Babcock & Wilcox CFB Boilers—Design and Experience

F. Belin
M. Maryamchik
D.J. Walker
D.L. Wietzke
The Babcock & Wilcox Company
Barberton, Ohio, U.S.A.

Presented to: BR-1711

16th International Conference on FBC
May 13-16, 2001
Reno, Nevada, U.S.A.

Abstract B&W CFB boilers feature a two-stage solids separator. The

The distinctive feature of Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) CFB
boilers is a two-stage solids separation system consisting of the
impact-type primary solids separator (U-beams) and the sec-
ondary multi-cyclone dust collector. Lessons learned from 15
years of B&W’s CFB technology application have been used to
develop a reliable, low cost boiler design. Advantages of boil-
ers with a two-stage solids separation system are described. Op-
eration of B&W coal-fired CFB boilers over the last 10 years
has demonstrated high reliability of the two-stage solids sepa-
rator. Superior solids collection efficiency of the two-stage sepa-
rator provides higher furnace heat-transfer rate, ability to better
control furnace temperature, and increased residence time of
fine carbon and sorbent particles. As a result, the required boiler
performance is achieved with lower furnace height and smaller
boiler footprint. The current B&W IR-CFB boiler design is de-
scribed. Compactness of the IR-CFB makes it especially attrac-
tive for PC boiler retrofit applications. Considerations for IR-
CFB scale-up are provided.
Background
The major distinction between circulating fluidized-bed
(CFB) boilers competing in today’s market is in the type of the
solids separator. CFB boilers with large cyclone separators con-
nected to the furnace outlet (hot-cyclone type) were introduced
in mid-1970s and are being offered by several boiler manufac-
turers. CFB boilers with impact separators, offered by
Babcock&Wilcox (B&W) and its licencees, entered the market
more than ten years later and since then have been gaining wide
acceptance.
primary stage is an impact solids separator located at the fur-
nace exit collecting the bulk of the solids (95-97%) that are then
returned to the furnace by gravity. The primary separator is ar-
ranged as an array (Figure 1) of U-shaped vertical elements (U-
beams). The secondary separation stage, typically a multi-cy-
clone dust collector (MDC), is located in the lower gas tem-
perature region of the boiler convection pass, i.e., 480 F to
950 F (250 C to 510 C). In some cases the first fields of an
electrostatic precipitator are used as the secondary separator.
The fine particles collected by the secondary separator are re-
turned to the furnace via a pneumatic (in earlier designs) or grav-
ity transport system.
The U-beam separator has evolved through three B&W CFB
boiler design generations:
• First generation (first started-up in1986) - All U-beams
(11 rows) installed external to the furnace with solids re-
cycle through non-mechanical controllable L-valves.(1)
• Second generation (first started-up in 1989) - Two rows
of in-furnace U-beams discharging collected particles
(about 70 % of incoming solids) directly to the furnace
and seven rows of external U-beams with solids recycle
through L-valves. (2)
• Third generation (first started-up in 1996) - Two rows of
in-furnace U-beams and three or four rows of external
U-beams with all solids internally recycled within the
furnace (currently offered “IR-CFB”separator shown in
Figure 2). (3)
As a result, dramatic simplification and cost reduction of
the U-beam separator have been achieved.

Babcock & Wilcox 1

 1. Sidewall Membrane Panel
2. U-Beam
3. Seal Baffle

Fig. 1 U-beam primary separators—plan view.

