MAGNETO Quick Start Guide

MAGNETO
2D/RS MAGNETIC
V 9.2 Quick Start Guide

2 2D/RS Magnetic Quick Start Guide
Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not
represent a commitment on the part of INTEGRATED ENGINEERING
SOFTWARE SALES Inc. The software described in this document is furnished
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*Copyright ENGINIA RESEARCH Inc., 1987

August 2013
Table of Contents 3
T ABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 5
OVERVIEW OF MAGNETO 5
PURPOSE OF THIS MANUAL 6
LIMITATIONS OF THIS MANUAL 6
COMPONENT CHECK 7
THE MAGNETO D ESKTOP 8
Resizing the Message Area 10
The View Tool Bar 11
The Utilities Tool Bar 11
TWO DISTINCT GEOMETRY MODEL TYPES 12
Two-Dimensional Models 12
Rotationally Symmetric Models 14
KEY C ONCEPTS FOR WORKING WITH COMMANDS AND SELECTIONS 15
MANUAL CONVENTIONS AND SYMBOLS 16
SAMPLE SESSION 1: HELMHOLTZ COIL SYSTEM 19
MODEL DESCRIPTION 19
Model Dimensions 20
BUILDING THE MODEL 21
Setting up the Desktop 21
Setting the Model Units 23
Setting the View Limits 24
Creating the Model Geometry 24
ASSIGNING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 27
Defining the Geometry Model Type 27
Assigning Volume Current 27
SOLVING THE MODEL 30
ANALYZING THE SOLVED MODEL 31
Overview of the Analysis Menu 32
Creating an Arrow Plot of the B-Field 33
Creating a Graph of the B-Field 34
Computing the Magnetic Forces on the Coils 37
CONCLUSION 39
SAMPLE SESSION 2: A SIMPLE PARAMETRIC EXAMPLE 41
OVERVIEW OF PARAMETRICS 41
BASIC STAGES FOR PERFORMING PARAMETRIC ANALYSES 42
DEFINING PARAMETER LOOP STRUCTURE AND POSTPROCESSING OPTIONS 43
Switching to Parametric Setup Mode 43
Defining the Gap Parameter 44
Checking the Validity of the Parametric Definition 47
Defining Postprocessing to Complete the Parametric Definition 48

Parametric File Management 50
RUNNING THE PARAMETRIC 53
Parametric Result Database File 53
Starting the Parametric Run 53
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 55
Creating a Graph of the Force Measurements 55
Viewing the Animation of the B-Field Contour Plots 57
Files in Gap Parametric Folder 58
CONCLUSION 58
SAMPLE SESSION 3: PERMANENT MAGNET GENERATOR 59
MODEL DESCRIPTION 59
Model Dimensions 61
BUILDING THE MODEL 62
Resetting MAGNETO 62
Setting up the Desktop 62
Setting the Model Units 63
Setting the View Limits 63
Creating the Model Geometry 64
ASSIGNING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 69
Defining the Geometry Model Type 69
Assigning Materials 70
Assigning Magnetization Angle 71
SOLVING THE MODEL 72
ANALYZING THE MODEL 73
Calculating the Flux Linkage of the Coil 75
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE GENERATOR 76
Overview of the Parametric Run 76
Defining Parameter Loop Structure 76
Checking the Validity of the Parametric Definition 79
Defining Postprocessing to Complete the Parametric Definition 79
Creating a Folder for the Parametric Files 81
Running the Parametric 81
Creating a Graph of the Rotor Torque 83
Calculating Generator Voltage 84
Comparison with 3D Results 87
CONCLUSION 87
INDEX 89
Introduction 5
INTRODUCTION
Overview of MAGNETO
MAGNETO is a 2D/Rotational
Symmetric CAE software
package specifically designed
for magnetic field analysis.
MAGNETO can be used to
perform static or phasor
simulations.
MAGNETO provides users

with a wide variety of analysis
options, including the ability to
create contour plots and
graphs of field quantities.
Macroscopic parameters such
as forces, torques and
inductances can also be
calculated.
To perform a simulation using MAGNETO you must first

construct a geometric model of the physical system. This
can be done by using the built in geometric modeler
supplied, or alternatively, you can import geometry from
commercial CAD packages.
(For the most up-to-date information on which CAD

formats are compatible with MAGNETO, please contact
Integrated Engineering Software Sales.)
Once the geometric model has been built, physical

properties (such as boundary conditions, materials,
sources, etc.) are then assigned.
(In addition to an extensive BH curve library of common

ferromagnetic and permanent magnet materials,
MAGNETO provides users with the capability of entering
their own custom material data curves.)
After the physical properties have been assigned, the

model is then discretized and the solution is calculated
by the field solver.
(The user has the option of either manually discretizing

the model, or having the Self-adaptive solver perform the
discretization.)
MAGNETO can also be set to perform multiple unattended analyses by running

the program in parametric or batch mode.
Purpose of this Manual
This Quick Start Guide is designed to teach you the basic essential skills that will
enable you to perform simulations using MAGNETO. These skills will be
demonstrated by means of simple tutorial sample sessions.
We recommend that you read the rest of the sections in this Introduction, and work
through the sample sessions before attempting to model your own designs.
Limitations of this Manual

While the sample sessions have been carefully selected to be representative of
typical applications, we cannot cover the full scope of MAGNETO capabilities in a
single short manual.
You will find more information about using the program’s features in the online
Help. To access the Help, click the Help menu, and you will see a link to all
Manuals, the MAGNETO Tutorial, a list of Hot Keys, and a shortcut to send a
Support request directly to Integrated Engineering Software.
Our technical support staff will be happy to answer questions you might have
regarding the proper application of MAGNETO to your particular situation.
For those users who desire to attain a higher level of proficiency in using
MAGNETO, Integrated Engineering Software Sales conducts several
customer-training workshops throughout the year.
Introduction 7
Component Check
In addition to this Quick Start Guide, your MAGNETO package should also
include:
 A CD ROM containing the MAGNETO program files.
 A hardware security key (dongle) that must be attached to either the parallel
or USB port of your computer before you attempt to run the program. (Note
that the instruction card on the back of the CD ROM envelope describes how
to install the Sentinel Driver program for the security key.)
If you are missing any of these components, or if any have been damaged in
shipping, please contact Integrated Engineering Software Sales immediately.
The MAGNETO Desktop

The picture below shows several important features of the MAGNETO program
window.
The Title Bar shows the program name as well as the current file and directory
path.
The Menu Bar contains standard Windows pull-down menus.
The Tool Bars contain speed buttons for the most often used commands. You
will become familiar with these as you work through the sample sessions.
Introduction 9
Note that each tool bar has a raised double rib at the left hand edge of the bar.
These are Tool Bar Grips; positioning the mouse pointer on a grip and holding
down the Left mouse button allows you to drag the bar to a new location. The
tool bars may be floating, or docked at the edges of the program window.
As you work with MAGNETO, you will repeatedly use the Utilities tool bar
(shown outlined in blue), and the View tool bar (shown outlined in red). These
will be described in more detail in separate sections of this introduction.
The main area of the program window is the Workspace where the geometric
model is displayed.
Scroll Bars at the bottom and right edges of the Workspace can be used to pan
the viewing area.
The Command Bar (located below the Workspace and shown outlined in
yellow) is composed of two sections: the Message Area and the Command
Line. The blank border around the Command Bar functions in a similar manner
to the tool bar grips; holding down the Left mouse button with the cursor
positioned on the border allows you to undock the Command Bar and drag it to
a new location.
The Message Area displays messages from the program, as well as recording
information entered by the user. The information displayed in the Message Area
is especially important to new users. In the next section, you will be shown how
to resize the Message Area.
Instructions to the program are entered in the Command Line. When a

command is activated, the prompt in the Command Line will change to instruct
you on the steps required to complete the command.
The very bottom of the program window contains the Status Bar, which displays
information on the state of the program.
Resizing the Message Area
The Message Area should always be sized to display at least three lines of text.
Depending on the resolution and settings of your computer monitor, you may
have to resize the Message Area. The procedure for doing this is explained
below.
When the Command Bar is docked, there is a ”Split Bar” at its top edge as
shown below:
Moving the mouse pointer slowly over the bar will

cause a double-headed up-and-down arrow to appear.
When the arrow appears, the Left mouse button can be
held down to drag the bar up to show more text.
Introduction 11
The View Tool Bar
As you are working on models, you will frequently need to modify both the
magnification and viewing area of the program window. Both of these operations
are facilitated by the View tool bar.
The functions of the View tool bar (shown below undocked) will be illustrated as
you work through the sample sessions.
When you hover your mouse pointer over a tool bar button a tool tip appears to
show its name (and also any hotkeys linked to the button).
Note that the View tool bar is usually docked at the left edge of the program
window.
The Utilities Tool Bar
The Utilities tool bar (shown below) is easily recognized by the fact that it
contains four drop-down list boxes.
Above, the Geometry Selection Type list box has been dropped down to show
the five types of entities that you can include when building selection sets.
You will use this list box frequently not only to manipulate geometry entities, but
also to assign physical properties to the geometric model.
The Utilities tool bar also contains a Coordinate System switch for selecting X/Y
(rectangular) or Polar entry systems for geometry points. This is shown below.
Because of the list boxes, it is usually best to dock the Utilities tool bar at the top
of the program window.
Two Distinct Geometry Model Types

MAGNETO cannot perform a completely general three-dimensional analysis.
The models you create in the MAGNETO workspace are planar cross section
simplifications of actual real-world physical structures. Because of this limitation,
MAGNETO simulations will only be valid for physical structures that can be
accurately represented by one of two distinct geometry model types; your models
must be either two-dimensional or rotationally symmetric.
Two-Dimensional Models
Quite often, real-world physical structures contain regions where the geometry
and field solutions can be regarded as functions of only two dimensions, since
they are essentially invariant along the third dimension.
The three-phase transmission

line shown at right is a classic
example of this type of model.
If we assume that the
conductors are infinitely long,
we can reduce the field
simulation problem by one
dimension, and simply perform
an analysis on an arbitrary
perpendicular two-dimensional
cutting plane.
Introduction 13
At right, we show the resulting two-dimensional

