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GIANT GAM-R Y BULES FR OM F ermi -LA T: A GN A CTIVY OR BIPOLAR GAL CTI WIND?
1,3 1,2 1,2
Meng Su , Tra cy R. Sla tyer , Douglas P. Finkber
Dr aft version A ugst 30, 201
ABSTR CT
Dat from the F ermi -LA T rev eal t w o large gam-r y bules, extndig 50 degrs ab o v e and
arXiv:1005.5480v2 [astro-ph.HE] 27 Aug 2010
b elo w the Galcti cen ter, with a width of ab out 40 degrs in longitude. The gam-r y emison
aso ciated with thes bules has a signca tly harde sp ectrum ( dN =dE E ) than the IC
emison from elctrons in the Galcti disk, or the gam-r ys pro duce b y deca y of pions from
protn-ISM colisn. Ther is no signca t spatil v ariton in the sp ectrum or gam-r y in tensi y
withn the bules, or b et w en the north and south bules. The bules are spatily corelatd
with the hard-sp ectrum micro w a v e excs kno wn as the WMAP haze; the edgs of the bules also
line up with featurs in the R OSA T X-ra y maps at 1 : 5 2 k eV.
W e argue tha thes Galcti gam-r y bules w er most lik ely creatd b y some large episo de of
enrgy injecto in the Galcti cen ter, suc h as past acretion ev en ts on to the cen tral masiv e blac k
hole, or a n uclear starbu in the last 10 Myr. Dark mater anihlto/dec y sem unlik ely
to genrat al the featurs of the bules and the aso ciated signal in WMAP and R OSA T ; the
bules m ust b e understo o d in orde to use measurn ts of the diuse gam-r y emison in the
iner Galxy as a prob e of dark mater ph ysic. Study of the orign and ev olutin of the bules also
has the p oten tial to impro v e our understaig of recn t enrgtic ev en ts in the iner Galxy and the
hig-latude cosmi ra y p opulatin.
Subje ct he adings: gam ra ys | ISM: jets and out ws | galxies: activ e | galxies: starbu
1. INTR ODUCTIN 1. Pr evious High-Ener gy Exc es
The iner Milky W a y is home to a masiv e blac k hole Observ ations of gam-r y emison in the iner
(MBH), suronde b y cluster of y oung star and gian t Galxy at E . 1 GeV go bac k decas to COS-B ( Strong
molecuar clouds (se e.g Moris & Serab yn 196 , for a 1984 ; Strong et al. 1987 ), and SA-2 ( Fic h tel et al. 1975 ;
reviw). The n uclear star cluster has a half-ig t radius Knie & Fic h tel 198 ) (se Blo emn 198 , for a re-
of 5p c. Althoug ther are indcatos of past activ y , view). Later dat from the EGRT exp erimn t ab oard
the BH is quiescn t to da y . the Comptn Gam-r ay Observatoy extnd to the
0
F e K ec ho es from molecuar clouds around Sgr A hig-enry side of the bump( Smialk o wski et al. 197 ;
ha v e b en understo o d as relics of activ y in the past Dixon et al. 198 ). Ho w ev er, EGRT lac k ed the seni-
few h undre y ears ( Sun y aev et al. 193 ; Ko y am et al. tiv y and angulr resolutin to rev eal the detail struc-
196 ). On a longer timescal, one migh t exp ect relics of ture of gam-r y emison to w ard the iner Galxy .
past activ y in hig enrgy CRs and hot gas, p erhaps far The F ermi Gam-r ay Sp ac e T elsc op e pro vides greatly
o the disk. The most ob vious observ ables w ould b e e impro v ed dat up to 10 GeV , with suÆcien t angulr
CR (visble in in v ers Comptn gams and micro w a v e resolutin to map out in tersing struce.
sync hrotn) and thermal emison (X-ra ys). A t lo w er enrgis, the R OSA T Al-Sky Surv ey at 1.5
This w ork presn ts a m ultiw a v elngth study of the in- k eV ( Sno wden et al. 197 ) rev eald a biconal X-ra y
ner Galxy and iden ties sev eral large-sc (tens of de- struce o v er the iner tens of degrs around the Galc-
gres) gam-r y featurs, most notably 2 large (span- tic cen ter (GC), later in terpd as a sup erwind bu-
Æ Æ 54 5
nig 50 < b < 50 ) struce tha w e ref to as ble (SWB) with enrgtics of the orde of 10 ergs
the \ F ermi bules". W e suget tha thes bules ( Sofue 20a ; Bland-H wthorn & Cohen 203a ). On
are aso ciated with previously disco v erd struce in smaler scale, the Midc ourse Sp ac e Exp erimnt com-
the X-ra ys and micro w a v es, and p osibly with anlogus bined with IRAS dat also conrms the existnc of a
smaler-c struce visble in the FIR. lim b-righ tend bip olar struce, the so caled Galcti
cen ter lob e (GCL), with orign at the GC on the de-
Instiue for Theory and Computain, Harv ard-Smithson
gr e e scale (se e.g La w 201 , for a sumary of m ulti-
Cen ter for Astroph ysic, 60 Garden Stre, MS-51, Cam bridge, MA
w a v elngth observ ations of GCL). The inferd enrgy
02138 USA
Ph ysic Departmn t, Harv ard Univ ersit y , Cam bridge, MA
injecto of b oth thes bip olar struce, despit their
02138 USA
mengsu@cfa.hrv ard.eu
Se htp:/fermi.gscna gov/ sc /dat a/
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2
54 5
diern t scale, is 10 ergs, with an estimad age pulsar, other astroph ysical pro ces, or the anihl-
6 7
of 10 yr for the GCL and 10 yr for the SWB. tion of dark mater ( Ho op er et al. 207 ; Cholis et al.
Sev eral Galcti Cen ter Shels (GCS), tens of p c in size, 209a ; Zhang et al. 209 ; Harding & Abaz jian 201 ;
51
ha v e b en found with toal enrgy of orde 10 ergs Kaplinght et al. 209 ; McQuin & Zaldrig 201 ;
( Sofue 203 ). Thes shel and lamen ts are claimed to Malyshev et al. 201 ). Other indcatos of excs elc-