Over the same period, the design of the MDC separator has
been improved for better efficiency, reliability and maintain-
ability. The current design (Figure 3) has a top gas inlet and a
side gas outlet. The cyclone elements have 9 in. (229 mm) di-
ameter regardless of boiler capacity. The cyclone sleeves and
spin vanes are made of high hardness (550 BHN) material. The
MDC solids recycle system has evolved from dense-phase pneu-
matic transport (first generation) to dilute-phase pneumatic
transport (second generation) to gravity conveying (third gen-
eration).
The second-generation CFB boiler at Ebensburg, Pennsyl-
vania, in a cogeneration plant commissioned in early 1991, ex-
emplifies the long-term boiler performance. This boiler (Figure
4) burns high-ash (average 45% ash) Western Pennylvania waste
bituminous coal. The unit was designed for 55 MWe capacity
(211 tph steam flow), but was uprated in 1995 and again in
1997 and since has been operated at 10% overload. Boiler per-
formance and availability are shown in Table 1 and Figure 5
respectively. The Ebensburg plant received the Association of
Independent Power Producers of Pennsylvania (ARIPPA) award
for the highest availability among plants firing coal mine waste
fuels.
The CFB boiler at Southern Illinois University (SIU) in
Carbondale, Illinois, represents the third generation design. The
boiler (Figure 6) was designed for 35 MWt output for cogen-
eration application, utilizing high-sulfur Illinois bituminous coal.
Boiler performance and availability are shown in Table 2 and
Figure 7, respectively. The third generation design was also used
for the Kanoria Chemical project in India and is the design ba-
Fig. 3 Multicyclone dust collector.
sis for all new offerings including the most recent contract for a
90 MWe IR-CFB in Tychy, Poland.
Operating experience of B&W coal-fired CFB boilers has
clearly confirmed their efficient performance and high reliability.
Design Features
The design of a solids separator is the core of a CFB com-
bustion technology since it has major impact on the boiler lay-
out, cost, fuel and sorbent utilization, operational flexibility and
reliability. In all these aspects B&W’s CFB boilers with the two-
stage solids separation provide the following design features:
a) High solids collection efficiency
The collection efficiency of the two-stage solids separator is
intrinsically high due to the greater efficiency of the MDC in-
ternal collection elements. Higher solids collection efficiency
helps to achieve greater inventory of fine circulating particles
in the furnace that provides: a) higher furnace heat transfer rate,
b) ability to better control furnace temperature, and c) better
carbon and sorbent utilization due to the increased residence
time of fine particles.

Furnace Roof

Gas Flow

In -Furnace
U-Beams

External
In -Furnace U-Beams
U-Beams
Solids
External U-Beams Transfer
Hopper
Solids Transfer Hopper

Furnace

Fig. 2 IR-CFB primary particle collection system. Fig. 4 Ebensburg CFB boiler.

2 Babcock & Wilcox

 Table 1
Ebensburg Operating Data

Operating Steam Flow, t/hr (klb/hr) 234 (516)

Steam Flow @ MCR, t/hr (klb/hr) 211 (465)

Steam Temperature, C (F) 512 (953)

Steam Pressure, MPa (psig) 10.6 (1540)

SH Steam Temperature Control Range, % 30-110

Load Turndown Ratio Without Auxiliary Fuel 5:1

Emissions
NOx, ppm (lb/106 Btu) <100 (<0.14)
SO2, ppm (lb/106 Btu) <300 (<0.60)
CO, ppm (lb/106 Btu) <230 (<0.20)

Ca/S Molar Ratio 2.1-2.4

b) Controlled furnace temperature

The furnace temperature is controlled in response to load
changes and variations of fuel and/or sorbent properties by con-
trolling the solids recycle rate from the MDC. The recycle rate
at high boiler loads is set to achieve the upper furnace density
required to maintain the target furnace temperature. At low loads,
the recycle rate directly controls the dense bed temperature. The
capacity of the MDC hoppers is used for solids transfer to and
from the furnace. Excessive solids collected by the MDC are
purged if needed. With B&W CFB boilers the load can be re-
duced without auxiliary fuel to 20% MCR.
Fig. 6 Southern Illinois University IR-CFB boiler.
c) Low auxiliary power
The auxiliary power requirement is lower for impact-sepa- gas flow pattern. This allows placement of in-furnace surfaces
rator type boilers since the total pressure drop across the two- as needed over the entire furnace height and width, including
stage separator (U-beams + MDC) is only 4 in. wc (1 kPa). In the region adjacent to the rear wall in the upper furnace. With
addition, high-pressure air blowers for fluidization of returning proven reliability of in-furnace heating surfaces, this makes
solids are not needed. unnecessary the use of external heat exchangers and allows se-
lection of the furnace height based on combustion/sulfur cap-
d) Uniform gas flow ture considerations rather than heating surface requirements.
The gases exiting from the furnace to the U-beam separator Combined with high collection efficiency of the two-stage sol-
across the furnace width provide for a uniform two-dimensional ids separator, this allows reduced furnace height.