(or 2D) model. Three closed circular regions
represent cross-sections of the conductor
volumes formed by the intersection of the model
cutting plane. Note that the 2D model cannot
account for any “end effects” which occur due to
the finite length of the actual transmission line.
The assumption is that our cutting plane is
located far enough from the ends of the line that
a 2D field solution will be reasonably accurate.
In addition, macroscopic quantities such as forces, torques, inductances and

capacitances must be calculated on a per unit length basis. The results returned
by the analysis must then be multiplied by the length of the line to approximate
the expected performance of the real world system (again we neglect any end
effects).
Though two-dimensional analyses

are most commonly used for systems
that are considered “long” in the third
dimension, this is not a requirement
in all cases. For example, the two-
terminal resistor shown at right is
relatively short in the third dimension.
However, if we wish only to simulate

the distribution of DC currents, a two-
dimensional model will be adequate,
since conduction cannot occur in the
empty space surrounding the resistor.
The key point to grasp from the above examples is that a certain amount of
engineering judgment is required to determine whether a two-dimensional
analysis will provide an acceptably accurate simulation.
Rotationally Symmetric Models
In our discussion of two-dimensional models, we saw that the intersection of the

model space cutting plane with the physical three-dimensional structure
produced 2D closed regions.
Conversely, we can reconstruct an approximation to

the original 3D structure by sweeping the 2D
regions along a linear path perpendicular to the
model plane.
It is also possible to create 3D volumes by revolving

2D closed regions about an axis. In mathematics,
the resulting volumes are termed solids of
revolution. For example, if the triangle, circle and
rectangle shown at right are revolved about the Y-
axis, they will produce the cone, torus and disk
shown below.
When a three-dimensional structure is

composed exclusively of solids of
revolution that share a common axis, the
resulting field simulation problem can be
formulated in cylindrical coordinates as a
two-dimensional analysis. We refer to
such models as being rotationally
symmetric (abbreviated as RS).
At right are shown both 3D and RS

models for a system of electrically
charged spheres. Note that the full
3D model does not give any results
that cannot be obtained from the
simpler RS model, since the field
solution will be the same on any
cutting plane extending radially
outward from the axis of the
spheres.
Introduction 15
In addition, the RS model will produce the same results as a full 3D model when
macroscopic quantities such as forces, capacitances and inductances are
calculated. (Note that if a physical system is truly rotationally symmetric, all
forces will be uniform around the axis of symmetry, and as a result, torques
cannot exist.)
Key Concepts for working with Commands and Selections

To successfully work with MAGNETO you must understand two fundamental
concepts.
First, you should be aware that the command sequence used by MAGNETO is
Verb/Noun, which means that a command is initiated before the selection of the
entities that will be subject to the command.
Second, the selection process is automatically cumulative. This means that you
do not have to hold down the Shift or Ctrl keys when adding new entities to an
existing selection. (Selecting any entity a second time removes it from the
selection set.)
When you have completed your selection set, you click the Right mouse button
to inform the program to end selection mode and proceed with the command.
Though these conventions are most likely opposite to those you have seen in
other programs, you will find that they dramatically simplify several operations
that would be difficult to accomplish using the more standard conventions.
Manual Conventions and Symbols
The typographic conventions used in this manual are explained below:
 Standard computer keyboard keys are enclosed by angle brackets (<>), (For
example: <Enter>, <Home>, or <Left Arrow>).
 Combinations of keystrokes are shown with a + sign between the keys, (For
example: “Press <Alt>+<Print Screen>” means to hold down the <Alt> key
on the keyboard and then press the <Print Screen> key).
 Directions to press mouse buttons will be given in bold italics, (For example
Right-click means to press and release the right mouse button once.)
 Selections of commands from pull-down menus are shown as
Menu>Command, (For example: File>Open means to select the File menu
and then choose Open.)
 Buttons and tabs on dialog boxes are enclosed by square brackets ( [ ] ),
(For example: Click [OK], [Apply], or [Cancel]).
 Geometry points described in rectangular coordinates will be written in the
format (x,y) (For example: (3,4) ).
 Prompts and messages from the program, as well as data entered by the
user, will be shown in bold type (For example: The Command Line below
displays the program prompt to Locate or enter points, and the user has
responded by typing the coordinates 3,4).
Introduction 17
This manual uses a number of symbols to highlight specific parts of the text. The
meaning of these symbols is as follows:
The pencil and paper indicates a note about how a function

works, or explains a screen display.
The light bulb indicates a tip about how to use the program
more efficiently. For example, a tip might give you a keyboard
shortcut for a commonly used command.
The exclamation mark indicates an important comment about

using a function or creating the model. These instructions are
crucial for obtaining an accurate solution.
This completes the introduction to MAGNETO. You are now ready to proceed to
the first sample session.
Sample Session 1 19
SAMPLE SESSION 1: HELMHOLTZ COIL SYSTEM

Model Description
We will model a Helmholtz Coil System, and use it to demonstrate the basic
features of MAGNETO.
In the picture at right, half of each

coil has been made invisible to
allow an unobstructed view of a
Vector Potential contour plot.
Also, note the blue cones that
indicate the direction of the
magnetic field produced by the
current in the coils.
The coils are physically identical,

and both carry the same current.
The current in the coils is such
that a field of 0.01 Tesla will be
produced at the midpoint along
the coil axis.
Though the actual coil system is a 3D

structure, it is composed of volumes
that are solids of revolution
sharing a common axis. We can
therefore obtain an exact field
solution from a rotationally
symmetric (RS) model.
At right are shown wire frame

outlines of the full coils. The cross-
section regions that we will use for
the RS model are shown with solid
shading.
Model Dimensions
The section view sketch below shows the size and spacing of the Helmholtz
Coils. All dimensions are in inches.
The two circular coil cross-section regions for the RS model are shown
crosshatched. It will be convenient to locate the origin of our model space along
the center axis of the coils at the exact midpoint between them.
Before proceeding, you may find it helpful to make a photocopy

of the above sketch so you can refer to the dimensions (without
having to flip back to this page) as you follow the steps in
building the model.
The sections that follow will provide numbered step-by-step

instructions that will show you how to construct and analyze
the model. You should take care to follow these steps exactly.
Even more important are the paragraphs at the beginning and
notes throughout each section. Take the time to read these
carefully since they explain the purpose of each step of model
construction, and why they are needed.
Sample Session 1 21
Building the Model

Setting up the Desktop
It is assumed that you have already installed MAGNETO and the hardware
security key on your computer. If not, install them now according to the
instruction card that accompanies the program CD before proceeding.
MAGNETO is started in the same manner as all standard Windows applications:
1) Click the [Start] button on the Windows Taskbar.

2) Select (All) Programs> IES> Magneto V92.
As a new user, you will find it easier to learn the MAGNETO program window by
hiding all but the essential tool bars. Do this by following the steps below:
1) From the MAGNETO program

Menu Bar, select View>Tool
Bars.
2) This will open the Tool Bars
dialog box shown at right.
3) Change the check boxes so
that only the Standard, Modify,
View, and Utilities tool bars
are selected.
4) Click the [OK] button to apply the changes and close the box.
The Standard tool bar (shown at

right) contains speed buttons for
common tasks such as opening,
saving and printing files.
The Modify tool bar can be used to

modify your model. If you make a
mistake, you can click the
[Geometry Undo ] speed button to
undo your last geometry change.
(The buttons will be gray until
geometry is created.)
The View, and Utilities tool bars were described previously in the Introduction
section of this Quick Start Guide (if you have not already read the Introduction,
please do so now before proceeding).
If during the course of executing a command, you become

confused, you can always press the <Esc> key on your
computer keyboard to terminate the command, and then start
over.
If you hover the mouse

pointer over a speed button,
a “Tool Tip” will appear to
show its name.
At the same time, the Status

Bar will show an explanation
of the function of the speed
button.
Sample Session 1 23
Setting the Model Units
MAGNETO uses the International System (SI) units as default. Our model
dimensions are in inches, so we will need to change the Length units.
1) From the MAGNETO

program Menu Bar
select Utilities>Units
Setup.
2) The Units dialog box
will open.
3) Under Base Units Set
the Length field to in
(for inches).
4) Click the [OK] button
at the bottom of the
box to apply the
changes and close the
box.
In the Units dialog, the default settings

are SI, but units used in the CGS system
as well as those commonly used in the
USA are also available.
You can quickly change between unit
systems by selecting from the Options
menu of the box as shown at right.
Setting the View Limits
The default view limits are set to accommodate models that have dimensions in
meters. This is larger than we need, so change the limits as follows:
1) From the MAGNETO Menu Bar select

View >View Setup.
2) The View Setup dialog box will open.
3) Change the X and Y limits so that the
Minimum and Maximum settings are
–10 and 10 respectively.
4) Click the [OK] button to apply the

changes and close the box.
Creating the Model Geometry
The geometry for our RS model consists of two circles. To create the circles:

Geometry>Circle>Circle (Center,
Radius)
2) The Command Line will show the

prompt Locate or enter center of
circle.
Sample Session 1 25
3) Using your computer keyboard, type the numbers 8, 4 and verify that they
appear in the Command Line as shown below:
4) Press the <Enter> key on your computer keyboard.

5) The Command Line will show the prompt Enter the radius.
6) Type 1 and press <Enter>.
7) The first circle will be drawn in the Workspace.
8) The Circle command is still active so the Command Line will again show
the prompt Locate or enter center of circle (for a new circle).
9) Type 8, -4 and press the <Enter> key on your computer keyboard.
12) The second circle will be drawn in the Workspace.
13) The Circle command is still active so the Command Line
will again show the prompt Locate or enter center of
circle.
14) Press the <Enter> on your keyboard to end the command.
15) The Message Area will show that there are 4 points, 2
segments, 2 regions, 0 objects. The Command Line will
simply show the prompt Command to indicate that the
program is waiting for a command to be activated.
Your workspace should contain two circles that are aligned

vertically as shown at right.
All of the pictures in this sample session show dark lines on a

white background, but your program most likely opened with a
gradient background.
To change the background color of your screen, select
Utilities>Settings to open the Settings dialog box. In the
[Application Options] tab, select View to alter the
appearance of your program window.
At this point, it is a good idea to save your work.
1) From the MAGNETO program Menu Bar select File>Save As.

