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Cleanest, Gr
Greenest
eenest Solution for Maintaining
Indoor Air Quality in Urban Areas: Plants
ABSTRACT
In urban area people spend more than 90 percent of our home or office. This study has been focus on
their time in indoors environment. All of these are indoor plants and their air cleaning abilities.
made worse in small or poorly-ventilated
ventilated spaces (like
maybe your apartment with that window that you Keywords:: Indoor air, Contaminants, Cheapest and
accidentally painted shut last year). Researchers find Greenest solution, Plants
that indoor air can emit contaminants like
formaldehyde, xylene, benzene; ozone etc. as outdoor Introduction:
air contaminants like car exhaust finds its way into
buildings. These cause serious health problem to In urban areas indoor air pollutants have been ranked
mankind. NASA scientists have been research to among the top five environmental risks to public
overcome these problem and they find that cheapest, health. In these areas stagnant indoor environments
greenest solution for cleaning of contaminated indoor and lacking decent ventilation can cause "sick "
air in urban environment is plants. A beautiful potted building syndrome”.
plant is much more attractive and discrete than our
average air filter. They enhance the look and feel of
NASA astronauts experience sick building syndrome all the time in their sealed space
stations. Sick building syndrome occurs when people who work or live inside a building
experience symptoms such as:
*Headaches
*Nausea
*Irritation in the eyes, throat or nose
*coughing
*Dry and itchy skin
*Inability to focus
*Allergies
These symptoms usually go away when we leave the building for a certain amount of time.
While the cause is unknown, sick building syndrome is known to reduce productivity.
By adding a potted plants to a room has been shown to reduce the amount of air particulates. When plants take
in carbon dioxide which is then processed into oxygen through photosynthesis. At the same time it also absorbs
some of the particulates from the indoor air. Microorganisms associated with the plants are also responsible for
much of the cleaning effect. Root-associated microbes convert toxins in the air into nutrients the plants eat and
thrive on.
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Figure: Replace air freshener spray with a jasmine plant for healthy breathing air.
Indoor Plant vs. Other Types of Air Cleaners maintains a constant rate of air cleaning
indefinitely because it is "self- cleaning". The
a. Plant vs. HEPA Filter effectiveness increases over time as the
microbes adapt to their environment.
1. Electronic Precipitator efficiency decreases as the
2. Electronic Precipitators need to have their
collecting plates become loaded with particles or
collector plates cleaned regularly exposing the
as airflow velocity decreases or becomes less
user to a significant amount of toxic build-up.
uniform while plants maintains a constant rate of
Maintenance of the indoor plant will not expose
air cleaning indefinitely because it is "self-
the user to concentrated toxin cleaning.
cleaning". The effectiveness increases over time
3. Indoor plant is more naturally attractive than any
as the microbes adapt to their environment.
Electronic Precipitator filter unit.
2. Electronic Precipitators need to have their
collector plates cleaned regularly exposing the
user to a significant amount of toxic build-up. c. Indoor Plant vs. Ion Generator/ Ozone
Maintenance of the Plant will not expose the user Generator
to concentrated toxin cleaning. 1. Ion/ ozone Generator units emit some ozone
3. Plant is more naturally attractive than any which is an irritant gas that reacts with lung
Electronic Precipitator filter unit. tissue and can cause various respiratory
4. Plant will remove Volatile Organic Compounds irritations, and tends to soil interior surfaces
(VOCs), some of the most dangerous pollutants, with pollutant particles that are difficult to
whereas HEPA filter (alone) won't. remove while indoor plant is more naturally
5. Plant adapts to VOCs and other pollutants over attractive than any Ion Generator unit and it
time becoming more effective at eliminating them gives off only clean air.
while HEPA filters slowly lose their effectiveness
until renewed by replacing the filters.
The Plant Air Purifier's hydro culture system:
6. HEPA usually requires annual replacement of
Mold, fungus, insects, etc., that can be a problem
filters, which can cost as much as the filter unit
by infesting the soil of potted plants are less of a
itself, while the indoor plant requires only water,
concern when growing plants in hydro- culture.
occasional plant food and no filter to replace, ever.
When watering plants in hydro- culture, the surface
Filters contribute to the solid waste stream and
pebbles dry quickly and so do not support the
expose the user to a substantial concentration of
growth of molds and fungus. So the present study
toxins during the replacement process.
deals the listing of virtually-indestructible plants.
7. Indoor plant is more naturally attractive than any
The Plant Air Purifier's hydro culture system is
HEPA filter unit.
dozens of times more effective than a single house
plant grown in soil. The Plant Air Purifier has been
b. Indoor Plant vs. Electronic Precipitator found to remove formaldehyde, benzene, and other
1. Electronic Precipitator efficiency decreases as volatile organic compounds as well as dust,
the collecting plates become loaded with allergens, and pet dander. It is the cleanest greenest
particles or as airflow velocity decreases or solution for pure, cleaner air. For these purpose
becomes less uniform. Plant Air Purifier® NASA calls it "nature’s life support system."