orignate from one or more episo des of rapid enrgy re- tronic activ y in the Milky W a y ma y b e found in re-
leas. cen t measurn ts of lo cal elctron and p ositrn cos-
mic ra ys. The A TIC, F ermi and H.ES exp erimn ts
1.2 Micr owave Exc es: the WMAP Haze
ha v e observ ed a hardenig in the e + e sp ectrum
at 20 10 GeV ( Chang et al. 208 ; Aharoni 209 ;
Bey ond direct evidnc of shel struce, micro w a v e
Ab do et al. 209 ), with an apren t step enig at 1
observ ations also pro vide in trigun indcatos of enrgy
T eV, and the P AMEL exp erimn t has measurd a ris-
relas to w ard the GC.
ing p ositrn fraction ab o v e 10 GeV. T ak en togehr,
A t tens of GHz, the Wilknso Micr owave A nisotr opy
thes measurn ts imply a new source of hard elctrons
Pr ob e ( WMAP ) pro vides senitv e degr resolutin ful
and p ositrn, whic h ma y b e relatd to the WMAP haze.
sky maps of diuse micro w a v e emison. By subtracing
The co existnc of R OSA T X-ra y bip olar featurs and
templas includg Galcti H , Haslm 408 MHz soft
the WMAP haze to w ard the iner Galxy also suget
sync hrotn, and thermal dust emison to remo v e the
the in tersing p osiblt y of a comn ph ysical orign
diern t kno wn emison mec hanism in thes maps, a
for thes signal.
micro w a v e residual excs (named \the micro w a v e haze")
with spherical (no-diskl e) morphlgy ab out 4 kp c
1.4 Invers Comptn Exc es fr om F ermi-LA T
in radius to w ard the GC (visble up to at least j b j 30 )
F ortunaely , if the WMAP haze is sync hrotn radi-
has b en recognizd ( Finkb einr 204a ). It has a sp ec-
0 : 5
ation from a hard elctron p opulatin lo cated around
trum of ab out I , harde than t ypical syn-
the GC, the same CRs w ould also pro duce IC scaterd
c hrotn, but softer than fre-. The micro w a v e haze
gams, alo wing an indep end t prob e of the CR p op-
w as later in terpd as sync hrotn emison from a hard
ulation. IC photns pro vide v alube complen tary in-
sp ectrum of e cosmi ra ys. Other h yp othes suc h as
formatin ab out the spatil distrbuon of the e CR
fre-, sping dust, or thermal dust ha v e failed to
(giv en a mo del for the ISRF), whic h in turn can con-
explain its morphlgy , sp ectrum, or b oth ( Finkb einr
strain h yp othes ab out their orign. The unprecd ted
204b ; Dobler & Finkb einr 208 ). Ho w ev er, the most
angulr resolutin and senitv y of F ermi -LA T alo ws
recn t WMAP 7-y ear dat ha v e not detc the haze
us to prob e the gam-r y coun terpa to the micro w a v e
p olariztn predict b y the sync hrotn h yp othesi
haze in detail for the rst time.
( Gold et al. 201 ), implyng eithr hea vily tangled mag-
Previous w ork emplo ying the rst y ear F ermi -LA T
netic elds, or an alterniv e emison mec hanism. With
dat isolated a sp ectraly hard \gam-r y haze" with
tha ca v eat in mind, w e wil asume the WMAP haze is
simlar morphlgy to the WMAP micro w a v e haze
sync hrotn and consider the implcatons.
( Dobler et al. 209 ). In this w ork, w e sho w tha the
F ermi -LA T sky maps construed from 1.6 yr dat (60
1.3 A Har d Ele ctr on CR Sp e ctrum
da ys) rev eal t w o large gam-r y lob es, extndig 50
A simple mo del, in whic h the elctron CRs tha form
degrs ab o v e and b elo w the GC, with a width of ab out
the haze ha v e diuse from sup erno v a sho c ks in the disk,
40 degrs in longitude. Thes t w o \bule"-ik e struc-
canot fuly explain the dat for standr diuson as-
tures ha v e relativ ely sharp edgs and are symetric with
sumption. The 23 3 GHz sp ectrum of the haze
resp ect to the galcti plane and the minor axis of the
sync hrotn is as hard as tha genratd from sho c ks,
galcti disk. The gam-r y signal rev eals simlar mor-
and it sem extrmly unlik ely tha thes elctrons
pholgy to the WMAP haze, and is also sugetiv e of a
can diuse sev eral kp c from the disk withou sign-
comn orign with featurs in the R OSA T X-ra y maps
can t softenig of the sp ectrum. The sync hrotn co oling
at 1.5 k eV to w ards the GC.
timescal for cosmi ra y elctrons emitng at frequncy
As w e wil discu, the sharp edgs, bilouar shap e,
3 = 2 1 = 2
is 10 B yr, wher B = B = 10 G
syn 10
10
GHz
and apren t cen tering on the GC of thes struce
( Thompsn et al. 206 ). Besid the hard sp ectrum, it is
suget tha they w er creatd b y some large episo de of
diÆcult to form the distncly no-diskl e morphlgy
enrgy injecto in the GC, suc h as a past acretion on to
of the haze with an y p opulatin of source cone traed
the cen tral blac k hole, or a n uclear starbu in the last
in the disk (as is b eliv ed to b e true of sup erno v ae).
10 Myr. It is w el kno wn tha the GC host a masiv e
The presnc of a distnc comp one t of diuse hard
blac k hole and masiv e cluster of recn tly formed star
e CR far o the plane is in trigun in itself, and has
( P aumrd et al. 206 ). Either of thes could p oten tialy
motiv ated pro osal wher the haze is genratd b y
pro vide the necsary enrgy injecto b y drivng large-
htp:/ma.gsfcnov / scale galcti winds or pro ducing enrgtic jets; w e wil
3
outline some of the adv an tages and disav an tages of eac h ical harmonic smo othing is straigh tforw ard in this pix-
scenario. elizaton, and w e smo oth eac h map b y the aproite