2) The Save Database dialog box will open.
3) Type the name Sample 1 in the File name field.
4) Click the [Save] button.
Sample Session 1 27
Assigning Physical Properties

We will now assign physical properties to our geometric model. For our
model, we need to define the Geometry Model Type and then assign Volume
Currents to the coil regions. (The coil material is assumed to have the same
permeability as free space, so we will not have to assign any materials.)
Defining the Geometry Model Type
As we explained in the Introduction, MAGNETO performs analysis on cross-

section models. At this point, we have created the geometry of the Helmholtz
Coil cross-section, but we have not yet defined the model type as being two-
dimensional or rotationally symmetric. For a proper solution, we need to set
MAGNETO to analyze our model as rotationally symmetric about the Y-axis.
This is done in the Physics Global Setup dialog box.
1) From the MAGNETO Menu Bar select Physics>Physics Global Setup.

2) The Physics Global Setup dialog box will open.
3) Change the Geometry Model Type
to Y-Rotational Symmetric. (Leave
the At X= field to the default 0.)
4) Leave the Solver Type and
Operation Mode at their default
settings of Fields and Static.
Assigning Volume Current
In MAGNETO, current sources can only be scalar quantities. In the case of

Static analyses, currents are defined by real numbers, while currents in Phasor
analyses will be complex numbers (defined by both their magnitude and their
phase angle). In our case, we will assume that the coils are energized with DC
currents and perform a Static analysis. This still leaves the question of whether
we should assign a positive or negative current.
The rule for current sign in two-dimensional models is easily understood if we

consider the positive Z-axis to be pointing perpendicularly outward from XY
plane defined by the workspace (in other words, we are using a right-handed
coordinate system). Using this convention, currents flowing outward from the
workspace plane (i.e. in the positive Z direction) are considered positive, and
those flowing into the plane (or negative Z direction) are considered negative.
In rotationally symmetric models, we

determine the sign of the current by
using the right-hand rule, which we
will illustrate by example.
At right, we’ve shown the full 3D coils

with arrows indicating the direction of
current flow. Imagine curling the
fingers of your right hand around the
axis of the coils with your thumb
pointing in the positive Y direction.
Note that your fingertips point in the
same direction as the current arrows.
When this occurs, we assign the
current in the RS model as a positive
value.
The amount of Volume Current assigned to the coils will be equal to the product
of the terminal current multiplied by the number of coil turns. In our case, we will
assign a total Ampere-Turn value of 2270 (this value was determined by analytic
formula as the amount required to produce a 0.01 Tesla field).
The coil currents are assigned by the following procedure:
1) Make sure that the Geometry

Selection Type in the Utilities tool
bar is set to Region.
2) From the MAGNETO Menu Bar select Physics>Volume

Current>Assign Total.
3) The Command Line will show the prompt Assign Volume
current: Select regions.
4) Move your mouse pointer into the upper circle. When the
circle fills solid with an orange color, Left-click to select it.
5) Move your mouse pointer into the lower circle. When the circle fills solid
orange, Left-click to select it.
Sample Session 1 29
6) Move your mouse pointer to a blank area of the workspace. Both circles
should now be solid filled with a light green color to indicate that they have
been selected.
7) Right-click to end the selection process.
8) The Command Line will show the prompt Enter the total current [A].
9) Type 2270 and press the <Enter> key on your computer keyboard.
Note: Do Not type commas in numbers (such as 2,270) since the
program will only recognize the leading digits before a comma.
10) The coil regions will change color to magenta and The Command Line
will again show the prompt to Assign Volume current: Select regions.
11) Press the <Enter> key on your keyboard to end the command.
This completes the assignment of physical properties. Once again, it is a good

idea to save your model before continuing.
Solving the Model

We will use the default Self-adaptive solver to generate the field solution.

Solution>Run Solver.
2) When the solution is complete, the
Field Analysis Result dialog box will
open automatically.
Before proceeding to analyze the field

solution, take a moment to examine how the
coil regions have changed in appearance.
Note that each region has been subdivided into eight

triangular sections. These are 2D Elements, and are
required in any regions containing current sources or non-
linear magnetic materials. MAGNETO performed this
discretization of the model automatically as part of the
Self-adaptive solution process.
Note that the self-adaptive solver did not mesh the

surrounding empty space. This is because MAGNETO uses
the Boundary Element Method (abbreviated as BEM) as
the default method of generating field solutions, and BEM
does not require meshing of free space regions. This makes
BEM analysis particularly well suited to open region
problems where the magnetic fields are not confined by high
permeability materials. BEM will also provide the most
accurate calculations of fields in air gaps between magnetic
poles.
Because MAGNETO uses the self-adaptive solver by default, you do not require
an extensive background in numerical techniques to successfully perform field
simulations. If you do experience difficulties in obtaining solutions for your own
models, feel free to contact technical support at Integrated Engineering
Software Sales Inc.
Sample Session 1 31
Though MAGNETO uses BEM as the preferred default

solution method, the field solver can also be set to perform
analyses using the Finite Element Method (FEM).
In the Solver Setup dialog

box, you can specify the
Method of solution as BEM,
FEM, or Hybrid combinations
of both methods.
Analyzing the Solved Model

The analysis options available in MAGNETO can be grouped into three main
categories:
 The display of field results as plots in the Workspace. Two typical

examples are arrow (vector) plots of the magnetic field, and contour plots
of individual field components.
 The plotting of graphs of field quantities calculated along a specified path

or segment of the geometric model. When these are plotted, a new
program window called AutoGraph will open to display the results. Two
examples are plots of the normal component of the B field, and tangential
component of the H field around a closed path.
 The calculation of aggregate quantities that may apply to all or part of the
geometric model. In this case, the numerical calculation results are
displayed in the Message Area. Two typical examples are total stored
magnetic energy, and forces on discrete regions in the model.
In the following sections we will use the solved model to illustrate all three
categories of analysis options.
Overview of the Analysis Menu
The commands for analyzing solved

models are grouped together in the
Analysis menu which is shown at right.
Note that some options are inactive
(grayed out) because they do not apply
to our model.
Here we have emphasized the Field

Results and Force options. Selecting
Field Results will open the Field
Analysis Result dialog (if it is not
already open). Selecting Force displays
a submenu with options that are valid
for the particular solved model.
Descriptions of the other commands in the Analysis

menu can be accessed from the Help menu by
selecting the Manuals option.
Sample Session 1 33
Creating an Arrow Plot of the B-Field
As a fast qualitative check on the validity of the field solution, we will create an
Arrow plot of the B-Field.
1) In the Field Analysis Result dialog

box, change the View Type to B-Field
and the Display Form to Arrows.
2) Also, set the Grid Density to Coarse
Density and the Location to On Plane
as shown at right.
3) Click the [New Plot] button to begin the
plot command.
The program will begin calculating the Arrow plot.
When your plot is finished, it should

appear similar to the one shown at
right.
Note that the arrows in the central

region point in the positive Y direction;
this is as expected considering the
direction of current flow in the coils.
Note also that the arrows are colored to

show the variation in magnetic field
strength, with red indicating the highest
values and blue the lowest.
The Field Analysis Result dialog box has a

menu bar of its own as shown at right. Select
Options>Put Scale if you would like a scale
showing the numerical values corresponding
to each color. The message area will prompt
you to move the scale box to the desired
position and Left-click to fix it in place.
Creating a Graph of the B-Field
To analyze the solution in a more quantitative manner, we will create a graph of

the Y Component of the B-Field along the axis of the coils.
As we mentioned earlier, graph plots will

be displayed in a separate program
window called AutoGraph. In the course
of your work you may need to use the
<Alt>+<Tab> keys on your computer
keyboard to bring AutoGraph to the
foreground.
To create the graph follow the steps listed below:
1) Set the View Type setting to B-Field, and

the Display Form to Graphs.
2) In the Component Field, select Y
Component.
3) Set the Location to Graph Along Line.
4) Click the [New Graph] button.
5) The Field Analysis Result dialog box will become hidden, and the
Command Line will show the prompt Locate or enter the starting point
of the line.
6) Type 0, 10 and press the <Enter> key on your computer keyboard.
7) The Command Line will show the prompt Locate or enter the end point
of the line.
8) Type 0, -10 and press the <Enter> key on your computer keyboard.
Sample Session 1 35
The Message Area will

display Computing B-Field
as it calculates the graph.
When the graph points have

been calculated, an
AutoGraph window will open
as shown at right. (If you do
not see the plot, use the
<Alt>+<Tab> keys on your
computer keyboard to bring
AutoGraph to the
foreground.)
Most of the graphs we will show have been modified using the
formatting features available in AutoGraph, so don’t be
alarmed if your graphs are slightly different.
For more information on this, select Help>Help Topics from
the AutoGraph menu bar.
An expanded view of the center portion of the graph is shown below:
Note that the middle of the By plot (corresponding to the region midway between
the Helmholtz coils) is extremely flat, with a value of 0.01 Tesla. However, this
flat region extends only a limited distance on either side of the midway point.
Also, note the “tool tip” indicator that appears when

you hover your mouse pointer over a marker point.
This tool tip shows the coordinates of the graph

point.
Right-clicking while a tool tip is showing displays

the Graph Function Menu shown at right.
We can use the Differentiation option from this

menu to create a graph that is the derivative of the
original plot.
Note that the graph of the

derivative has a point of
inflection at the midpoint
between the coils, and
therefore the second
derivative of the curve is also
0 at this point.
Our analysis of the field

results is now complete.
Resave the database to save
the graph results.
Sample Session 1 37
MAGNETO stores the last used (x,y) coordinates in a buffer,

so you can also input data points as modifications of these
values by a method called Formula Entry.
In the example below, the user first entered 0, 10 for the start
point and then entered x, -y instead of 0, -10 for the end point.
You can also enter coordinates as algebraic expressions. For

example, Sqrt(x^2), (y-20) would be a valid expression for the
second point 0, –10.
Computing the Magnetic Forces on the Coils
As a final exercise in this sample session, we will compute the magnetic forces
on each of the coil regions.
1) From the MAGNETO Menu Bar