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 2 | Jan-Feb 2018 Page: 1445
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Beyond air quality, plants just make people feel Potted Plants”, Final Report to Horticulture
better. For example, hospital patients with plants in Australia Ltd, Sydney.
their rooms were more positive and had lower 4. Cavallo D. 1997. “Exposure to air pollution in
blood pressure and stress levels. Similarly, indoor home of subjects living in Milan”, Proceedings of
plants may make people smarter by allowing them Healthy Buildings/IAQ ’97, Vol. 3, 141-145.
to stay alert and reducing mental fatigue. 5. Environment Australia (EA), 2003. “BTEX
Personal Exposure Monitoring in Four Australian
Conclusion: Cities”, Technical Paper No. 6: EA, 2003.
Urban peoples spend about 90% of their time indoors Canberra, ACT, Australia.
(at home, school or office) (Cavallo, 1997; US EPA 6. Höppe P. and Martinac I. 1998. “Indoor climate
2000; Environment Australia (EA) 2003) where air and air quality”, International Journal of
pollution is typically even higher than outdoors Biometeorology, Vol. 42, 1-7.
(Brown 1997and EA 2003). Overall study shows that 7. King G. M. 2007. “Microbial carbon
the houseplants can absorb harmful toxins from the monoxide consumption in salt marsh sediments”,
air, especially in enclosed apartments with no or little FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Vol. 59 (1), 2-9.
ventilation. This study has been the basis for indoor 8. Orwell R. L. 2004. “Removal of benzene by the
plants and their air cleaning abilities. While they have indoor plant/ substrate microcosm and
less horse power than air purifiers, they’re more implications for air quality”, Water, Air, and Soil
natural, cost effective, and therapeutic. In the presence Pollution, Vol. 157, 193-207.
of plants, CO2 levels were reduced by about 10% in 9. Orwell R. L. 2006. “The potted-plant microcosm
offices in the air-conditioned building, and by about substantially reduces indoor air VOC pollution: II.
25% in the naturally ventilated building and the CO Laboratory study”, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,
concentrations were greatly reduced with plant Vol. 177, 59-80.
presence, with or without air-conditioning, down to 10. Pottorff, L. Plants "Clean" Air Inside Our Homes.
about 8-14% of those in unplanted offices (Tarran et Colorado State University & Denver County
al. 2007). Extension Master Gardener. 2010.
The indoor plant has several advantages 11. Seppänen, O., Fisk, W. J. and Lei, Q. H. 2006.
a. increase mood and productivity “Ventilation and performance in office work”,
b. enhance concentration and memory Indoor Air, Vol. 16, 28-36.
c. reduce stress and fatigue 12. Tarran J. Torpy, F. and Burchett, M. 2007. Use of
d. Root-associated microbes convert toxins in the living pot-plants to cleanse indoor air – research
air into nutrients the plants eat and thrive on. review. Proceedings of Sixth International
e. The beautiful potted indoor plant enhances the Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation &
look and feel of our home or office. Hydro- Energy Conservation in Buildings – Sustainable
culture, do not support the growth of molds and Built Environment, Volume III, 249-256.
fungus. So the present study deals the listing of 13. US EPA, 2000. “Healthy buildings, healthy
virtually-indestructible plants. While plants people: a vision for the 21st century”, Office of
have less horse power than air purifiers, they’re Air and Radiation.
more natural, cost effective, and therapeutic. 14. Wolverton, B. C.1984. Foliage plants for
removing indoor air pollutants from energy-
References: efficient homes. Economic Botany 38(2), 224-
28.
1. Aust. Safety & Compensation Council (ASCC) 15. Wolverton, B. C.1989. A study of interior
(2006) “Adopted National Exposure Standards for landscape plants for indoor air pollution
Atmospheric Contaminants in the Occupational abatement: an interim report.NASA.
Environment”.NOHSC: 1033- 1995. September, 1989.
2. Brown, S. K, 1997 “Volatile organic compounds 16. Wolverton, B. C. (1996) How to Grow Fresh Air.
in indoor air: sources and control”, Chemistry in New York: Penguin Books.
Australia, Vol. 64 (Jan/Feb), 10-13. 17. Wolverton, B. C. and J. D. Wolverton. (1993).
3. Burchett M. D. 2005. “Improving Indoor Plants and soil microorganisms: removal of
Environmental Quality Through the Use of Indoor formaldehyde, xylene, and ammonia from
the indoor environment. Journal of the
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Mississippi Academy of Sciences 38(2), 11-15. substantially reduces indoor air VOC pollution:
18. Wood R. A. 2002.) “Potted-plant/growth media I. Office field-study”, Water, Air, and Soil
interactions and capacities for removal of Pollution, Vol. 175, 163-180
volatiles from indoor air”, Journal of 21. Kim, J. K., et al. 2008. Efficiency of volatile
Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, Vol. formaldehyde removal by indoor plants:
77 (1), 120-129. contribution of aerial plant parts versus the root
19. Wood, R.; Tarran, J.; Torpy, F.; Burchett, M. zone. Horticultural Science 133: 479- 627.
(2004). Removal of Benzene by the indoor 22. Wolverton; WL Douglas; K Bounds 1989. A
plant/Substrate microcosm and implications for study of interior landscape plants for indoor air
air quality. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 157 pollution abatement (Report). NASA. NASA-TM
(1–4): 193–207. 108061.