k ernl to obtain a Gausin PSF of 2 FWHM. Becaus
1.5 Struc e of This Pap er
the PSF of the intal map m ust b e smaler than this,
at enrgis b elo w 1 GeV w e use only fron t-con v erting
In Section 2 w e brie y reviw the F ermi -LA T dat and
ev en ts (whic h ha v e a smaler PSF). A large smo oth-
our dat anlysi pro cedur. In Section 3 , w e sho w the
ing scale w ould help impro v e S/N, but a relativ ely smal
1.6 yr F ermi dat maps, rev eal the F ermi bule featurs
smo othing scale is necsary to se sharp featurs (suc h
and sho w tha they are robust when diern t mo dels for
as the bule edgs). F urthemo, for the comparisn
the exp ectd Galcti diuse emison are subtraced.
and linear com binato anlysi describ ed in e.g x 3.1 .
W e c harcteiz the morphlgy of the bules in some
it is necsary to smo oth the maps at eac h enrgy to
detail and emplo y regsion templa ting to rev eal
a comn PSF. W e genrat maps from 1 4 , and
a hard, spatily uniform sp ectrum for the gam-r y
nd tha a FWHM of 2 w orks w el for our pur ose.
emison aso ciated with the bules. In Section 4 , w e
Se Dobler et al. ( 209 ) for details on map constru-
sho w tha featurs in the R OSA T soft X-ra ys and the
tion, smo othing, masking, and for instruco on ho w
WMAP micro w a v e haze are spatily corelatd with the
to do wnload the maps.
F ermi bules, and the WMAP haze and F ermi bu-
Our curen t gam-r y maps (v2 3) construed from
bles are consite t with b eing pro duce from the same
the F ermi dat ha v e great signal/oe compared
elctron CR p opulatin (b y sync hrotn and IC resp ec-
to the previously relasd v1 0 maps. They con tain
tiv ely). Section 5 presn ts our understaig based on
photn ev en ts from mison times 2395741. 76 to
the anlysi in Section 3 and Section 4 . Section 6 dis-
29165.04 93 , for ab out 60 da ys or 1.6 y ears of
cuse p osible scenario to pro duce the F ermi gam-
dat (rathe than 1 y ear). W e ref to thes as the \1.6
ra y bules. Section 7 fo cuse on the orign of the elc-
y ear maps." As in Dobler et al. ( 209 ), w e constru
tron CRs and the c halengs in explaing the sp ectral
maps of fron t-con v erting and bac k-con v erting ev en ts sep-
and spatil proles of the gam-r y emison from the
artely , smo oth to a comn PSF, and then com bine
bules. W e discu the implcatons of the F ermi bu-
them. The p oin t source subtracion has impro v ed: in-
bles for sev eral topics of in ters in Section 8 , and giv e
stead of in terp olating o v er ev ery source in the 3-mon th
our conlusi and suget futre w ork in Section 9 .
catlog, w e use the 1-y ear catlog, and subtrac eac h
2. FERMI D A T A AND MAP MAKING
p oin t source from the maps in eac h enrgy bin, using es-
timaes of the PSF from the F ermi scien to ols. F or
The Large Area T elscop e (LA T; se
the 20 brigh tes and 20 most v arible source, the sub-
Gehrls & Mic helson 19 ; A t w o o d et al. 209 ; as
tracion is noticeably imp erfct, so w e in terp olate o v er
w el as the F ermi homepag ) is a pair-con v ersion
the core of the PSF after subtracing the b est estima.
telscop e consitg of 16 mo dules of tungse and
W e tak e care to expand the mask for v ery brigh t source
silcon-trp trac k ers, on top of a calorimet with a
(Geminga, 3C 45.3, and LA T PSR J1836+592). The
thic knes of 7 raditon lengths. It has a scin tilang
resulting map is aproite for diuse w ork at j b j > 3 .
an ti-conde detcor tha co v ers the trac k er ar y ,
A t j b j < 3 the maps are sev erly comprised b y the
and a progamble trige and dat acquiston sy-
p o or subtracion and in terp olatin o v er a large n um b er
tem. The LA T pro vides a wide eld of view, and co v ers
of p oin t source. F urthe details of the map pro ces-
the enrgy range from ab out 30 MeV to 30 GeV.
ing ma y b e found in Ap endix B of Dobler et al. ( 209 ).
The spacerft o cupies a lo w Earth orbit with an in-
The v2 3 maps used in this w ork and colr v ersion of
clinato of 25 : 6 . The eld of view is so wide tha
10
the map are a v ailbe for do wnload.
the en tire sky ma y b e co v erd in t w o orbits b y ro c king
the spacerft north of zenith on one orbit and south of
3. FERMI BULES
zenith on the next. This scan straegy exp ose the LA T
to atmospheric gams at hig zenith angles. W e mak e
3.1 Diuse Galcti Emison Mo dels
use of only ev en ts designat \Clas 3" (P6 V3 diuse
A t lo w ( 1 GeV) enrgis, and close to the Galcti
clas) b y the LA T pi elin with a zenith angle cut of
plane, the gam-r ys observ ed b y F ermi are dominate
105 .
b y photns from the deca y of particles, pro duce b y
The ev en ts are bined in to a ful sky map using
the colisn of CR pr otns with am bien t ionzed gas
HEALPix, a con v eni t iso-latude equal-r ful-sky
and dust in the ISM. Colisn of hig enrgy CR el c-
pixelzaton widely used in the CMB com unit y . Spher-
tr ons with the ISM (primaly protns, but also hea vier
htp:/fermi.gscna ov/
n uclei) pro duce bremstahlung raditon. The F ermi
HEALPix soft w are and do cumen taion can b e found at
htp:/ealix.jns gov , and the IDL routines used in
Av ailbe from htp:/fermi.gscna ov/ sc/ dat a
this anlysi are a v ailbe as part of the IDLUTS pro duct at

