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M-fold decimator
L-fold expander
M-fold Decimator
yD [n] = x[Mn], M ∈ N
Questions:
L-fold Expander
(
x[n/L] if n is integer multiple of L ∈ N
yE [n] =
0 otherwise
(
x[n] if n is integer multiple of M
Define x1 [n] = , then we have
0 O.W .
1
YD (z) = X1 (z M ) (details)
1 PM−1 k
X1 (z) = M k=0 X(WM z)
(details)
1 PM−1 ω−2πk
(details)
YD (ω) = M k=0 X M
Interpretation of YD (ω)
obtain X(ω/M)
multiply by 1/M.
Aliasing
freq.-domain interpretation
Decimation Filters
Interpolation Filters
time-domain interpretation
Use a low pass filter with passband greater than π/3 and stopband
edge before 2π/3 to remove images
Equiv. to getting 2 samples
out of every 3 original samples
the signal now is critically
sampled
some samples kept are
interpolated from x[n]
ENEE630 Lecture Part-1 18 / 37
1 Basic Multirate Operations 1.1 Decimation and Interpolation
2 Interconnection of Building Blocks 1.2 Digital Filter Banks
i.e., treat {si [n]} as a vector s[n], then apply W∗ s[n] to get x[n].
(W∗ instead of W due to newest component first in signal vector)
(details)
(details)
Hk (z) = H0 (zW k )
is called a uniform DFT filter bank.
(details)
)
by the linearity of ↓ M & ↑ L
Decimator-Expander Cascades
Questions:
1 Is y1 [n] always equal to y2 [n]? Not always.
E.g., when L = M, y2 [n] = x[n], but
y1 [n] = x[n] · cM [n] 6= y2 [n], where cM [n] is a comb sequence
2 Under what conditions y1 [n] = y2 [n]?
x0 L = 3, M = 2
4 1
x0 L = 6, M = 4
4 1
2
0.5 2
0 0.5
0
-2 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-2 0
x1 y1 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
4 4
x1 y1
4 4
2 2
2 2
0 0
0 0
-2 -2
0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15
-2 -2
x2 y2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 5 10
4 4
x2 y2
4 4
2 2
2 2
0 0
0 0
-2 -2
0 10 20 30 0 5 10 15
-2 -2
0 20 40 60 0 5 10 15
k M−1 kL M−1
Equiv. to examine the condition of WM k=0
≡ WM k=0 :
⇒ Generally “No”.
Observations:
details