Graph of 𝑣 = 𝑓2 (𝑡), can be drawn to the V-t coordination system.

Similarly, the average values of

acceleration can be taken from the graph of 𝑣 = 𝑓2 (𝑡), by meant ring V at different times. With the
computed values of average acceleration, graph of 𝑎 = 𝑓5 (𝑡) can be drawn in the a-t coordinate system.
This method is known as graphical differentiation and the reversed manner is graphical integration.
Refer to Fig. 2.1, Fig. 2.2, and Fig. 2.3 for graphical differentiation.

Let the displacement be 𝑠 = 𝑓1 (𝑡). Graph the relation 𝑣 = 𝑓2 (𝑡), and 𝑎 = 𝑓3 (𝑡) by method of
graphical differentiation.

(INSERT FIGURE)

(INSERT FIGURE)

In Fig. 2.4, 1st the particle A rotates about the fixed center C such that O be the angular
displacement in radius or degrees, be the angular velocity in 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐, and be the angular acceleration
in 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2. Let the radius r be in centimeters. The motion of the particle is in accordance with the type
of angular acceleration that the particle has.

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑂 = 𝑓(𝑡) (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.14)

𝑑𝑜
𝜔= (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.15)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤 𝑑2 𝑜
∝= = 2 (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.16)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∝ 𝑑𝑜 = 𝑤𝑑𝑤 (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.17)
When the angular acceleration is zero.

𝑑2 𝑜
=∝
𝑑2 𝑡 2
When ∝= 0

𝑑2 𝑜
=0
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑜
= 𝑤1 𝑤2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡
0 = 𝑤𝑡
When the angular acceleration is constant
𝑑𝑤
=∝ 𝑑 =∝ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
But ∝= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑤2 1 (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.19)
 Where 𝑤1 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒.

𝑤2 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒.

Since 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑤𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤2 = 𝑤1 +∝ 𝑡
𝜃 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ( 𝑤1 +∝ 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0 0

∝ 𝑡2
𝜃 = 𝑤1 𝑡 + (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.20)
2
Also since 𝑤𝑑 𝑤 =∝ 𝑑𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∝= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡,
𝑤 𝑡
Then ∫𝑤 2 𝑑 =∝ ∫0 𝑑𝜃
1

𝑤2 2 − 𝑤1 2
=∝2 𝜃 (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.21)
2
𝑤2 = 𝑤1 + 2 ∝ 𝜃
When the angular acceleration of the particle is variable, there are three cases at which angular
acceleration vary:

Case 1: when the angular acceleration varies with time.

∝= 𝑓1 (𝑡) (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.22)

Case 2: When the angular acceleration caries with angular displacement.

∝= 𝑓2 (𝜃) (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.23)

Case 3: When the angular acceleration varies with angular velocity.

∝= 𝑓5 (𝑤) (𝑒𝑞𝑛𝑛. 2.24)

20. Mathematical relation between rectilinear motion and curvilinear motion.
(INSERT FIGURE)

From Fig. 2.5, let v be the linear speed of particle A in 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐, and r the radius of the circle be in cm.

𝑠 = 𝜃𝑟 𝑐𝑚, (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.25)

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝜃
=𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑚
𝑣 = 𝑟𝑤 , (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.26)
𝑠𝑒𝑐
 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
=𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑚
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟 ∝ (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.27)
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑣2 𝑐𝑚
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑤 2 𝑟 = (𝑒𝑞𝑛. 2.28)
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
Where 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙)𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒.

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒.

Example 2.1 The motion of a particle is in accordance with 𝑠 = 4𝑡 where s is in meters and t in
seconds. Find the linear displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the particle at the end of 5 seconds.

Given:

𝑠 = 4𝑡 𝑚
𝑡 = 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Find: 𝑠, 𝑣, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎

Solution:

𝑠 = 4𝑡
= 4(5)
𝑠 = 20 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑠.
𝑑𝑠 𝑑 (4𝑡)
𝑣= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
4𝑚
𝑣= 𝑎𝑛𝑠.
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑣 𝑑(4)
𝑎= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑠.

Example 2.2 A particle moves in such away that 𝑠 = 3𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 − 2 meters, where t is in seconds, find
the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the particle at the end of 10 seconds.

Given:

𝑠 = 3𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 − 2
𝑡 = 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Find: 𝑠, 𝑣, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎.

Solution:
 𝑠 = 3𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 − 2

= 3(10)2 + 6(10) − 2
𝑠 = 358 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑠.
𝑑𝑠 𝑑(3𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 − 2)
𝑣= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 = 6𝑡 + 6
𝑣 = 6(10) + 6
𝑚
𝑣 = 66 𝑎𝑛𝑠.
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑣 𝑑(6𝑡 + 6)
𝑎= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑚
𝑎=6 𝑎𝑛𝑠.
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

𝑚
Example 2.3 A particle starting from rest accelerates at a uniform rate of 2 . Find the time and
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑚
displacement when it is running at 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐
.

Given:
𝑚
𝑎=2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑣1 = 0
𝑚
𝑣2 = 10
𝑠𝑒𝑐
Find: 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠

Solution:

𝑣2 = 𝑣1 + 𝑎𝑡
10 = 0 + 2𝑡
𝑡 = 5𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑠.

𝑎𝑡 2
𝑠 = 𝑣1 𝑡 +
2
(2)(5)2
𝑠 = (0)𝑡 +
2
𝑠 = 25 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑠.
Example 2.4 The particle F shown in Fig. 2.6 reciprocate over a straight line; such that its acceleration
varies directly to its displacement. This type of motion is known as simple harmonic motion. Let 𝐹1
which is directly above the particle 𝐹1 moves along the semi-circle 𝑋′𝑌𝑋 with a uniform angular velocity
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑤 𝑠𝑒𝑐
. Let 𝜃 be the angular displacement of the radius r from the line 𝐶𝑌′. Express the velocity and
acceleration of the particle P in terms of the angular displacement 𝜃.

(INSERT FIGURE)

Solution:

𝑠 = 𝑋 ′ 𝑃 = 𝑋𝑋 ′ − 𝐶𝑃
𝑠 = 𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑤𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑠 = 𝑟(1 − cos 𝑤𝑡)

𝑑𝑠 𝑑(𝑟(1 − cos 𝑤𝑡))

𝑣𝑝 = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝑝 = 𝑤𝑟 sin 𝑤𝑡

𝑣𝑝 = 𝑤𝑟 sin 𝜃

𝑑𝑣𝑝 𝑑(𝑤𝑟 sin 𝑤𝑡)

𝐴𝑝 = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐴𝑝 = 𝑤 2 𝑟 cos 𝑤𝑡

𝐴𝑝 = 𝑤 2 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑠.

𝑚 𝑚
Problem 2.5 The motion of a particle in governed by 𝑎 = (𝑣 + 5) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
. Where v is in the 𝑠𝑒𝑐. If the
5
particle starts from the rest, find the displacement and time when the velocity reaches 𝑠𝑒𝑐
.