Se htp:/fermi.gscna .gov /s c/da ta/ anl ysi s/do cum enta tio n/
10
htp:/sd3a.lbgov /so ftwa re/ idlu til s . Av ailbe at htp:/fermi.skyan o
4
Fermi 1 < E < 2 GeV Fermi 2 < E < 5 GeV

5 90 4
4
45 3
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

3
0 2
-45 1
1
0 -90 0
180 90 0 -90 -180 180 90 0 -90 -180
3.0 90 2.0
2.5
45 1.5
2.0
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

1.5 0 1.0
1.0
-45 0.5
0.5
0.0 -90 0.0

180 90 0 -90 -180 180 90 0 -90 -180
Fig. 1.| Al-sky F ermi -LA T 1.6 y ear maps in 4 enrgy bins. P oin t source ha v e b en subtraced, and large source, includg the iner
Æ Æ Æ Æ
disk ( 2 < b < 2 ; 60 < ` < 60 ), ha v e b en mask ed.
al-sky gam-r y maps in diern t enrgy bands are The mo del is constraied b y gam-r y and micro w a v e
sho wn in Figure 1 . In orde to unco v er the F ermi bule observ ations, lo caly measurd CR sp ectra, etc. By us-
featurs b etr, signca t emison, bremstahlung, ing a w el motiv ated ph ysical mo del, one can solv e for
and IC emison from the Galcti disk m ust b e remo v ed. the sp ectral and spatil dep endc of the injecto func-
W e tak e thre aproc hes for the foregund remo v al. tion, i.e the e and p CR primay source sp ectra, as a
One is to use the F ermi Diuse Galcti Mo del pro vide functio of p ositn and enrgy . The diuse mo del is
b y the F ermi team ( x 3.1 ). The second aproc h em- the k ey coneti b et w en the input asumption and
plo ys a linear com binato of templas of kno wn emis- the observ ables, and is esn tial for in terpaion of the
sion mec hanism ( x 3.12 ), using existng maps from m ul- F ermi -LA T dat. It is imp ortan t to mak e it as complet
tiw a v elngth observ ations and/or construed geomtric as p osible.
templas. The third aproc h is taking adv an tage of In this mo del, the emison is mo del with maps
the lo w er enrgy band 0 : 5 1 : 0 GeV F ermi map to form of in tersla gas: H I from the Leidn/Arg tine/Bo
a templa of a diuson emison mo del ( x 3.1 ). (LAB) Galcti Surv ey ( Kalb erla et al. 205 ) and CO
from the CfA comp osite CO surv ey ( Dame et al. 201 ).
Becaus the emison is a functio of b oth the gas den-
3.1 F ermi Diuse Galcti Mo del
sit y and the protn CR densit y , whic h v aries with Galc-
12
The F ermi diuse Galcti mo del is a comprehn-
to cen tric radius, it is desirabl to alo w the emisvt y
siv e mo del of Galcti gam-r y emison from the
of the gas to v ary . Both the H I and CO surv eys con-
ISM, and serv es as a bac kground estima for p oin t
tain v elo cit y informat, whic h alo ws separtion in to
source remo v al. This mo del is based on templa ts
six Galcto cen tric an uli (rings) with b oundaries at 4.0,
to the gam-r y dat, and includes an IC comp o-
5., 7.0, 10., 16.5, and 50 kp c. The sp ectrum of eac h is
ne t genratd b y the GALPRO cosmi ra y proagtin
alo w ed to oat, with the constrai t tha the sum of the
co de. GALPRO calutes the steady stae solutin to
rings along eac h line of sigh t apro ximates the observ ed
the diuson-ergyl equation, giv en the 3D gas dis-
signal. This fredom also alo ws for v arying amoun ts
tribuon, in tersla raditon eld, B-eld mo del, CR
of bremstahlung (with v arying sp ectrum) whic h also
diuson asumption, and man y other input parmets
scale with the ISM densit y . The con tribuon from IC is
( Strong & Mosk alenk o 19 ; Strong et al. 209 , 207 ).
mo del with GALPRO as describ ed ab o v e, and include
13
in the ring t .
Se htp:/fermi.gscna gov/ sc /dat a/ ces s/l at/B ack grou ndM odel s.h tml
12
Av ailbe from htp:/fermi.gscna .gov /s c/da ta . The
13
A descripton of this mo del is a v ailbe at
v ersion of the diuse mo del w e use is g l l :iemv 02.
5
1 GeV < E < 2 GeV 2 GeV < E < 5 GeV

90 90
1.0
1.0
45 45
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

0.5
0.5
0 0
0.0
0.0
-0.5-45 -45
-0.5
-1.0-90 -90
180 90 0 -90 -180 180 90 0 -90 -180
5 GeV < E < 10 GeV 10 GeV < E < 20 GeV

0.8 90 90
0.6
0.4
45 45
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

0.4
0.2
0.2
0 0
0.0 0.0
-45 -45
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-90 -90
180 90 0 -90 -180 180 90 0 -90 -180
Fig. 2.| Al-sky residual maps after subtracing the F ermi diuse Galcti mo del from the LA T 1.6 y ear maps in 4 enrgy bins (se
x 3.1 ). Tw o bule struce extndig to b 50 ap ear ab o v e and b elo w the GC, symetric ab out the Galcti plane.
This pro cedur pro vides a diuse mo del tha faithuly ( Sc hleg et al. 198 ). The /bremstahlung gam-
repo duces most of the featurs of the diuse Galcti ra y in tensi y is pro ortinal to the ISM densit y the
emison. One shortcming is the existnc of \dark gas" CR protn/elc densit y in tegrad along the line of
( Greni et al. 205 ), clouds with gam-r y emison sigh t. As long as the CR protn/elc sp ectrum and
tha do not ap ear in the H I and CO surv eys. Thes densit y are apro ximately spatily uniform, the ISM col-
featurs are sen in dust maps ( Sc hleg et al. 198 ) and umn densit y is a go o d trace of /bremstahlung emis-
ma y simply b e molecuar H clouds underab t in CO. sion. The dust map has some adv an tages o v er gas maps:
The F ermi diuse mo del is primaly in tend as a ther are no problems with self absorptin, no coners
bac kground for p oin t source detcion, and comes with a ab out \dark gas" ( Greni et al. 205 ), and the SFD dust
n um b er of ca v eats. Ho w ev er thes ca v eats aply mainly map has suÆcien t spatil resolutin (SFD has spatil res-
near the Galcti plane, and at E > 50 GeV . It is nev- olutin of 6', and LAB is 36'). On the other hand, SFD
erthls usefl for qualitv ely rev ealing featurs in the con tains no v elo cit y informat, so it is imp osible to
diuse emison at hig latiude. In Figure 2 , w e sho w break the map in to Galcto cen tric rings. Nev erthls,
the residual maps after subtracing the F ermi diuse it is instrucv e to emplo y the SFD map to build a v ery
Galcti mo del in diern t enrgy bins. A double- ed simple foregund mo del. The goal is to remo v e fore-
bule struce is cleary rev eald, with simlar mor- grounds in a fashion tha rev eals the underlyig struc-
pholgy in the diern t enrgy bins. W e note tha the ture with as few ph ysical asumption as p osible. W e
bule is neithr lim b brigh tend nor cen traly brigh t- wil compare the resulting residual using this simple dif-
end, consite t with a at pr oje cte d in tensi y distrbu- fuse mo del with those using the F ermi diuse Galcti
tion. mo del.
As an exampl, w e rev eal the F ermi bule struce
3.12 Simple T emplat-Bs d Diuse Galcti Mo del
from 1 5 GeV F ermi -LA T 1.6 yr dat in Figure 3 . W e
use the SFD dust map as a templa of the gam
Since the domina t foregund gam-r ys orignate
foregund. The corelatin b et w en F ermi and SFD
from gams pro duce b y CR protns in terac-
dust is strikng, and the most ob vious featurs are re-
ing with the ISM, the resulting gam-r y distrbuon
mo v ed b y this subtracion ( top r ow in Figure 3 ). This
should b e morphlgicay corelatd with other maps
step mak es the bules ab o v e and b elo w the GC easily
of spatil traces of the ISM. A go o d candite is the
visble. The rev eald bules are not aligned with an y
SFD map of Galcti dust, based on 10 m far IR dat
struce in the dust map, and canot plausiby b e an
fermi.gscnaov/ dat a/c ces s/la t/r ing for FSC final4.pd
6
Fermi 1 < E < 5 GeV minus dust SFD dust