Forced Outage Planned Outage Boiler Availability

100 1.9 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.8

1.5 0.7
3.9 2.6 2.2
5.3 1.3
Boiler Availability, Percent

5.6 4.2 3.4

2.9
2.8
95 8.4 9.4 4.5 6.6
5.6
90 98.0

95.0 94.0 95.6

94.8
91.6 93.0
85 89.7 89.4 90.8
89.1

80

0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
(May-Dec.) (Jan.-July) (Jan.-June)

Fig. 5 Ebensburg boiler availability.

Babcock & Wilcox 3


Table 2
SIU Operating Data
Steam Flow @ MCR, t/hr (klb/hr) 46 (101.5)
Steam Temperature, C (F) 399 (750)
Steam Pressure, MPa (psig) 4.4 (640)
SH Steam Temperature Control Range, % 40-100
Load Turndown Ratio Without Auxiliary Fuel 5:1
Emissions
NOx, ppm (lb/106 Btu) <100 (<0.14)
SO2, % removal 90
CO, ppm (lb/10 6 Btu) <200 (<0.17)
Ca/S Molar Ratio 2.3
e) High solids separator reliability
U-beams and MDC have high reliability and low mainte-
nance since they do not include any maintenance-intensive com-
ponents such as refractory, loop-seals, expansion joints, vortex
finders, etc. The U-beam design that has evolved through 15
years of operating experience has proven to be very reliable,
requiring no maintenance. U-beam design criteria includes con-
servative assumptions of 25 year life of U-beam materials and
supports. The MDC internals require some maintenance during
planned shutdowns; this expense has been minimal on the oper-
ating B&W CFBs.
f) Integral design/small footprint
The U-beam separator is integral with the boiler enclosure
providing for the most compact and cost-efficient boiler layout
similar to the conventional two-pass pulverized coal (PC) boiler.
This feature is especially important for retrofitting outdated PC
boilers with CFB technology in repowering applications where
keeping the existing boiler “footprint” is highly desirable.
g) Minimal refractory use
The amount of refractory used in the B&W CFB boilers is
80-90% less than that used for similar capacity CFB boilers with
non-cooled hot cyclones and 40-50% less than CFB boilers with
cooled cyclones. For B&W CFB boilers the start-up time is not
limited by rate of temperature rise of the refractory.
Two key areas important for design evaluation of CFB boil-
ers with impact separators are high reliability of the two-stage
solids separator and its superior collection efficiency. The long-
term operating experience and test data provide the definite af-
firmation of the impact separator plus MDC design as described
in the following section.
Two-stage solids separator experience
Reliability
U-beam experience. U-beams are conservatively designed
to operate in the flue gas environment at the exit of the CFB
furnace. B&W has selected U-beam materials–typically high
nickel, high chromium, austenitic stainless steels–to resist ero-
sion and corrosion while possessing adequate long-term strength
at the design temperatures. Substantial design margins are pro-
4 Babcock & Wilcox
Forced Outage
Commissioning Outage
Planned Outage
Boiler Available
100
1.4
4.9
95 11.0 10.3
Boiler Availability, %
10.7
90
95.1
85 89.0 89.7 87.9
80
85
1997 1998 1999 2000
(Jul 15-Dec 31) (Jan-Jun)
Fig. 7 SIU boiler availability.
vided to accommodate possible U-beam temperature deviations
from the expected value based on average gas temperature leav-
ing the furnace. These margins eliminate the possibility of the
U-beams being damaged during operational upsets.
Mechanical conditions of U-beams along with related boiler
thermal performance data have been monitored over the 10 years
of operation at the Ebensburg CFB boiler. B&W confirmed that
erosion losses were negligible due to a tough, erosion-resistant
film formed on the surface of the U-beams. B&W also deter-
mined that the material was resistant to corrosion and deforma-
tion when operated within the design margins.
The Ebensburg CFB boiler capacity was increased by 10%
over original design. For evaluated economic reasons no other
changes to the boiler were made to maintain the design tem-
perature and excess air at the furnace exit. This resulted in more