select Analysis>Force>Amperian
Force on Region.
2) The Message Area will show the
prompt Force on regions: Select
regions.
3) Move your mouse pointer (cursor) into the upper coil region. When it turns
orange Left-click to select it, and then Right-click to end the selection
process.
4) The results of the force calculation will be displayed in the Message Area,
and the Command Line will again prompt for a region selection.
5) Move your mouse pointer (cursor) into the lower coil region. When it turns
process.
6) The force on the lower coil will be displayed in the Message Area, and the
Command Line will again prompt for a region selection.
7) Press the <Enter> key on your keyboard (or Right-click) to end the
command
The Y component of the forces (Fy) on the coils should be equal and opposite
since the coils are attracting each other. In addition, the coils experience
positive radial stress forces (Fradial) which indicates the magnetic forces are
acting in a direction to expand the coils. As a result the coils are under tension
which is expressed as a positive hoop force (Fhoop).
The Amperian method of force (or torque) calculation can only

be used for models solved by BEM.
For models solved by

FEM, the Virtual Work
method of force
(torque) calculation is
recommended.
The Maxwell Stress method on regions (or closed paths

enclosing regions) was originally developed for models solved
by FEM, but it has since been superseded by the Virtual Work
method. Maxwell Stress calculations can also be used for
models solved by BEM, but in general the Coulomb method
will be faster and more accurate.
Sample Session 1 39
Conclusion
This sample session has introduced most of the basic techniques that you will
need to use to perform MAGNETO simulations, and to analyze results.
The rest of this manual will build on these basics skills, so you may find it
beneficial to repeat this first sample session before proceeding.
Be sure to save this model since we will use it again in the next
sample session.
Sample Session 2 41
SAMPLE SESSION 2: A SIMPLE PARAMETRIC EXAMPLE

Overview of Parametrics
Quite often, you will want to perform simulations on several models that are slight
variations of the same basic design. These situations can be conveniently
handled by using the built in Parametric Solver. We will demonstrate this by
performing a parametric analysis using the Helmholtz Coil model from the first
sample session.
In our example, the

parameter we will vary will
be the separation (or gap)
between the coils.
Suppose that we wished

to examine the variation of
attractive force on the
coils as a function of the
gap between them. The
graph at right shows the
increase in force as the
coil separation is reduced
to half the original gap
over a series of 21 steps.
To obtain the graph data, we could calculate and record the force from our
original model, and then reduce the gap and solve for the change in force. By
repeating this process manually, we would eventually obtain all 21 data points.
Fortunately, we can automate this process and perform a parametric run that will
not only create each model variation, but will also collect the force data at each
step.
We will use the database file from the first sample session as
our base model. If you have not already worked through the
first sample session, please do so now before proceeding.
Basic Stages for Performing Parametric Analyses

The general procedure for conducting a parametric analysis consists of four
basic stages:
1st) Create the base model that will be used in the first step of the parametric
run. It is also a good idea to solve and analyze the base model to ensure
it has been properly built.
2nd) Define the parameter loop structure that will modify the base model, and
define the postprocessing options to be performed on each model
variation (essentially set up a batch run that performs multiple analyses
unattended).
3rd) Run the parametric. This will create at least one solved database file for
each parametric step. (Additional files may be created depending on the
postprocessing settings. We will discuss this in more detail in later
sections.)
4th) Analyze the results of the parametric run.
The reason for the first stage is that geometry cannot be created or deleted
during a parametric run (though modifying existing geometry is permitted). The
program will not let you set up a parametric unless you already have a valid
model open in the workspace. In our case, we will reuse the model from the first
sample session, so the first stage has already been completed.
Most of this sample session will be devoted to the 2 nd stage, i.e. defining the loop
structure and postprocessing options for the parametric run. In our case we will
have a single Loop consisting of only one parameter, which we will call Gap.
For each model variation we will specify two postprocessing options: a Force
calculation on one of the coil regions, and a plot of the Y component of the
magnetic flux density B on the plane of the model workspace.
The steps required to define the parametric run will be demonstrated in the
following sections.
Sample Session 2 43
Defining Parameter Loop Structure and Postprocessing Options

Switching to Parametric Setup Mode
As explained in the previous section, MAGNETO will not allow you to begin
defining a parametric unless a database is open that meets certain requirements.
These conditions are already taken care of in the database Sample 1.dbs that
we built and solved in the first sample session.
1) From the MAGNETO program Menu Bar select File>Open.

2) Reopen the database file Sample 1.dbs from the first sample session.
So far, we have been using the MAGNETO program in its normal operation
mode to create geometry, assign physical properties, and then solve and analyze
completed models. Switching MAGNETO to Parametric Setup Mode will
enable us to define a range of model variations for multiple solutions, and the
analysis options for each case.

select Solution>Define
Parametrics>Parametric Setup
as shown at right.
2) The MAGNETO program window

will change to parametric setup
mode, and the Parametric Setup
dialog box will open. Note that the
fields in the box are blank, since
no parameters are yet defined.
Note also that the Message

Area shows that a batch file has
been opened for defining
parametrics and post-processing
options.
Defining the Gap Parameter
To vary the distance separating the coils, we will define a Geometry

Displacement parameter which we will name Gap that will move the upper coil
region downward a total of 4 inches over a series of 21 steps. We will
accomplish this using the Parameter Editor dialog box as we will demonstrate in
this section.
Below, we show the Parameter Editor dialog box as it will appear after the
parameter Gap has been completely defined. The circle representing the upper
coil region is shown highlighted in green at right to indicate that it is associated
with the Gap parameter.
We will create the Gap parameter as follows:
1) Click the [Create] button at the bottom of the

Parametric Setup dialog box.
2) The Parameter Editor dialog box will open.
3) At the top of the box, verify that the Parameter Type is set to
Geometry:Displacement, and that the Loop number is set to 1
4) Type Gap in the Parameter Name field, and set the number of Steps to
21 as shown above.
Sample Session 2 45
5) Verify that the Creating Parameter Table By list box in the middle of the
box is set to Linear Steps.
6) Set the Reference Point(x,y) fields to 0 and 8, and the Target Point(x,y)
fields to 0 and 4 as shown above. Note that the [Apply Create] button at
the bottom left of the box is grayed-out since we have not yet selected any
geometry entities to be displaced.
7) Set the Geometry Selection Type box on the Utilities Tool Bar so that it
displays Region.
8) On the Parameter Editor dialog box, click the

[Select Geometry] button.
9) The Parameter dialog boxes will become hidden and the Command Line
will show the prompt Displace geometry: Select regions.
10) Move your mouse pointer (cursor) into the top coil region. When it turns
process.
11) The Parameter Editor dialog will reappear, and the
[Apply Create] button at the bottom of the box will
now be active. Click on it to apply the box settings
and create the parameter.
12) The Parameter Editor box will

close, and the Parametric Setup
dialog box will update to show
that the parameter Gap has been
created.
13) At the bottom right-hand corner
of the box are two small arrow
buttons. Click the right-hand
arrow button to Open Loop
View.
14) The loop view shows 1

parameters, 1 loops, 21 total
steps in the Parametric Definition
pane.
Note also that at this point there

are 0 settings defined in the
Parametric Postprocessing
pane.
15) Click the left-hand arrow button

to Open Parameter Value
Table.
16) The table view shows the X and

Y Displacement values for each
of the 21 steps.
If you have defined the Gap

parameter correctly, all of the X
values should be 0, and the Y
values should start at 8 and end
at 4 as shown at right.
If your table does not appear the

same, click the [Modify] button
to reopen the Parameter Editor
dialog and repeat steps 3)
through 6) above.
Sample Session 2 47
The table section of the Parametric Setup dialog box shows

values for individual parameters one at a time. If you have
defined several parameters, click the [Display Table] button to
open the separate Final Parametric Table to see all
parameters in the same view.
Checking the Validity of the Parametric Definition
Depending on the complexity of the model, and the number of parametric steps,
a parametric run may take several hours to complete. If the parametric has been
improperly defined, these hours of computer time will be wasted.
Validating the parametric can help to prevent this by performing a “dry run” that
quickly steps through the model variations without actually solving or performing
any postprocessing calculations. This check can be performed by a single
command as shown below.
1) From the MAGNETO Menu Bar select Solution>Define

Parametrics>Parameter Validate.
2) On your monitor, you should see the upper coil region descend in steps
until it is at half of its original height above the lower coil, and then return
to its original position.
If you did not see the upper coil descend and then return to its original position,
retrace the steps in the sections where the parameters are defined. If your
model performed as expected, you can proceed to defining postprocessing
options.
Defining Postprocessing to Complete the Parametric Definition
At this point, our parametric batch file contains only the information on how the
different model variations are to be constructed at each step. If we were to now
run the parametric, MAGNETO would simply construct, solve and save the
different models. We would then have to manually open each database to
perform postprocessing analyses.
Fortunately, the parametric utility also allows us to specify postprocessing

settings to be performed on each model variation. This provides the added
advantage of automatically collecting data from each parametric step. (We will
explain where this data is stored in the next section.)
Defining the postprocessing settings while in parametric setup mode is similar to

performing postprocessing on a solved database. All of the commands in the
Analysis menu are functional, as well as all of the plotting options in the Field
Analysis Result dialog box.
For our parametric run, we will calculate the force on the lower coil at each step.
In addition, we will have a B-Field contour plot created at each step, which we
can then display in an animation file.
To define the force calculation:

select Analysis>Force>Amperian
Force on Region as shown at right.
2) The Message Area will show the
prompt Force on regions: Select
regions.
3) Move your mouse pointer (cursor) into the lower coil region. When it turns
orange Left-click to select it, then Right-click once to end the selection
process, and then Right-click a second time to end the force command.
4) The Parametric Postprocessing settings in the Parametric Setup dialog
box will update to show the force calculation.
Sample Session 2 49
5) Left-click on the Force on region setting to highlight it in the loop view of

the dialog box.
6) In the main program window, the lower coil circle will change color to
green to show that it corresponds to the Force on region calculation.
[Similarly, the upper coil circle will become green if you select
Gap(Geometry:Displacement).]
During the course of a parametric run, solved database files will be created for
each step. We can use the settings in the Field Analysis Result dialog box to
create contour plots that will be saved in each file. You can then open each file
individually to examine the plot created for each model variation. In addition, we
can define our parametric postprocessing to create an animation file from the
individual contour plots. In our case, we will create an animation of a B-Field
contour plot.
However, we must set the animation feature before specifying the plot options.
1) From the MAGNETO program Menu Bar, select Solution>Define

Parametrics>Create Animation On/Off to activate the animation feature.
2) From the MAGNETO program Menu Bar select Analysis>Field Results.