20. Wood R. A. 2006. “The potted-plant microcosm
Radon – Colourless, tasteless, *Earth and rock under buildings *No immediate symptoms.
and odourless gas that comes *Some earth-derived building *Lung cancer- Causes estimated
from the radioactive decay of *Groundwater; well-water from 20,000 lung-cancer deaths yearly.
private supplies Smokers are at higher risk of
uranium or radium.
developing radon induced lung
cancer.
Table II: Common Indoor Air Pollutants: Sources and Health Impacts
Pollutants from Man-Made Sources
Volatile Organic Chemicals *Aerosol sprays, hair sprays, *Eye, nose, throat irritation
(VOCs) – Airborne chemicals perfumes, solvents, glues, cleaning *Headaches
contained in many household agents, fabric softeners, pesticides, *Loss of coordination
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
products paints, moth repellents, *Confusion
deodorizers, and other household * Damage to liver, kidneys, and
products brain
*Dry-cleaned clothing *Various types of cancer
*Moth balls
*Tobacco smoke
Formaldehyde – Pungent gas *Pressed wood products(plywood, *Allergic reactions
released into air panelling, particle board) *Eye, nose and throat irritation
*Urea-formaldehyde foam wall *Headaches
*Nausea, dizziness, coughing
insulation
*Cancer a possibility #
*Carpets, draperies, furniture *Sensitivity varies widely
fabrics
*Paper products, glues, adhesives
*Some personal care products
*Tobacco smoke
Lead – Natural element once used *Household dust from lead paint *Damage to brain, kidneys, and
as a component in gasoline, house *Lead-based paint nervous system
paint, solder and water pipes. *Water from lead or lead- soldered *Behavioural and learning
pipes or brass fixtures *Soil near problems
highways/ lead *Slowed growth
*Anaemia
industries
*Hearing loss
*Hobbies such as working with
*Large doses can be fatal
stained glass and target shooting
Lead-glazed ceramic ware
*Some folk medicines
Carbon monoxide – An *Appliances or heaters that burn
odourless, colourless gas natural gas, oil, wood, propane or
kerosene.
*A major component of car exhaust
(Source indoor Air Quality and Your Home. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority,
Albany, NY. And Home Indoor Air Quality Assessment. Michael P. Vogel, Ed.D. Extension Housing
Specialist, Montana State University Extension Service. And Quick IAQ Facts for the Community
Educator. Joseph T. Ponessa, Ph.D., Associate Professor/Housing & Energy Specialist, Rutgers Cooperative
Extension Service, New Jersey)
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Boston Fern
(Nephrolepis
No Yes No Yes No Non Toxic
exaltata
'Bostoniensis')
Chinese evergreen
(Aglaonema Yes Yes No No No Toxic
modestum)
Carnstalk
Deracaena
(Dracaena Yes Yes No No No Toxic
fragrans'
Massangeana')
Dendrobion orchids
No No No Yes No Non Toxic
Dendrobium spp.
Variegated snake
plant mother-in-
law’s tongue
Yes Yes Yes Yes No Toxic
(Sansevieria
trifasciata
’Laurentii’)
Heartleaf
philodendron(Philo
No Yes No No No Toxic
de ndron
cordatum)
Selloum
philodendron
No Yes No No No Toxic
(Philodendron
bipinnatifidum)
Elephant ear
philodendron
No Yes No No No Toxic
(Philodendron
domesticum)
Janet craig
(Dracaena
Yes Yes Yes No Toxic Toxic
deremensis "Janet
Craig")
Red edged
dracaena
Yes Yes Yes Yes No Toxic
(Dracaena
marginata)
Weeping fig (Ficus
No Yes No Yes No Toxic
benjamina)
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Moth Orchid
No No No Yes No Non-toxic
(Phalaenopsis spp.)
Dwarf date palm
(Phoenix No Yes No Yes No Non-toxic
roebelenii)
Kimbertlay queen fern
No Yes No Yes No Non-toxic
(Nephrolepis obliterata)
English ivy
Yes Yes Yes Yes No Toxic
(Hedera helix)
Spider Plant
(Chlorophytum No Yes No Yes No Non-toxic
comosum)
Devil’s ivy Pothos plant
Yes Yes No Yes No Toxic
(Epipremnum aureum)
Peace Lily
(Spathiphyllum' Mauna Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Toxic
Loa')
Flamingo Lily
(Anthurium No Yes No Yes Yes Toxic
andraeanum)
Florists Chrysanthemum
(Chrysanthemum Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Toxic
morifolium)
Warneckei (Dracaena
Yes Yes Yes No No Toxic
deremensis "Warnecke”)
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