Galactosemia: Causes and Symptoms;Von–

Inborn errors of Gierke’s disease: Causes and Symptoms;Haemophilia:

Causes and Symptoms; Albinism: Causes and
Metabolism
Symptoms; Alkaptonuria: Causes and Symptoms; Tay–
Sach’s disease: Causes and Symptoms

Unit 8: Introduction; Redox reactions and Redox potential;

Electron transport chain (ETC): Components of
Biological
mitochondria, Components and Reactions of ETC.
Oxidation
Inhibitors of
ETC;Oxidativephosphorylation;Chemiosmotictheory,Role
of F0-F1 ATPase; High energy compounds: Storage form
of high energy compounds ATP as high energy
compound, Structure of ATP, Free energy of hydrolysis
of ATP,Mono and pyro-phosphate cleavage

Unit 9 : Introduction to chemical kinetics; Derivation of Michael-

Menten Equation, Km value definition;Lineweaver–Burk
Enzyme Kinetics
equation, Enzyme action: ES complex
formation,Theories of active site; Enzyme Inhibitor:
Reversible enzyme
Inhibition,competitiveInhibition,Uncompetitive
Inhibition and Non-competitive Inhibition; Irreversible
enzyme Inhibition
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Unit 10 : Introduction; Infections: Bacterial, Viral and Fungal

infections;Introduction and classification to Immunity
Immunology
Classification; Natural immunity - components involved
in immunity, Mechanism involved in natural immunity;
Acquired immunity: Humoral immunity, Cell mediated
immunity;Antigens: Structure and types of antigens,
Factors influencing the antigenicity of antigens;
Antibodies: Structureandtypesof antigen; Antigen–
antibody reactions –Precipitation and Agglutination;
Blood groups: ABO system Antigeno and Natural
Antibodies of ABO blood groups