3) The Field Analysis Result dialog box will open.
4) Click the small button in the

lower right-hand corner of the box
to open the bottom half to View
additional settings.
5) Change the View Type to B-Field
and the Display Form to
Contours.
6) In the Component box, select Y
Component.
7) Set the Grid Density to Fine
Density and the Location to On
Plane.
8) Set the Number of Contours to 15.
9) Set the Presentation to Solid
Color.
10) Click the [New Plot] button.
11) The Parametric Postprocessing

pane will update to show the new
setting for the By contour plot.
This completes our parametric setup. However, before we return to normal

program mode, we will take some time to explain how parametric data files are
handled.
Parametric File Management
Types of Files Created during Parametric Runs
You should be aware that parametric runs typically generate a large number of
new files. The actual number will depend on both the number of steps and the
types of postprocessing options defined. In this section, we will explain why this
occurs, and in the following section, we will show how best to organize the
resulting files.
Sample Session 2 51
At right, we show the completed loop

structure in the Parametric Definition
pane.
Note that in our example there are 21 total

steps. This means that field solutions will
be generated for twenty-one separate
model variations during the batch run.
A database file (such as the file Sample 1.dbs that we are now working with) can
only store a single field solution. For this reason, MAGNETO must create at
least one new database file for each model variation in order to save the field
solutions at each step. Since a new model is created at each step, the minimum
number of new files created will be equal to the total number of steps in the
parametric run.
Next, consider the 2 settings in the

Parametric Postprocessing pane
shown at right.
The first postprocessing setting (the computation of Force on region) involves

only a single value. When the program is operated in normal mode, this value
would be displayed in the Message Area, but during a parametric run, it is saved
as a column in the Final Parametric Table which is in turn saved in a file you will
designate at the beginning of the parametric run (this procedure will become
clear when we actually run the parametric).
Additional single-value postprocessing settings would increase the number of

table columns, but would not require any additional database files.
However, certain postprocessing settings may require that more than one
database file be saved for each parametric step. Postprocessing options that
display multiple values (such as contours, graphs, arrow plots etc.) must be
saved in database files. In our case, a single contour plot of the By field will be
created at each step, so this data can be stored with the solved database step
file. If in addition to the contour plot, our postprocessing settings included a
graph (or arrow plot, or a second contour plot), MAGNETO would then produce
two database files at each step.
Every multi-value post processing setting will require a solved

database file. The final number of database files produced by a
parametric run will equal the number of parametric steps
multiplied by the number of multi-value settings. (If there are
no multi-value settings, the final number of database files will
simply equal the number of parametric steps.)
In addition to the new MAGNETO database files, our parametric run will also
generate image and video files.
Recall that before we defined the postprocessing

settings, we selected the Create Animation
feature. This will cause a screen capture at each
step, which will be saved in bitmap (.bmp) format.
After the last parametric step, the individual .bmp files will be used to produce a
Windows Video (.avi) file, which will be used to display the animation.
Creating a Folder for the Parametric Files
In the previous section, we explained how parametric runs create large numbers
of data files. By default, these files are saved to the same folder as the database
file that contains the batch definition. Therefore, in order to avoid confusion, we
recommend that you create a separate folder for each parametric run.
We will now return to normal program mode, and create a new folder called Gap
Parametric for the parametric run. We will also save our current database file
under the new name Parametric Defined (to indicate it contains the setup for
the batch run).
1) Click the [Close] button at the

bottom of the Parametric Setup
dialog box.
will return to normal operating mode.
3) From the MAGNETO program Menu
Bar select File>Save As.
4) The Save Database dialog box will
open.
Sample Session 2 53
5) Create a new folder called Gap Parametric.

6) Save the database to this folder using the name Parametric Defined.
We are now ready to run the parametric.
Running the Parametric

Parametric Result Database File
At the start of a parametric run, the program will require you to select a
Parametric Result Database File. This is to ensure that the results
accumulated in the Final Parametric Table will be saved at each step, and will
not be lost in the event of the an accidental termination of the program. (For
example you may decide to run a long parametric overnight. If a power failure
occurs you will still be able to recover the results the next day.)
Starting the Parametric Run
1) From the MAGNETO Menu Bar select Solution>Run Parametrics.

2) A Select Parametric Result Database File dialog box will open.
3) Type Parametric Results for the File name and click the [Save] button.
4) The parametric run will begin.
While the parametric is running, a Parametric Step dialog continuously updates

to show the current step.
The run can be halted at any time by clicking on the [Quit] button.
When the last step is finished the Final Parametric Table will open.
Take note of the [Play Animation] and [Graph Results] buttons as we will use
these in the next section.
At the completion of the parametric run, the Final Parametric

Table is stored in the database file we saved as Parametric
Results, but the table is not automatically saved in the file we
are now using. You can of course perform a File>Save if you
want to save the table data in the current file.
Sample Session 2 55
If you close the Final Parametric

Table, you can reopen it by
selecting Analysis>Parametric
Results.
This command will only be active for
databases that have stored
parametric results such as the
Parametric Results file we created
at the beginning of this section.
The data in the Final Parametric Table can be copied to the

Window’s Clipboard by clicking the [Copy to Clipboard]
button. You can then paste the data directly into other
applications.
Analysis of Results
With the parametric run completed, we will now explore the various ways of
viewing the results. For this model we will:
 Create a graph showing the force variation as a function of gap.
 View the 21-step animation file.
Creating a Graph of the Force Measurements
The columns in the Final Parametric Table contain the data for the force
calculation performed at each gap position. We will plot the value for Fy using
the following steps.
1) On the Final Parametric Table, click the [Graph

Results] button at the bottom of the box.
2) The Graph Results dialog box will open.
3) Set the Independent Variable

1 (X Axis) field to the Gap-
Displacement (1) parameter.
4) Set the Dependent Variable (Y
Axis) field to the 1. Fy(N)
setting.
5) Click the [Graph Results]
button to plot the graph.
Your graph should

appear similar to that
shown at right. (If
you do not see the
plot, use the
<Alt>+<Tab> keys on
your computer
keyboard to bring the
AutoGraph window
to the foreground.)
The graphs you plot in AutoGraph will not be saved with the
database unless you perform a File>Save.
Sample Session 2 57
Viewing the Animation of the B-Field Contour Plots
One of the postprocessing settings defined during parametric setup was the
command to create a B-Field plot. This should have occurred at each
parametric step (you can view any of the individual plots by opening the
corresponding parametric step file). In addition, we set up the parametric to
combine the individual plots into an .avi animation file, which we will now view.
1) Return to the Final Parametric Table and

click the [Play Animation] button.
2) The Play Animation dialog box will

open.
3) The file p0000021.avi will be shown in
the list box.
4) Click the [Play] button.
Your Windows Media Player

should open and run the animation
of the B-Field contour plots.
When you have finished viewing

the animation, close the Windows
Media Player and then close the
Play Animation dialog by clicking
the [Cancel] button.
Files in Gap Parametric Folder
We’ve opened the Gap

Parametric folder using
Windows Explorer, to
show the files that were
created during the
course of the parametric
run.
The solved MAGNETO

models are stored in
files with the .dbs
extension. Screen
captures of the contour
plots are contained in
the .bmp files, and the
animation is in the form
of an .avi file.
You can open any of the .dbs files in MAGNETO if you wish to further analyze
any models at a specific gap variation.
Both the .dbs and .bmp files tend to be large, so if you will be running several
parametrics you may need to periodically delete these in order to avoid running
out of space on your computer’s hard disk.
Conclusion
This sample session has shown the steps you will need to follow to perform a
parametric analysis.
We cannot, of course, demonstrate all possible applications of MAGNETO’s

parametric solver in a single brief tutorial, but hopefully you have gained a basic
understanding which will allow you to handle most of the situations you will
encounter with your own models.
Should you have additional questions, feel free to contact the technical support
staff at Integrated Engineering Software Inc.
Sample Session 3 59
SAMPLE SESSION 3: PERMANENT MAGNET GENERATOR

Model Description
In this sample session, we will analyze a two-dimensional (2D) model of a
permanent magnet generator.
The generator system is

shown at right. Here, the front
half of the generator
components are shown as
wire frame outlines so that the
circulation of magnetic field
lines can be seen.
A permanent magnet rotor

(colored green) produces flux
in the stator which links the
generator coil. The variation
in flux linkage with rotor
angle induces a voltage in the
coil. (Some readers may
recognize this model as a
highly simplified magneto
system.)
We will first construct and solve a base model of the generator, and then
perform a parametric analysis in which the rotor will be rotated 180 degrees. At
each angular position, we will calculate both the torque on the rotor, and the flux
linkage of the generator coil. We will simulate the no-load (or open-circuit)
performance of the generator, so we will not assign currents to the coil regions in
our model. (Motor designers should pay particular attention to this sample
session since the exact same procedures are used to calculate cogging torque
and back EMF.)
The results from our 2D model will of course be approximations to those that the
actual generator would produce, since there are end effects in the real-world
three-dimensional structure. (We will have more to say on this later.)
The cross-section regions for our 2D model are produced by a vertical cutting
plane passing through the middle of the generator. Below left, we show the
outline of the generator in wire frame, and the cross-section regions with solid
shading. At right, we show the resulting 2D model.
In the 2D model, take special note of both the North/South polarity of the rotor
magnet, and also the Forward and Return coil regions. These will become
important as we construct and analyze the model.
This sample session builds on the skills that you acquired from
the first and second sample sessions. If you have not
completed the first two sample sessions, do so now before
proceeding.
Sample Session 3 61
Model Dimensions
The dimensions for the cross-section regions are shown below in millimeters.
The depth of our generator in the third dimension is 40 mm (this will affect the
final calculation of the output voltage produced by the generator).
You may find it helpful to photocopy the above sketch so you

will not need to flip back to this page to refer to the dimensions
as you build the model.
Building the Model

Resetting MAGNETO
If you closed and re-opened MAGNETO, you can skip this section.
If you are continuing after completing the previous sample session, start a new
model as follows:
1) From the MAGNETO Menu Bar select File>New.