than three years of operation with local U-beam temperatures
approaching or exceeding the design margins.
After this three year period of operation with excessively
high temperatures, signs of U-beam mechanical degradation
began appearing where the maximum temperatures or maximum
solids loading occur. Some U-beam channels began to flare, and
the mid-sections of several U-beams rotated up to 10 degrees
from the original position. Also, several corrosion spots were
found near the bottom of the rear-most rows of U-beams where
U-beams were covered with ash deposits. The current design
has been changed to avoid these degradations even during pro-
longed high-temperature operation.
Regardless of some U-beam deformation observed as a re-
sult of the off-design operating conditions, no deterioration of
boiler performance was detected and no U-beams have had to
be replaced. Maintenance work on U-beams has been minimal,
consisting primarily of cleaning solids accumulated on the top
side of the alignment pans located near the bottom of U-beams,
and an occasional repair of the pan and strap attachment welds.
The resilience of U-beams to operating conditions associ-
ated with excessive temperatures and increased gas velocities
contrasts to that of vortex finders (a part of hot-cyclones) which
are made of similar materials and exposed to a similar gas/sol-
ids environment.
Vortex finder failures have been reported with a substantial
detrimental effect on boiler performance and considerable main-
tenance costs.
MDC experience
At Ebensburg, due to the waste coal’s high ash content and
ash abrasiveness, about 20% of the MDC internal elements are
being replaced during each yearly outage to avoid a loss of MDC
efficiency. At other B&W CFB boilers burning high-sulfur bi-
tuminous coal, circulating solids are typically less abrasive as
compared to the Ebensburg unit, and the MDC internal elements
have either not required replacement or have been replaced as
needed during planned outages. At Southern Illinois University
(SIU) firing medium-ash high-sulfur coal, practically no ero-
sion of the internal elements has been detected since the start-
up four years ago.
Maintenance work was needed on the Ebensburg pneumatic
MDC solids recycle system which normally is done on line, or
during planned boiler outages. At SIU, where air-slide ash con-
veyors were used, virtually no maintenance work was needed
on the return system during four years of boiler operation. This
system has been further simplified for new offerings. The sim-
plicity and low maintenance features of the current MDC solids
return system design are discussed below (see “Design improve-
ments”).
Maintenance cost
The maintenance cost of the solids separators in the B&W
CFB boilers is intrinsically low. At Ebensburg, the total main-
tenance cost for U-beams and L-valves over 10 years of opera-
tion was about US$20,000. The average maintenance cost for
the MDC was about $25,000 per year. There was no loss of power
generation due to U-beam or L-valve related problems and only
a negligible loss of generation due to the load reduction during
MDC recycle system problems and its on-line repairs.
Design improvements
A number of design improvements to the two-stage solids
separation system have been implemented based on experience
and design developments:
- Laboratory testing and boiler operating experience have
shown that with proper design parameters, fewer rows of U-
beams provide equal collection efficiency. The number of rows
of U-beams has been reduced to eliminate inactive rows thereby
reducing the space occupied by the separator as well as reduc-
ing pressure differential across the separator and the correspond-
ing auxiliary power requirement.
- The alignment pan at the bottom of each U-beam has been
reconfigured to form an open funnel which reduces solids accu-
mulation. Together with the reduced number of U-beam rows,
this reduces solids accumulation at the bottom of the U-beams
and the possibility of corrosion in this zone.
