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‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ‪ -‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬

‫ﻋﺎﺗﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﻳﻨﻲ‬

‫ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻓَﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ّ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺍﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ُ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ِ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮ ّ‬ ‫ﺮﺿﺖ ّ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍءﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎ ً ﻳُﺜﺎﺏ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺗﺎﺭﻛﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻓُ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻛﺎﺓِ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﺎﻡ ِ‬ ‫ﺻ ِ‬‫ﺽ ِ‬ ‫ﺴﻨ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓَ ْﺮ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍ ِﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ َﺒﻠ ُﻎ ﺍﻟ ِﻨّﺼﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺐ ﷲُ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺃَ َ‬
‫ﺻﺪَﻗﺔً ﺗُﻄﻬﺮﻫﻢ ﻭﺗُﺰﻛﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓِ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘّﻮﺑﺔ‪ُ " :‬ﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻮﺍ ِﻟﻬﻢ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ُﻤﺰﻣﻞ‪" :‬ﻭﺃﻗﻴﻤﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺁﺗﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺨﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗُ ُ‬
‫ﻄﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻨّﻔﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺸﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﻑ ﺑﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻛﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻮﺯﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗ َﺴﺪﱡ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﺃ َ ُ‬
‫ﺗ َﺴﺪﱡ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻗﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨّﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗُﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺎﺩﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺭﺍﺣﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫َﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﺪﺳﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎء؛ ﻛﻲ ﻻ ﺗَﺘَﺴِﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ُ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ﺗ َﺤﺪﱡ ﻣﻦ ﺗ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺎﺋﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﱠﻫﺐ؛ ﻓﺘﺠﺐ‬‫َ‬ ‫ﻕ ﻧﻘﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﺳﻮﺍ ًء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨّﻘﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜ ِﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﺍ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺼﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳُﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻭﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﻦ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎ ً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨّﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺬّﻫﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﺳﺒﻌﻤﺌﺔ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀّﺔ‪ :‬ﻧِﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻀّﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗ َِﺠ ُ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﺧﻤﺴﺎ ً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺑﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻌﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧِﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗ َِﺠ ُ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳَﻨﻄ ِﺒ ُﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗ َِﺠ ُ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮ‪ :‬ﻧِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ‪" :-‬ﻓﻲ ﻛ ِّﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦَ ﺗﺒﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻛ ّﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﻨﺔ"‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﻮﻥ ﺷﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻛ ّﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗ َِﺠ ُ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻢ‪ :‬ﻧِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﺑﺸﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ﺼﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ َﻳ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺯﻛﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘّﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘّﻤﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ َ ِﺠ ُ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘّﻤﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺐ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻀﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳَﺘﻢ َﺣﺼﺎﺩُﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗ َِﺠ ُ‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺮ ﻭﺗ َﻨ َ‬‫ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﻳَ ﱡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻨﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸَﻌﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰَ ﺑﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ؛ ﻷﻧَﻬﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﺨﺰﻥ ﻭﺗَﺘ َﻠﻒ ِﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗُ ﱠ‬
‫َﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ ُﻤﺤﺘ َﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗ ُ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻋﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﱠ‬

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‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ‪ -‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%...‬‬

‫ﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩُ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻭﺛﻤﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎ ً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﱠﻫﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﱠﻫﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻨّﻘﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ِﻣ ُ‬ ‫ﻭﻧِﺼﺎﺑُﻬﺎ ِﻛﻨﺼﺎ ِ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻮﺯ ﺍﻟ َﻤﺪﻓﻮﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺬﱠﻫﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘّﺤﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺯﻛﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺘ ﱡﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﺐ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳَﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺗ َﺤﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟ ِﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ؛‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻣﻮﺍﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺤﻘﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍء‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳَﺴﺪﱡ َﺭﻣﻘﻬﻢ ﻭﺣﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻛﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍء ﺍﻟ ُﻤﺘﻌﻔّﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺘﻬﻢ ّﺇﻻ ﷲ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﻭﻳﺴﻌﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻠﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟ ُﺠﺒﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳَﺠﻤﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﻮﺍ َﻝ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻟ ُﻤﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻗﻠﻮﺑﻬﻢ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪّﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﻤﻨَﺤﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻮﺍ ِﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ِﻟﺠﺬﺏ ﻗﻠﻮﺑﻬﻢ ﻟﻺﺳﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺤﺒﻴﺒﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺎء‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ِ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭﻣﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪّﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﺍ‬
‫ﺳﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﷲ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨّﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺟﺊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﻋﺎﻳ ِﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺘﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻐﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﻩ ﺑﻼ ﻣﺎﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟ ﱡ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟ ّ‬
‫ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﻟ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﺴﺪﱡ ﺑﻪ َﺭ َﻣﻘُﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﻦ ﱠ‬

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