2) A Reset question dialog box will open asking if you want to save your
model before closing.
3) Click the [Yes] button to save your model and clear the workspace.
MAGNETO is now reset to its default units and view limits.
Setting up the Desktop
For this model, we will make use of all the tool bars except for the Geometry
Inquire bar.
1) From the MAGNETO program

Menu Bar select View>Tool
Bars.
2) This will open the Tool Bars
dialog box shown at right.
3) Change the check boxes in the
Show/Hide tab so that only the
Geometry Inquire bar is not
selected.
4) Click the [OK] button to apply the changes and close the box.
Since this is the first time that we have displayed the Geometry Creation tool
bar, we’ve shown it below.
Sample Session 3 63
Setting the Model Units
The only change we will make to the default units will be to set the length units to
millimeters. We can do this by simply changing the Length Unit field on the
Utilities tool bar to mm as shown below.
Setting the View Limits
It will be convenient to set the origin of the model space to coincide with the
bottom left-hand corner of the stator. The view settings below will provide
sufficient room for the model geometry.

View >View Setup.
2) The View Setup dialog box will open.
3) Change the X and Y limits so that the
Minimum settings are –20 and the
Maximum settings are 120.

settings and close the box.
Creating the Model Geometry
We will first create four rectangles, and then use two circles as trimming curves.
1) On the Geometry Creation tool bar click the

[Rectangle] speed button.
2) The Command Line will show the prompt Locate
or enter one corner of rectangle.
4) The Command Line will show the prompt Locate or enter other corner
of rectangle.
6) A rectangle will be drawn in the Workspace, and the Command Line will
prompt Locate or enter one corner of rectangle.
7) Type 20, 20 and press <Enter> to start the second rectangle.
8) Type 60, 80 and press <Enter> to finish the second rectangle.
9) Type 44, 28 and press <Enter> to start the third rectangle.
10) Type x+12, y+44 and press <Enter> to finish the third rectangle. (Make
sure that you do not type any extra spaces in the expressions x+12 and
y+44 otherwise the program will not evaluate them properly.)
11) Type 84, 28 and press <Enter> to start the fourth rectangle.
12) Type x+12, y+44 and press <Enter> to finish the fourth rectangle.
14) The Message Area will show that
there are 16 points, 16 segments, 4
regions, 0 objects. The Command
Line will simply show the prompt
Command to indicate that the
program is waiting for a command to
be activated.
At this point, the geometry in your model

space should consist of four rectangles as
shown at right.
We will next create two circles that will form the arc boundaries of the rotor and
stator.
Sample Session 3 65
1) On the Geometry Creation tool bar click the

[Circle (Center, Radius)] speed button.
2) The Command Line will show the prompt Locate
or enter center of circle.
3) Type 10, 50 and press <Enter>.
6) A circle will be drawn in the Workspace, and the Command Line will
prompt for the center of a new circle.
7) For the center of the second circle, type 10, 50 and press <Enter>.
8) The Command Line will prompt for the radius of the second circle; type
22 and press <Enter>.
9) The second circle will be drawn, and the Command Line will again
prompt for the center of a new circle.
11) The Message Area will show that there are 20 points, 18 segments, 6
regions, 0 objects.
Before proceeding, click the [Increase

Dot Size] speed button on the Utilities
tool bar until the geometry dots are at
their maximum size. Your model should
then appear as shown at right.
Breaking Geometry Intersections
If you examine the rectangle line segments that intersect the two newly created
circles, you will note that they remain as originally drawn, and they have not been
broken into smaller segments. Nor have the circles been broken into smaller
arcs by the intersecting rectangle segments. To break both the line segments
and circles at their intersection points, we will use the Intersecting Segments
command from the Geometry>Healing submenu.
When the Intersecting Segments command is activated, the program searches

the model geometry and if a pair of intersecting segments is found they are
highlighted. Below we show the Command Line query displayed when an
intersection is found. The user can respond with either y (for yes), n (for no) or a
(for all).
After a y or n input from the user, the program then continues to search for any
other intersections. If another is found, the new intersecting segments are
highlighted, and the break at intersection query is repeated. If instead the user
inputs a, the program breaks the intersection, and then locates and breaks any
other intersections without stopping to display each one or query for instructions.
We will now break the intersections as follows:
1) From the MAGNETO program Menu Bar select

Geometry>Healing>Intersecting Segments.
2) The program will locate the first pair of intersecting
segments and highlight them in blue and red as
shown at right.
3) The Command Line will show the prompt Segments
intersect, break at intersection (y/n/a)?
4) Type a and press the <Enter> key on your keyboard.
5) The program will proceed to find and break all
remaining intersections.
6) When the intersecting segment test is completed, the Message Area will
show that there are 36 points, 34 segments, 11 regions, 0 objects.
Sample Session 3 67
The term “Segment” refers to any continuous curve. Lines,

arcs, free form curves (splines) and even circles are
Segments.
The commands in the Healing menu are especially useful for

detecting and fixing errors in models imported from CAD
software packages.
Deleting Leftover Geometry
Breaking the arc and line segment

intersections not only completed all
boundaries of the rotor and stator regions,
but also produced leftover geometry that
is not required in our final model.
We can easily delete the leftover arcs and

line segments by noting that they form
two lens-shaped closed regions. These
are shown with solid shading at right.
To delete the leftover geometry:
1) Change the Geometry

Selection Type on the
Utilities tool bar to Region.
2) Click the [Delete Segments]

speed button on the Modify tool
bar.
prompt Delete: Select regions.
4) Slowly move your mouse pointer inside the

left-hand lens-shaped region. It will outline
in orange and the mouse pointer will change
to show a region symbol when it is close
enough to select the region.
5) While the left-hand lens-shaped region is
colored orange, Left-click to select it.
6) The program is still in selection mode so the Command Line will still
show the prompt Delete: Select regions. Move your mouse cross hairs
inside the right-hand lens-shaped region. When the region turns orange,
Left-click to select it.
7) Move your mouse pointer to a blank section of the workspace. Both lens-
shaped regions should be colored light green (if not, press the <Esc>
button on your computer keyboard and begin again at step 2) above).
8) Right-click to end the selection process.
prompt Right-click (or Enter) to
delete segments.
10) Right-click once to delete the
segments, and then Right-click a
second time to end the command.
11) After the regions are deleted, the
Message Area will show that there
are 28 points, 24 segments, 4
regions, 0 objects.
Your model should now appear similar to

the one shown at right.
This completes the construction of the model geometry. It is a good idea to save
your model as Sample 3 before proceeding.
Sample Session 3 69
Assigning Physical Properties

We will now assign physical properties to our geometric model. Specifically, we
will:
 Define the Geometry Model Type as two-dimensional. We will also

specify the length that the model extends in the third dimension (40 mm).
 Assign Materials to both the stator and permanent magnet rotor regions.
(As in the first sample session, we will assume that the coil material is
non-magnetic, so we can leave the two coil regions assigned with the
default material Background.)
 Assign a Magnetization Angle to the rotor to specify its polarity.
Recall that we are simulating the no-load (or open-circuit) performance of the
generator, so there is no need to assign currents to the coil regions.
Defining the Geometry Model Type
As we mentioned earlier, we are approximating our generator with a two-

dimensional model. By default, MAGNETO will return solution results on a per
meter basis, but we can also specify a Length setting to automatically scale
results. For our model, we will use a value of 40 mm for the length in the third
dimension.
1) From the MAGNETO program Menu Bar select Physics>Physics Global

Setup.
2) The Physics Global Setup dialog box will open.
3) Set the Geometry Model Type to
Two-D, and the Length to 40.
4) Verify that your settings match those
shown at right.
Assigning Materials
We will use Neodymium 10 MGOe Bonded for our rotor magnet material, and
assign an ideal constant permeability and lossless Steel (Linear, no Eddy
Currents) to the stator.
1) Make sure that the Geometry

Selection Type on the Utilities
tool bar is set to Region.

select Physics>Material Table.
3) The Model Materials dialog box will
open.
4) Scroll through the Materials list to
Neodymium 10 MGOe Bonded and
Left-click to select it. Note that a
small color swatch appears in front of
the material name.
5) Click the [Assign] button.
6) The dialog box will become hidden, and the Command
Line will show the prompt
Assign material: Select regions.
7) Move your mouse cross hairs into the rotor region. When
the rotor fills solid with an orange color, Left-click to select
it, and then Right-click to end the selection process.
8) The Model Materials dialog will reappear, and the rotor
region will be filled solid with the same color as the swatch
in the Materials list.
9) Return to the Materials list, and scroll down to Steel
(Linear, no Eddy Currents). Left-click to select this as
the new material and then click the [Assign] button.
Sample Session 3 71
10) Move your mouse cross hairs into the

stator region and when it turns orange,
Left-click to select it, and then Right-
click to end the selection process.
11) The stator region should now be filled
solid with the color for Steel. Your
model should appear as shown at
right.
12) Click the [Close] button at the bottom
of the Model Materials dialog to close
the box.
Assigning Magnetization Angle
The block of permanent magnet material is magnetized in a direction that is

parallel to the positive Y-axis. This corresponds to a Magnetization Angle of
90 degrees.
1) From the MAGNETO Menu Bar select Physics>Permanent

Magnet>Magnetization Angle.
2) The Command Line will show the prompt Assign magnet direction:
Select regions.
3) Move your mouse cross hairs into the rotor region, and when it turns
orange, Left-click to select it, then Right-click to end the selection
process.
4) The rotor will be filled with a light-green color, and the
Command Line will show the prompt Enter direction of
magnetization (deg.).
6) The rotor region will be filled with upward pointing arrows,
and the Command Line will again prompt Assign magnet
direction: Select regions.
7) Press the <Enter> key on your keyboard to end the
command.
8) The rotor region will be colored magenta and display upward pointing
arrows to show the direction of magnetization.
This completes the assignment of physical properties. Once again, it is a good

idea to save your model before proceeding.
The general procedure for selecting geometry is as follows:

1) Set the Geometry Selection Type box on the Utilities
Tool Bar to the required type of geometry entity.
2) Move your mouse pointer onto the entity; when you are
close enough to select it, the entity will change color to
orange.
3) Left-click to select the entity. (Left-clicking a second
time will undo the selection.)
4) Repeat the above steps as needed to add other entities
to the selection set (you can change the Geometry
Selection Type box setting at any point as needed).
5) When all selections have been made, Right-click to
end the selection process.
At this point, we assume that you are somewhat familiar with

the procedure for selecting geometry.
For the remainder of this manual we will often simply instruct
you to “Select” an item, rather than detailing all the required
steps.
Solving the Model

We will use the default Self-adaptive solver settings to generate the field
solution. This model should take only a few seconds to solve.