- Variations such as fuel properties and limestone sizing and/
or type, as well as other operational upsets, may cause prolonged
gas temperature increase over the design temperature in the U-
beam zone. Also, U-beams lack protection from metal tempera-
ture excursions similar to those available for the superheater
metal (such as attemperators). Thus, wide design margins are
provided for the U-beams by specifying high quality materials
for these off-normal conditions. U-beam materials and construc-
tions with an oxidation temperature limit as high as 2100 F
(1150 C) are used.
- Locating the MDC upstream of the economizer, and thereby
at higher elevation in the convection downpass, allows recy-
cling of the MDC solids to the lower furnace using a sloping
gravity return line(s) with a small quantity of assist air taken
Babcock & Wilcox
from the forced draft fan. Material velocity in the sloping re-
turn lines is low, resulting in low erosion potential. This design
simplifies the recycle system, improves its reliability, and re-
duces power consumption.
- Variable speed, inclined screw(s) are used at the MDC
hopper discharge(s), in place of previously used rotary valves,
to control the flow rate of recycled solids. The solids in the
inclined screw provide the required pressure seal without the
maintenance associated with the close-tolerance, machined sur-
faces found in rotary valves.
Solids Collection Efficiency
The only meaningful measure of CFB solids separation sys-
tem performance is the fractional solids collection efficiency.
The overall collection efficiency depends on the size distribu-
tion of solids entering the separator and is not indicative of a
separator’s ability to retain fine particles, most important for
CFB boiler performance.
The fractional collection efficiency of the two-stage solids
separation system used in B&W CFB boilers is determined by
the efficiency of the second stage separator. The fractional col-
lection efficiency of the secondary separator (MDC) of B&W’s
IR-CFB boiler at SIU is shown in Figure 8. The fractional col-
lection efficiency of the secondary separator was readily mea-
surable during the tests of B&W CFB boilers. Samples of sol-
ids passing and collected by the separator were analyzed for the
particle size distribution. The flow rate of collected solids was
determined by calibration of the recycle system feeder. The flow
rate of passing solids (fly ash) was determined as the difference
between solids entering the boiler and the bed drain flow rate.
The latter was determined from the heat balance of the screw
cooler.
A comparison of fly ash particle size distribution based on
published data for hot-cyclone CFB boilers(4,5,6,7) and measure-
ments taken at B&W’s CFB boiler at SIU is shown in Figure 9.
One can see that the upper cut size of solids separation at 98%
of passing solids is about 80 micron for the SIU IR-CFB. This
results in a high percentage of fine ash being recycled to the
furnace, thus giving a high rate of heat transfer in the upper
furnace as well as a high rate of calcium and carbon recycle.
Current IR-CFB Design
The following on-going projects illustrate the use of the IR-
CFB boiler in two different types of applications. The first one
(Tychy) represents an application where there is no space re-
straint for B&W’s IR-CFB boiler layout. The others (Nesvetay
and Cherepet) are projects where the CFB boiler fits into the
same structure as the existing PC unit. (8)
Tychy Power Plant (Poland)
This boiler (Figure 10) will produce 700,000 lb/hr (317 t/hr)
steam at 1740 psi/1004F (120 bar/540C). The fuel is a high-ash
bituminous coal with a possibility of co-firing biofuels (up to
5% by heat input).
The following unit description for the Tychy project is also
a description of a “typical” IR-CFB design.
The furnace and horizontal convection pass enclosure are
top-supported and made of gas-tight membrane walls. The fur-
nace contains four water-cooled division walls, plus two water-
cooled and six steam-cooled wing walls.
5
 100