5 5 5
4 4 4
50 50 50
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

3 3 3
0 0 0
2 2 2
-50 -50 -50

1 1 1
0 0 0
50 0 -50 50 0 -50 50 0 -50
no dust minus disk disk model

2.5 2.5 2.5
50 50 50
2.0 2.0 2.0
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

0 1.5 0 1.5 0 1.5
1.0 1.0 1.0

-50 -50 -50
0.5 0.5 0.5

50 0 -50 50 0 -50 50 0 -50
minus disk minus bubbles bubble model

2.5 2.5 1.0
0.8
50 50 50
2.0 2.0
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

0.6
0 1.5 0 1.5 0
0.4
1.0 1.0
-50 -50 -50
0.2
0.5 0.5 0.0

50 0 -50 50 0 -50 50 0 -50
Fig. 3.| T emplat decomp ositn of the F ermi -LA T 1.6 y ear 1 5 GeV map (se x 3.12 ). T op left: P oin t source subtraced 1 5
Æ Æ Æ Æ
GeV map, and large source, includg the iner disk ( 2 < b < 2 ; 60 < ` < 60 ), ha v e b en mask ed. T op mid le: The 1 5
GeV map min us SFD dust map ( top right panel) whic h is used as a templa of gams. Mid le r ow: The left panel is the same as
the top mid le panel but strec hed 2 harde. The mid le panel subtrac a simple geomtric disk templa (sho wn in the right panel),
repsn ting mostly in v ers Comptn emison, to rev eal featurs close to the Galcti cen ter. Tw o large bules are apren t (spanig
Æ Æ
50 < b < 50 ). Botm r ow: The left panel is the same as the mid le panel of the se c ond r ow . Finaly w e subtrac a simple bule
templa ( right panel), with a shap e deriv ed from the edgs visble in the maps, and uniform pro jectd in tensi y . After subtracing the
bule templa, the t w o bules featurs ha v e nearly v anished ( b otm mid le panel), indcatg a nearly at in tensi y for the F ermi
bules.
7

3.0 90 90 3.0
2.5 2.5
45 45
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

2.0 2.0
0 0
1.5 1.5
-45 -45
1.0 1.0
0.5-90 -90 0.5

180 90 0 -90 -180 180 90 0 -90 -180

2.0 90 90 2.0
45 45
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

1.5 1.5
0 0
1.0 1.0
-45 -45
0.5 0.5
-90 -90
180 90 0 -90 -180 180 90 0 -90 -180
Fig. 4.| F ul sky residual maps after subtracing the SFD dust and disk templas from the F ermi -LA T 1.6 y ear gam-r y maps in
Æ Æ Æ Æ
t w o enrgy bins. P oin t source are subtraced, and large source, includg the iner disk ( 2 < b < 2 ; 60 < ` < 60 ), ha v e b en
Æ Æ
mask ed. Tw o large bules are sen (spanig 50 < b < 50 ) in b oth case. R ight p anels: Aparen t F ermi bule featurs mark ed
in colr lines, o v erplotd on the maps displa y ed in the left p anels . Gren dashe cirles ab o v e and b elo w the Galcti plane indcate the
apro ximate edgs of the north and south F ermi bules resp ectiv ely . Tw o blue dashe arcs mark the iner (dimer) and outer (brigh ter)
edgs of the northe ar c { a featur in the northe sky outside the north bule. The red dote line apro ximately marks the edg of
L o op I . The purle dot-ashe line indcates a ten taiv ely iden tied \don ut" struce.
artifc of tha subtracion. apro ximately 10 kp c a w a y from us and 5 kp c ab o v e and
Next, a simple disk mo del is subtraced (Figure 3 , mid- b elo w the Galcti cen ter, extndig up to roughly 10
d le r ow ). The pur ose of this subtracion is to rev eal the kp c as the most distan t edg from GC has j b j 50 .
struce dep er in to the plane, and alo w a harde colr No struce lik e this ap ear in GALPRO mo dels, and in
strec h. The functioal form is (cs j b j ) 1 in latiude fact GALPRO is often run with a b o x-heig t smaler than
and a Gausin ( = 30 ) in longitude. The disk mo del this. Becaus the struce are so w el cen terd on the
mostly remo v es the IC gam-r ys pro duce b y cosmi GC, they are unlik ely to b e lo cal.
ra y elctrons in teracing with the ISRF includg CMB, In Figure 4 , w e sho w the ful sky residual maps at 1 5
infraed, and optical photns; as discue previously , GeV and 5 50 GeV after subtracing the SFD dust and
suc h elctrons are thoug t to b e mostly injectd in the the disk mo del to b est rev eal the F ermi bule featurs.
Galcti disk b y sup erno v a sho c k acelrtion b efor dif- Althoug photn P oisn noise is m uc h great in the
fusing out w ard. 5 50 GeV map, w e iden tify a F ermi bule struce
Finaly , w e t a simple double- ed geomtric bu- morphlgicay simlar to the struce in the 1 5 GeV
ble mo del with at gam-r y in tensi y to the dat, to map, presn t b oth ab o v e and b elo w the Galcti plane.
remo v e the remaing large-sc residual to w ards the In Figure 5 , w e sho w the ful sky maps at 1 5 GeV with
GC (Figure 3 , b otm r ow ). In this mo del, w e iden tify the zenithal equal are (ZEA) pro jection with resp ect to
the apro ximate edgs of the t w o bule-ik e struce b oth north p ole and south p ole. W e found no in tersing
to w ards the GC in the b otm left panel (sho wn with featurs ap ear near the p oles.
dashe d gr e en line in right panels of Figure 4 ). W e then
3.1 L ow Ener gy F ermi Map as a Diuse Galcti Mo del
l the iden tied double- ed bule struce with uni-
form gam ra y in tensi y , as a templa for the \ F ermi
In Figure 6 , w e sho w the 0 : 5 1 GeV and 2 50 GeV
bules" ( b otm right panel of Figure 3 ). If the F ermi
residual maps after subtracing only the SFD dust map
bules constiue the pro jection of a thre dimensoal
as a templa of foregund gams. The residual
t w o-bule struce symetric to the Galcti plane
maps should b e dominate b y IC emison from CR elc-
and the minor axis of the Galcti disk, taking the dis-
trons in teracing with the ISRF. W e use the 0 : 5 1 GeV
tance to the GC R = 8.5 kp c, the bule cen ters are
maps as a templa of IC emison from hig enrgy elc-
8
North 1 < E < 5 GeV North 1 < E < 5 GeV, subtracted