Solution>Run Solver.
2) When the solution is complete, the Field
Analysis Result dialog box will open
automatically.
Before proceeding to analyze the field solution,

take a moment to examine how the Self-
adaptive solver has discretized the model.
Sample Session 3 73
First, note that the perimeter

segments of the rotor and stator
regions have been subdivided by
1D Elements. The dots mark the
endpoints (or nodes) of elements.
This meshing is required because
these regions were assigned
material properties.
Next, note that the two rectangular

coil regions have not been
meshed. Since we did not assign
either materials or currents, these
regions require no meshing.
Since both the rotor and stator material are linear (non-saturating), the self-
adaptive solver did not produce any meshing of their interior regions.
Once again, it is a good idea to save your model before proceeding.
Analyzing the Model

Before performing the parametric run, we should confirm that the field solution is
reasonable for our base model. As a first check, we will create a Vector
Potential plot.
1) On the Field Analysis Result dialog

box, set the View Type to Vector
Potentials and set the Display Form
to Contours.
2) Set the Grid Density to Very Fine
Density, and the Location to On
Plane.
3) Click the small arrow button to

open the bottom of the box (if not
already open).
4) Set the Number of Contours to 15.

5) Make sure the Presentation is set
to Colored Lines.
6) Click the [New Plot] button to begin
the contour plot.
When your plot is completed, it should

appear similar to the one shown at
right (note that we again labeled the
generator components in our picture).
It is helpful to think of the field lines as

leaving the Rotor magnet from the
North pole. They then cross the upper
air gap to enter the Stator. The
Stator provides a low reluctance
circuit that guides the field lines so
that they link the Forward and Return
coil regions, and then return to cross
the lower air gap and reenter the
Rotor South pole.
If your plot does not exhibit these features, you most likely have made an error
either in constructing the model, or in assigning physical properties. Carefully
retrace the sections of this sample session, and feel free to contact Integrated
Engineering Software for technical support.
If your plot does closely match the one above, you can proceed to the next
section where we will calculate the flux linkage of the generator coil.
Once again, note that we have designated the left-hand coil

region as the Forward Coil, and the right-hand coil region as
the Return Coil. This convention establishes the “sense” of
the coil and will determine the polarity of the induced voltage.
Field Lines, Contour and Arrow plots provide visualization of

the overall solution, which can be invaluable in determining if a
model has been properly constructed and solved. They can
also often provide clues to modeling errors.
Sample Session 3 75
Calculating the Flux Linkage of the Coil
As a final check before we set up and run a parametric analysis, we will calculate
the flux linkage of the generator coil:
1) From the MAGNETO program Menu Bar select Analysis>Flux

Linkage>Region.
2) The Command Line will show the prompt Flux linkage forward source
selection: Select regions.
3) Move your mouse cross hairs into the left-hand coil region. When it turns
orange Left-click to select it. Then right-click to end the selection.
4) The Command Line will show the prompt Flux linkage return source
5) Move your mouse cross hairs into the right-hand coil region. When it
turns orange Left-click to select it. Then right-click to end the selection.
6) The Message Area will display the flux linkage calculated for a model
depth of 40 mm, and the Command Line will again prompt for a forward
source selection.
7) Right-click to end the command.
If your model has been properly built, the flux linkage of the generator coil should
be a negative value of about -4.7E-04 (Wb). (If your result is positive, you have
either incorrectly assigned the magnet direction or you reversed the
Forward/Return coil selection above. If the magnitude of your result is much
different, check your material assignments, and also check that you have set the
model length to 40 mm.)
It is important to note that the flux linkage values calculated by MAGNETO are
given on a per turn basis. To obtain the actual flux linkage of a coil, you must
multiply the MAGNETO value by the number of turns of wire that make up the
coil. This will become important when we calculate the generator voltage.
We will now proceed with the parametric analysis of our generator.

Parametric Analysis of the Generator

Overview of the Parametric Run
You may recall from physics or electromagnetics courses that the voltage
induced in a coil is proportional to the time derivative of the coil’s flux linkage. To
obtain this derivative, we will first make the simplifying assumption that the
permanent magnet of our generator is rotated at a constant speed. We will then
use a parametric analysis to obtain a graph of the coil flux linkage as a function
of rotor angle. Differentiation of this graph will produce a plot that will be
proportional to the coil voltage.
Defining Parameter Loop Structure
When setting up the parametric for this model, it must be remembered that the
center of the rotor is located at coordinates (10, 50). We will use these
coordinates both for the axis of rotation, and the axis of the torque calculation.
To create the parametric:

select Solution>Define
Parametrics>Parametric Setup.
2) The MAGNETO program window will

change to parametric setup mode,
and the Parametric Setup dialog box
will open.
3) Click the [Create] button at the
bottom of the box.
4) The Parameter Editor dialog box will
open.
Sample Session 3 77
5) At the top of the box, change the Parameter Type to Geometry:Rotation,

but leave the Loop number set to 1.
6) Type Angle in the Parameter Name field, and set the number of Steps to
21.
7) Verify that the Creating Parameter Table By list box in the middle of the
box is set to Linear Steps.
8) Set the Reference Point(x,y) fields to 10 and 50, and the Angles (Start,
End) fields to 0 and 180. Note that the [Apply Create] button at the
bottom left of the box is grayed-out since we have not yet selected any
geometry entities to be rotated.
9) Set the Geometry Selection Type box on the Utilities Tool Bar so that it
displays Region.
10) On the Parameter Editor dialog box, click the [Select

Geometry] button.
11) The Parameter dialog boxes will become hidden and the Command Line
will show the prompt Rotate geometry:Select regions.
12) Move your mouse pointer (cursor) into the Rotor region. When it turns
process.
13) The Parameter Editor dialog will

reappear. Click the [Apply Create] button
to apply the box settings and create the
parameter.
14) The Parameter Editor box will
close, and the Parametric Setup
dialog box will update to show that
the parameter Angle has been
created.
15) At the bottom right-hand corner of
the box are two small arrow
buttons. Click the right-hand arrow
button to Open Loop View.
16) The loop view will show 1

parameters, 1 loops, 21 total
steps.
Note also that at this point there are

0 settings defined for Parametric
Postprocessing
17) Click the left-hand arrow button to Open

Parameter Value Table.
18) The table view shows the Rotate Angle

values for each of the 21 steps.
If you have defined the Angle

parameter correctly, the Rotate Angle
will start at 0, and end with 180 as
shown at right.
If your table does not appear the same,

click the [Modify] button to reopen the
Parameter Editor dialog and repeat
steps 8) through 10) above.
Sample Session 3 79
Checking the Validity of the Parametric Definition
We will now perform a Parameter Validation to check

that the Angle parameter has been properly defined.

Solution>Define Parametrics>Parameter
Validate.
2) On your monitor, you should see the rotor perform
a 180-degree counterclockwise rotation, and then
return to its original alignment.
If you did not see the rotor rotate, retrace the steps in the previous section. If
your model performed as expected, you can proceed to defining postprocessing
options.
Defining Postprocessing to Complete the Parametric Definition
For our parametric run, we will calculate the rotor torque and coil flux linkage
at each step. First, we will set up the torque calculation:
1) From the MAGNETO Menu

Bar select
Analysis>Torque>
Amperian Torque on
Region.
2) The Message Area will
show the prompt Torque
on regions: Select
regions.
3) Move your mouse pointer into the Rotor region. When the region turns
process.
4) The Command Line will show the prompt Locate or enter the torque
point.
5) Type 10, 50 and press the <Enter> key on your computer keyboard once
to set the torque point, then press the <Enter> key a second time to end
the torque command.
6) The Parametric Postprocessing settings in the Parametric Setup dialog
box will update to show the torque calculation.
Next we will set up the flux linkage calculation:
1) From the MAGNETO program Menu Bar select Analysis>Flux

Linkage>Region.
2) The Command Line will show the prompt Flux linkage forward source
3) Move your mouse cross hairs into the left-hand coil region. When it turns
orange Left-click to select it. Then Right-click to end the selection.
4) The Command Line will show the prompt Flux linkage return source
5) Move your mouse cross hairs into the right-hand coil region. When it
turns orange Left-click to select it. Then Right-click to end the selection
and Right-click again to end the command.
6) The Parametric Postprocessing settings in the
Parametric Setup dialog box will update to
show the flux linkage calculation.
7) Left-click on the Flux-linkage in regions
setting in the loop view of the dialog box.
8) In the main program window, the coil regions will

change color to green to show that they
correspond to the Flux-linkage in regions
calculation. [Similarly, the Rotor will become
green if you select the Torque on region
calculation.]
This completes our parametric setup.

Sample Session 3 81
Creating a Folder for the Parametric Files
We will now return to normal program mode, and create a new folder called
Angle Parametric for the parametric run. We will also save our current
database file under the new name Parametric Defined (to indicate it contains
the setup for the batch run).
1) Click the [Close] button at the

bottom of the Parametric Setup
dialog box.
will return to normal operating mode.
3) From the MAGNETO program Menu
Bar select File>Save As.
4) The Save Database dialog box will
open.
5) Create a new folder called Angle Parametric.
6) Save the database to this folder using the name Parametric Defined.
We are now ready to run the parametric.
Running the Parametric
Depending on the speed of your computer, it may take a few minutes to complete
the run.
1) From the MAGNETO Menu Bar select Solution>Run Parametrics.