Collection Efficiency, % 90

80

70

60

20 40 60 80 100
Particle Size, micron
Fig. 8 Fractional collection efficiency of MDC (IR-CFB at SIU).

Fuel is fed to the lower furnace through the front wall using
four air-assisted chutes. Limestone is injected pneumatically
through multiple points uniformly across the width of the fur-
nace near the bottom. Start-up fuel (light oil) is fired using five
burners mounted at the rear wall.
Separate fans supply primary and secondary air. Primary air
is introduced through the bubble cap grid at the furnace floor
with secondary air introduced uniformly across the furnace width
using nozzles at the front and rear walls sized to provide air Fig. 10 Tychy IR-CFB boiler.
distribution across the furnace.
The lower furnace is protected from erosion and corrosive falling down the wall along the surface profile of the tube panel,
conditions by a layer of low-cement, high-strength refractory. thereby eliminating the discontinuity adjacent to the tube. The
This material has proven to require little maintenance in the RDZ feature is applicable for enclosure walls and internal walls,
lower CFB furnace environment. The membrane tubes at the and has been proven effective in B&W CFB boiler commercial
upper edge of the refractory in the lower furnace are protected operation.
from erosion by the patented Reduced Diameter Zone (RDZ) The U-beam separator consists of two rows of in-furnace
(Figure 11). The RDZ consists of a reduced diameter tube sec- and three rows of external U-beams. Pendant superheater banks
tion mating to a specially shaped ceramic tile. The reduced di- are located downstream of the U-beams in the horizontal con-
ameter tube section on each tube slopes away from the solids vection pass. Steam from the drum flows through the side walls
of the pendant superheater enclosure, then through the primary
100
superheater bank followed by the wing walls and the secondary
superheater bank to the main steam outlet.
The MDC is located immediately downstream of the hori-
80 zontal convection pass. Further in the gas path it is followed by
Percent Passing

60

Furnace Wall
40 (inside)

20

1 5 10 50 100 200 300

Particle Size, Micron

Hot Cyclone (Ref. 4)

Hot Cyclone (Ref. 5)
Hot Cyclone (Ref. 6) Division Wall
Hot Cyclone (Ref. 7)
Two-Stage Solids Separation (B&W-SIU)

Fig. 9 Particle size distribution of fly ash for hot cyclones and
two-stage separation system. Fig. 11 Reduced Diameter Zone.

6 Babcock & Wilcox

the economizer and tubular air heater (air inside tubes). The air
heater is side-split for the primary and secondary air. After the
air heater, gas flows through an electrostatic precipitator and
two parallel ID fans to a stack.
Solids collected by the MDC are recycled back to the fur-
nace through six recycle lines utilizing inclined screw convey-
ors and gravity feed.
Nesvetay Power Plant (Russia)
This project emphasizes the compactness of B&W’s IR-CFB
design providing unique benefits in retrofit applications.
This 50 MWe PC-boiler firing anthracite culm with up to
40% ash content at the Nesvetay power plant in Russia will be
replaced with the same capacity CFB unit supplied by
Belenergomash of Belgorod, Russia, a licensee of B&W CFB
technology. The plant space constraints require the CFB unit to
fit within the plan area of the bay occupied by the PC boiler.
This determines furnace plan area and thus furnace gas veloc-
ity. Furnace height is then determined by the gas residence time
required for burnout of the very low-reactive fuel (4-5% vola-
CFB Boiler
7600 3600 6400
Fig. 12 Size comparison of PC boiler firing anthracite culm and its repowering CFB boiler.
Babcock & Wilcox
tile matter content). Based on test results for a similar fuel in
the 2.5 MWt CFB pilot unit at B&W’s Alliance Research Center,
the furnace height was increased about 30 ft (9 m) as compared to
the PC boiler to attain the guaranteed combustion efficiency of
97%. High combustion efficiency is achieved by utilizing effec-
tive collection and recycle of fine solids from the MDC.
Figure 12 shows how the new unit fits within the existing
bay when the only required modification to the building is a
height increase. The fore-to-aft footprint of this unit as com-
pared to the Tychy unit is reduced by two means: a) placing
part of the superheater in the vertical downpass, thus reducing
the depth of the horizontal pass, and b) utilizing available space
for the air heater at the side of the downpass.
Cherepet Power Plant (Russia)
The Cherepet plant (located at Tula region, 200 km south
from Moscow) has a total of eight PC-fired boilers, represent-
ing four 150 MWe units (two boilers per turbine), considered
for CFB repowering. Those boilers of 250 t/hr capacity feature
high steam parameters (2465 psia, 1013 F) and reheat. Two major
PC Boiler (TP-230 type)
8590 3360 3700
7
fuels to be fired are local high-ash, high-sulfur lignite and low-
reactive, medium-ash bituminous coal. CFB boilers of
Belenergomash design will fit into the existing PC-boiler steel
(Figure 13).
IR-CFB scale-up. Since scaling-up the two-stage solids
separator does not present a problem, the only issue of design-
ing larger capacity IR-CFB boilers is providing an acceptable
furnace aspect ratio and acceptable gas velocity in the U-beams.
With the current design approach, IR-CFB boilers with the de-
sign similar to that described above are offered for capacities
up to 180 MWe (540 MWt).
Conclusion
Lessons learned from 15 years of B&W’s CFB technology
application have led to development of the reliable, low-cost
IR-CFB boiler design. Long-term operating experience of the
distinct two-stage solids separator has proven its high reliabil-
ity and superior collection efficiency. The main advantages of
this boiler design are higher furnace heat transfer rate, ability
to better control furnace temperature, and increased residence
time of fine carbon and sorbent particles. The IR-CFB boiler
achieves the required performance with lower furnace height
and smaller boiler footprint. This design is especially attrac-
tive for replacing existing obsolete PC boilers in the same space.