5 3.0
4 2.5
l = 180o
l = 180o
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

3 2.0
l = 90o l = 270o l = 90o l = 270o
2 1.5
l = 0o
l = 0o
1 1.0
0 0.5
South 1 < E < 5 GeV South 1 < E < 5 GeV, subtracted

5 3.0
4 2.5
l = 0o
l = 0o
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

3 2.0
l = 90o l = 270o l = 90o l = 270o
l = 180o
l = 180o
2 1.5
1 1.0
0 0.5
Fig. 5.| The zenithal equal are (ZEA) pro jection with resp ect to b oth north p ole ( up er p anels ) and south p ole ( lower p anels ) for
the 1 5 GeV enrgy band b efor ( left p anels ) and after ( right p anels ) subtracing the SFD dust and simple disk templas to rev eal the
F ermi bules.
trons scatering starligh , and subtrac the templa from Besid the t w o bules symetric with resp ect to the
higer enrgy maps (the lower p anels of Figure 6 ). The Galcti plane, w e nd one gian t northe ar c tha em-
F ermi bule struce are cleary rev eald. W e th us braces half of the north bule, tha extnds from the
conlude tha the F ermi bules are mostly from hig disk up to b 50, with ` rangi from roughly 40
enrgy elctron CRs IC scatering on CMB photns, and to 0 . It has a brigh ter and sharp er outer edg in the
IR photns at higer enrgis (se x 5 for more discu- 1 5 GeV map. On a ev en large scale, w e iden tify a
sion). By comparing the F ermi diuse Galcti mo del fain ter struce extnd up to b 80 , with ` rangi
Æ Æ
subtracion (Figure 2 ) and our simple templa mo del from roughly 80 to 50 . W e wil sho w in x 4 tha this
subtracion (Figure 4 ), w e nd tha the bule struce large extnd struce coresp onds to the North Polar
are robust to quite diern t foregund subtracion. It Spur emison aso ciated with L o op I (as sen for ex-
is diÆcult to se ho w suc h emison could arise { esp e- ample in the Haslm 408 MHz map Haslm et al. 1982 ).
cialy with sharp edgs Section 3.21 { as an artifc of W e wil discu the p osible relation of the F ermi bule,
thes subtracion. the northe ar c , and the L o op I featur in x 8 . In the
1 5 GeV map, w e also iden tify a \don ut-lik e" struc-
3.2 F ermi Bubles: Morphl gy
ture in the south sky with b rangi from roughly 35
Æ Æ Æ
to 0 and ` from roughly 0 to 40 . The co ordinates of
3.21 Morphl gic al F e atur es
the F ermi bule edgs, northe ar c , L o op I , and the
In the right panels of Figure 4 , w e ilustrae the edgs of
\don ut" featur iden tied from the 1 5 GeV map are
the F ermi bules and some other featurs. W e nd tha
listed in T able 1 .
the F ermi bules ha v e distnc sharp edgs, rathe than
In Figure 7 w e compare the F ermi bule morphlgy
smo othly faling o as mo del in Dobler et al. ( 209 ).
9
Fermi 0.5-1.0 GeV Fermi 2-50 GeV

90 90 1.5
45 45
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

3 1.0
0 0
2
0.5
1-45 -45
0 0.0
-90 -90
180 90 0 -90 -180 180 90 0 -90 -180
Fermi 2-10 GeV minus 0.5-1.0 GeV Fermi 10-50 GeV minus 0.5-1.0 GeV
90 90
0.8 0.8
45 45
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