2) A Select Parametric Result Database File dialog box will open.
3) Type Parametric Results for the File name and click the [Save] button.
4) The parametric run will begin.
While the parametric is running, a Parametric Step dialog continuously updates

to show the current step.
The run can be halted at any time by clicking on the [Quit] button.
When the last step is finished the Final Parametric Table will open.
In the next section we will analyze the performance of the generator.

Sample Session 3 83
Creating a Graph of the Rotor Torque
The Final Parametric Table contains the data of the torque and flux linkage
calculations at each parametric step. We will first plot a graph of the torque
variation as a function of rotor angle.
1) On the Final Parametric Table, click the [Graph Results] button at the
bottom of the box.
2) The Graph Results dialog box
will open.
3) Set the Independent Variable
1 (X Axis) field to the Angle-
Rotation (1) parameter.
4) Set the Dependent Variable (Y
Axis) field to the Tq(N*m)
setting.
5) Click the [Graph Results]
button to plot the graph.
Your graph should appear similar to

the one shown at right. (If you do not
see the plot, use the <Alt>+<Tab>
keys on your computer keyboard to
bring the AutoGraph window to the
foreground.)
Note that at the start of the parametric,

the torque is zero. This is to be
expected since the rotor is in the
minimum reluctance position.
As the rotor rotates, the torque

becomes negative, opposing the
rotation.
After reaching a negative peak, the torque again returns to zero when the rotor
has reached the halfway point at 90 degrees. Further rotation produces positive
torque since the rotor is now being pulled into alignment with a new minimum
reluctance position.
The torque reaches a positive peak and then begins to decline once more. At
the end of the parametric run, the rotor has been rotated 180 degrees, and the
torque is once more zero.
Recall that no generator coil currents were assigned, so the only source of torque
is due to the flux from the permanent magnet rotor. This type of torque is
referred to as cogging torque by motor designers.
Calculating Generator Voltage
As the final exercise in this sample session, we will plot a graph of the flux
linkage variation with rotor angle and show how this is related to the open circuit
voltage our generator will produce.
To avoid confusion, we will first delete the torque graph:
1) From the AutoGraph Menu Bar select

Edit>Clear All.
2) A dialog box will open to warn This action
cannot be undone, and ask Are you sure
you want to proceed?
3) Click the [Proceed] button to clear the torque
plot.
To plot the flux linkage graph:
1) On the Graph Results dialog

box, change the Dependent
Variable field to the Flux(Wb)
setting.
2) Click the [Graph Results] button to plot the graph.

Sample Session 3 85
Your graph should appear

similar to the one shown at
right.
Note that at the start of the

parametric, the flux linkage in
the coil is at its negative peak.
As the rotor is rotated out of

alignment with the stator, the
magnitude of the flux linkage
declines, and reaches zero at
the 90-degree point.
Further rotation produces positive flux linkage, which peaks when the rotor has
completed the 180-degree rotation and is once more in a minimum reluctance
position.
Recall that the generator voltage is proportional to the change in coil flux linkage.
Since we have assumed that the permanent magnet rotates at a constant speed,
we can view the shape of the generator voltage waveform by differentiating the
flux linkage graph.
1) Hover your mouse pointer over a graph

marker point so that a “tool tip” is displayed.
2) While a tool tip is displayed, Right-click to

display the Graph Function Menu.
3) Left-click the Differentiation option to
produce the derivative graph.
Your derivative graph

should appear similar to the
one shown at right.
Note that the highest values

of the derivative (and
therefore generator voltage)
occur at rotor positions
corresponding to the
smallest absolute values of
the flux linkage. Again, it is
changing flux linkage that
produces an induced
voltage.
A graph of the actual generator voltage will differ from the derivative graph only
by a scale factor. Note that the Y-axis of the derivative graph is calibrated in
units of (Wb/deg.) which is an abbreviation for (Webers per degree). (A Weber
is the SI unit for magnetic flux and is equivalent to a Volt*Second.) The required
scale factor needed to calculate the generator voltage is:
Scale Factor = 6*(Number of Coil Turns)*(Rotor speed in RPM)
The method we have used here to obtain the generator voltage

employs the Chain Rule for Differentiation from basic
calculus.
To see this, let  represent the coil flux linkage and 
represent the rotor angle. Then:
d / dt  (d / d )(d / dt )
Using this relation, we can obtain the time derivative of the flux
linkage (which is the coil voltage per turn) by differentiating the
flux linkage vs. rotor angle graph and multiplying the result by
rotor speed. (The constant 6 in our Scale Factor comes about
because 1 RPM = 6 degrees per second.)
Sample Session 3 87
Comparison with 3D Results
As we mentioned at the beginning of this sample session, our 2D approximation

to the actual generator will not be able to account for any end effects that will
occur in the actual 3D generator. A full 3D model was built and solved in the
Integrated Engineering Software program AMPERES in order to determine the
amount of error produced by the 2D approximation.
The AMPERES simulation produced flux linkage and torque plots that are
virtually identical in appearance to the MAGNETO results. However, the
AMPERES flux linkage peak values were just over 90% of the MAGNETO
results, and the AMPERES peak torque values were just over 70% of the
MAGNETO results.
Conclusion
In this sample session, you have learned techniques that will allow you to
construct and analyze most of the models that you are likely to encounter in
practice.
As a test of your understanding, try rebuilding the model using only the
dimension sketch and the program prompts, but without the aid of the
instructions in the Quick Start guide.
Index 89
INDEX
A O
a na lysis options Opera tion Mode
a rrow pl ots, 33 Pha s or, 27
contour plots, 50, 73 Sta ti c, 27
fl ux l inkage ca lculations, 75, 80
force ca l culations, 37, 48
gra phs, 34
P
Pa ra metrics
C crea ti ng animations, 49
Gra ph Pl ot dialog box, 56
Comma nd Bar, 9 l oop vi ew, 78
Comma nd Li ne, 9, 37, 38 overvi ew, 41
comma nds pa ra meter value table, 46
fundamental concepts, 15 pl a ying animations, 57
runni ng, 53, 81
s ta rting, 43, 76
D s teps in creating, 42
di a log boxes va l i dating, 47, 79
Fi eld Analysis Result, 30, 33, 34, 48, 49, 72, 73 performing simulations
Gra ph Pl ot (Parametrics), 56 ba s ic steps, 5
Phys i cs Global Setup, 27, 69 perma nent magnets
Uni ts Setup, 23 a s signing direction, 71
Vi ew Setup, 24, 63 Phys i cs Global Setup
Geometry Model Type, 27, 69
F
R
Fi eld Analysis Result dialog box
Vi ew Type, 33, 50, 73 Rota tionally Symmetric models
Fl ux Li nkage exa mples, 14
ca l culation, 75, 80
i l lustration, 74 S
s electing geometry
G
general procedure, 72
geometry commands mul tiple s elections, 15
recta ngle, 64 Sta tus Bar, 9
Geometry Crea tion tool bar
di s played, 62 T
Geometry Healing
s ubmenu, 66 Ti tl e Bar, 8
Geometry Model Type Setting tool bars
Two-di mensional, 69 di s playing, 21
Y-Rota tional Symmetric, 27 Geometry Crea tion, 62
Modi fy, 21
movi ng, 9
M
Sta ndard, 21
Ma teri al Ta ble Uti l ities, 9, 11, 12, 21, 22, 63, 65, 67, 70
Ma teri al Li st, 70 Vi ew, 9, 11
Menu Ba r, 8 Two-Di mensional models
Mes sage Area, 9 cros s -section regions, 60
res i zing, 10 exa mples, 12
s etting model l ength, 69
U Vol ume Current Sources

Ampere-Turn va lue, 28
Uti l ities tool bar a s signing, 28
cha nging length units, 63 properties, 27
s etting Geometry Selection Type, 11, 28, 45, 67, s i gn convention in 2D models, 28
70, 72, 77 s i gn convention in RS models, 28
V W
Vol ta ge Works pace, 9
rel a tion to flux linkage, 85

MAGNETO Quick Start Guide

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MAGNETO

V 9.2 Quick Start Guide

This document contains proprietary information that is protected by copyright. All

Integrated Engineering Software Sales Inc.

220 -1821 Wellington Avenue

*Copyright ENGINIA RESEARCH Inc., 1987

Defining Postprocessing to Complete the Parametric Definition 48

MAGNETO provides users

To perform a simulation using MAGNETO you must first

(For the most up-to-date information on which CAD

Once the geometric model has been built, physical

(In addition to an extensive BH curve library of common

After the physical properties have been assigned, the

(The user has the option of either manually discretizing

MAGNETO can also be set to perform multiple unattended analyses by running

Purpose of this Manual

Limitations of this Manual

The MAGNETO Desktop

The Menu Bar contains standard Windows pull-down menus.

Instructions to the program are entered in the Command Line. When a

Resizing the Message Area

Moving the mouse pointer slowly over the bar will

The View Tool Bar

The Utilities Tool Bar

Two Distinct Geometry Model Types

The three-phase transmission

At right, we show the resulting two-dimensional

In addition, macroscopic quantities such as forces, torques, inductances and

Though two-dimensional analyses

However, if we wish only to simulate

Rotationally Symmetric Models

In our discussion of two-dimensional models, we saw that the intersection of the

Conversely, we can reconstruct an approximation to

It is also possible to create 3D volumes by revolving

When a three-dimensional structure is

At right are shown both 3D and RS

Key Concepts for working with Commands and Selections

Manual Conventions and Symbols

The typographic conventions used in this manual are explained below:

The pencil and paper indicates a note about how a function

The exclamation mark indicates an important comment about

SAMPLE SESSION 1: HELMHOLTZ COIL SYSTEM

In the picture at right, half of each

The coils are physically identical,

Though the actual coil system is a 3D

At right are shown wire frame

Before proceeding, you may find it helpful to make a photocopy

The sections that follow will provide numbered step-by-step

Building the Model

MAGNETO is started in the same manner as all standard Windows applications:

1) Click the [Start] button on the Windows Taskbar.

1) From the MAGNETO program

The Standard tool bar (shown at

The Modify tool bar can be used to

If during the course of executing a command, you become

If you hover the mouse

At the same time, the Status

Setting the Model Units

1) From the MAGNETO

In the Units dialog, the default settings

Setting the View Limits

1) From the MAGNETO Menu Bar select

4) Click the [OK] button to apply the

Creating the Model Geometry