CFB Boiler PC Boiler (TP-240 type)

Fig. 13 Size comparison of PC boiler firing lignite and bituminous coal and its repowering CFB boiler.

8 Babcock & Wilcox

 References
1. F. Belin, et al., “Waste Wood Combustion in Circulating
Fluidized Bed Boilers,” Proceedings of the Second International
Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds, 1988.
2. C. E. Price and D. J. Walker, “Coal and Waste Coal-Fired
Boilers Accumulate Operating Experience,” Proceedings of 12th
International Conference on Fluidized-Bed Combustion, 1993.
3. F. Belin, et al. , “Update of Operating Experience of B&W
IR-CFB Coal-Fired Boilers,” Proceedings of 15th International
Conference on Fluidized-Bed Combustion, 1999.
4. D. R. Hajicek et al. , “The Impact of Coal Quality on
Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor Performance,” EPRI Coal
Quality Conference, 1992.
5. W. vom Berg and K.-H. Puch, “Verwertung von
Ruckstanden aus Wirbelschichtfeuerungsanlagen,” Vortrage
VGB – Konferenz, “Wirbelschihtsysteme 1992”.
6. M. Gierse, “Aspects of the Performance of Three Differ-
ent Types of Industrial Fluidized Bed Boilers,” Proceedings of
the 3rd International Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds,
1990.
7. U. Muschelknautz and E. Muschelknautz, “Improvements
of Cyclones In CFB Power Plants and Quantitative Estimation
on Their Effects on the Boiler Solids Inventory,” Proceedings
of the 6 th International Conference on Circulating Fluidized
Beds, 1999.
8. D.A. Shaposhnik and S.V. Berdin, “Issues of CFB Boilers
Design for Power Plant Retrofits,” VTI Science and Technol-
ogy Seminar, 2001.

Copyright © 2001 by The Babcock & Wilcox Company,

All rights reserved.

No part of this work may be published, translated or reproduced in any form or by any means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system,
without the written permission of the copyright holder. Permission requests should be addressed to: Market Communications, The Babcock &
Wilcox Company, P.O. Box 351, Barberton, Ohio, U.S.A. 44203-0351.

Disclaimer

Although the information presented in this work is believed to be reliable, this work is published with the understanding that The Babcock & Wilcox
Company and the authors are supplying general information and are not attempting to render or provide engineering or professional services.
Neither The Babcock & Wilcox Company nor any of its employees make any warranty, guarantee, or representation, whether expressed or implied,
with respect to the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, product, process or apparatus discussed in this work; and neither The
Babcock & Wilcox Company nor any of its employees shall be liable for any losses or damages with respect to or resulting from the use of, or the
inability to use, any information, product, process or apparatus discussed in this work.

Babcock & Wilcox 9