0.6 0.6
0.4 0 0 0.4
0.2 0.2
-45 -45
0.0 0.0
-90 -90
180 90 0 -90 -180 180 90 0 -90 -180
Fig. 6.| T op left: F ul sky F ermi -LA T 1.6 y ear 0 : 5 1 : 0 GeV map subtrac the SFD dust map as a templa of gams. T op
right: The same as top left panel, but for enrgy range 2 50 GeV (note the diern t gra y scale for the t w o panels). Botm left: The
2 10 GeV F ermi gam-r y map subtracing the top left 0 : 5 1 : 0 GeV residual map whic h is used as a templa of ICS of starligh .
Botm right: The same as b otm left panel but for 10 50 GeV map subtracing the top left 0 : 5 1 : 0 GeV residual map. The F ermi
bule struce are b etr rev eald after subtracing the lo w er enrgy 0 : 5 1 : 0 GeV residual map with extnd disk-l e emison.
in diern t enrgy bins. W e sho w the diernc of the estimad cen ters of the north and south bules, and
1 2 and 2 5 GeV residual maps in the up er p anels ; in terscing the bule edg (as den in Figure 4 ) at
eac h residual map is the result of subtracing the SFD j b j > 28 . Along eac h suc h ra y , w e den the in terscion
dust map and the simple disk mo del to b est rev eal the of the arc with the bule edg to b e the orign of the
F ermi bules. The diernc maps b et w en the 1 5 co ordinate sytem; w e then p erfom an in v ers-v arince-
and 5 50 GeV maps are sho wn in the lower p anels . The w eigh ted a v erag of the in tensi y prole along the ra ys
bule featurs almost disap ear in the diernc maps, (as a functio of distance from the bule edg). W e
indcatg tha diern t parts of the F ermi bules ha v e subtrac a consta t oset from the prole along eac h
simlar sp ectra. ra y , prio to a v eragin the ra ys togehr, to minze
W e note tha the at in tensi y of the bules is strik- alisng of p oin t source on to the a v eragd prole, and
ing. As w e sho w in Figure 10 , if w e asume tha the then ad the a v eragd oset bac k in at the end. The
F ermi bules are pro jectd from sphericaly symetric in v ers v arince for eac h dat p oin t is obtained from the
thre-dimnsoal bules cen terd ab o v e and b elo w the P oisn eros in the orignal photn dat, prio to an y
GC, a no-trival emisvt y distrbuon in the bule subtracion of p oin t source or templas (ho w ev er, the
in terio is requid to pro duce a at pro jectd in tensi y smo othing of the map is tak en in to acoun t). When the
distrbuon ( up er left panel of Figure 10 ). If the \bu- ra ys are a v eragd togehr, the naiv e in v ers v arince in
bles" orignate from IC scatering, this suget a rathe the result is m ultiped b y a factor of the an uls ra-
no-uifrm densit y distrbuon for the elctron CRs, dius (for the p oin ts b eing a v eragd togehr) dive b y
whic h { com bined with a nearly uniform sp ectral index 4 , wher is the 1 v alue of the PSF, and the an-
{ presn ts c halengs for man y mo dels for the elctron n uls width is tak en to b e 1 (the spacing b et w en the
injecto. The exp ectd in tensi y prole for a sho c k gen- p oin ts along the ra ys; this is comparble to the smo oth-
eratd bule with a compresd gas shel is sho wn in ing scale, so ther ma y stil b e unaco ted-for corela-
the up er right panel; it is noticeably lim b-righ tend, tions b et w en the displa y ed eros); this is done to tak e
in con tras to observ ations. in to acoun t tha the n um b er of indep end t measur-
T o study the sharp edgs of the bules at hig lati- men ts b eing sampled b y the ra ys can b e far les than
tude more carefuly , w e examin the (pro jectd) in tensi y the n um b er of ra ys, esp ecialy close to the cen ter of the
proles along arcs of great cirles pasing throug the bules. This pro cedur is rep eatd for al the stage of
10
Fermi 1-2 GeV minus 2-5 GeV Fermi 1-2 GeV minus 2-5 GeV
3 3
50 50
2 2
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

1 0 0 1
0 0
-50 -50
-1 -1
50 0 -50 50 0 -50
Fermi 1-5 GeV minus 5-50 GeV Fermi 1-5 GeV minus 5-50 GeV
3 3
50 50
2 2
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

1 0 0 1
0 0
-50 -50
-1 -1
50 0 -50 50 0 -50
Fig. 7.| Comparisn of the F ermi bules b et w en diern t enrgy bins. T op left: Subtracion of the 2 5 GeV residual map from
the 1 2 GeV residual map; eac h residual map is construed from the dat b y regsin out the SFD dust and disk templas to b est
rev eal the F ermi bules. The diernc map is consite t with P oisn noise a w a y from the mask ed region, and the bule featurs can
hardly b e recognizd, indcatg tha diern t spatil regions of the F ermi bules ha v e the same sp ectrum. T op right: The same map as
left panel, but with the F ermi bule featurs o v erplotd for comparisn. The mark ed featurs are the same as those ploted in Figure
4 , and are listed in T able 1 . Botm r ow: Same as the up er p anels , but subtracing the 5 50 GeV residual map from the 1 5 GeV
residual map.
1
6 6
Southern map Northern map
SFD subtracted SFD subtracted
SFD and simple disk subtracted SFD and simple disk subtracted
5 SFD template 5 SFD, simple disk, Loop 1 subtracted
Simple disk template SFD template
Simple disk template
Loop 1 template
4 4
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
-20 0 20 40 -20 0 20 40
Degrees from edge Degrees from edge
3 3
Southern map Northern map
SFD and simple disk subtracted SFD and simple disk subtracted
SFD template SFD, simple disk, Loop 1 subtracted
Simple disk template SFD template
Simple disk template
Loop 1 template
2 2
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
1 1
0 0
-20 0 20 40 -20 0 20 40
Degrees from edge Degrees from edge
Fig. 8.| In tensi y as a functio of radil distance from the bule edg, a v eragd o v er great cirle arcs in terscing the bule cen ter
and lying at j b j > 28 . Result are sho wn for ( left ) the southern bule, and ( right ) the northe bule, for ( top ) the a v eragd 1 2
and 2 5 GeV maps, and ( b otm ) the a v eragd 5 10 and 10 20 GeV maps. Diern t lines sho w the result at diern t stage of the
templa regsion pro cedur and the coresp ondig eros are ploted (se tex for an outline of the ero anlysi).
the templa subtracion, using the simple disk templa south bule. F or b oth of the north and south bules,
for ICS for ilustraon (our conlusi do not dep end no signca t edg-brih tenig or lim b-righ tenig of the
on this c hoice). bules is apren t from the proles, the ux is fairly
The result are sho wn in Figure 8 for the a v eragd uniform insde the bules.
(1 2) + (2 5) GeV maps, and the a v eragd (5 10) + In Figure 9 , w e plot the in tensi y prole as a functio
(10 20) GeV maps. In b oth enrgy ranges the edgs of latiude from the south to the north p ole. W e con-
are cleary visble; in the south, this is true ev en b efor struc great cirle arcs p erp endicular to the l = 0 great
an y templas are subtraced. The in tensi y prole of cirle, extndig 10 in eac h directon (east and w est),
the north bule is strikngly simlar to prole of the and a v erag the emison o v er eac h suc h arc. The atnes
12
4 1-2+2-5 GeV 4 5-10+10-20 GeV

Original Original
SFD, simple disk SFD, simple disk
subtracted subtracted
SFD, simple disk, SFD, simple disk,
Loop 1 subtracted Loop 1 subtracted
3 3
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

2 2
1 1
0 0
-50 0 50 -50 0 50
b (°) b (°)
Fig. 9.| In tensi y a v eragd o v er the cen tral 20 degrs in longitude, as a functio of latiude, for ( left ) the a v eragd 1 2 and 2 5 GeV
maps, and ( right ) the a v eragd 5-10 and 10-2 GeV maps. W e constru great cirle arcs p erp endicular to the l = 0 great cirle, extndig
10 in eac h directon (east and w est), and a v erag the emison o v er eac h suc h arc; the \ b " lab el coresp ondig to eac h arc, and the x -axis
of the plot, refs to the v alue of b at l = 0. Diern t lines sho w the result at diern t stage of the templa subtracion pro ces.
of the bules with latiude (excpt p osibly close to the sp ectral slop e. A t enrgis ab o v e 20 GeV the isotrpc
Galcti plane), and the sharp edgs at hig latiude, are con tribuon b ecoms m uc h harde, whic h w e atribue
also apren t her. to c harged particle con tamino.
F or eac h set of mo del parmets, w e compute the P ois-
son log lik eliho o d,
3.2 Sp e ctrum of Gam-r ay Emison
ln L = k ln ln( k !) ; (1)
i i i i
W e no w atemp to estima the sp ectrum of the
gam ra ys aso ciated with the F ermi bules, and the
spatil v ariton of the sp ectrum. In orde to rev eal wher is the syn theic map (i.e, linear com binato of
the hardnes of the sp ectrum of the F ermi bules, and templas) at pixel i , and k is the map of observ ed dat.
quan tiav ely study the in tensi y atnes of the bu- The last term is a functio of only the observ ed maps.
ble in terios, w e do a careful regsion templa ting. The 1 Gausin ero is caluted from the lik eliho o d
First, w e maxize the P oisn lik eliho o d of a simple dif- b y ln L = 1 = 2. The ero bars are simply the square
fuse emison mo del in v olving 5-templas (se x 3.12 ). In ro ot of the diagonls of the co v arince matrix. W e ref
this mo del, w e include the SFD dust map (Figure 3 , right to Ap endix B of Dobler et al. ( 209 ) for more details of
p anel of the top ro w) as a trace of emison whic h is the lik eliho o d anlysi. Maps of the mo dels construed
domina t (or nearly so) at most enrgis on the disk and from linear com binatos of thes v e templas, and the
signca t ev en at hig latiudes, the simple disk mo del residual maps b et w en the F ermi dat and the com bined
(Figure 3 , right p anel of the se c ond r ow ), the bule templas at diern t enrgy bins, are sho wn in Figure
templa (Figure 3 , right p anel of the b otm ro w), the 1 . In this t, w e mask out al pixels with Galcti lat-
L o op I templa (se e.g Figure 1 , left p anel of the top itude j b j < 30 (the dashe blac k line in the residual
r ow ), and a uniform bac kground as templas to w eigh t maps).
the F ermi dat pro erly . T emplat-cord sp ectra for the 5-templa t are
The signca t isotrpc bac kground is due to extra- sho wn in Figure 12 . The ting is done with regions
galcti emison and c harged particle con tamino, in- of j b j > 30 . F or a templa tha has units (e.g, the
cluding hea vy n uclei at hig enrgis. The F ermi colab- SFD dust map is in E magnitudes) the corelatin
B V
oratin has measurd the extraglci diuse emison sp ectrum has unhelpf units (e.g gam-r y emison
using aditonl cuts to reduc c harged particle con tami- p er magnitude). In suc h a case w e m ultipy the corela-
natio Ab do et al. ( 201 ): b elo w 20 GeV the isotrpc tion sp ectrum b y the a v erag SFD v alue in the bule
con tribuon in our ts is roughly a factor of 2 large region, den b y the b otm right panel of Figure 3 ,
than the extraglci diuse emison, but has a simlar masking out the j b j < 30 region. F or the uniform, L o op
13
Model 1 of flat intensity Shell model
200
200
50 50
150
150
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

0 0
100
100
-50 -50 50
50
0
50 0 -50 50 0 -50
WMAP haze model ROSAT model
40
50
50 50
10-6 counts s-1 arcmin-2

30 40
30
mK
0 0
20
20
-50 10 -50
10
50 0 -50 50 0 -50
Fig. 10.| Pro jectd emison from four emisvt y distrbuon to ilustrae the qualitv e featurs of eac h. T op left: A to y mo del of
the F ermi bules with at pro jectd in tensi y . In this mo del, the v olume emisvt y (asuming the ISM is opticaly thin to gam ra ys)
2 2 1 = 2
is pro ortinal to ( R r ) for r < R , and zero otherwis, wher R =3.5 kp c is the apro ximate radius of the t w o bules, and r is
the distance to the cen ter of the north or south bule. T op right: A bule mo del with compresd gas shel with a thic knes of 0.5 kp c;
the elctron CR densit y in the shel is a factor of 5 higer than in the in terio of the bules. F or this mo del, a lim b-righ tend edg of
the bules is cleary visble, a featur whic h is not sen in the F ermi dat. Botm left: An ilustrav e to y mo del for the WMAP haze.
z =z
The haze sync hrotn emisvt y dep ends on the elctron CR densit y and the magnetic eld; her w e tak e B = B e , wher z = 2
0 0
kp c, and sho w the line of sigh t in tegral of this B-eld throug bule v olume. Ev en thoug the sync hrotn emisvt y is not simply the
pro duct of CR densit y times eld strengh, this panel suget tha the decrasing in tensi y of the WMAP haze at hig latiudes is due
to the exp one tial deca y of the Galcti magnetic eld a w a y from the Galcti plane. Botm right: A to y mo del for the R OSA T X-ra y
featurs. The observ ed soft X-ra ys are lim b-righ tend and w e asume al gas is uniformly distrbue withn a compresd shel, with no
con tribuon from the in terio, and X-ra y emison is pro ortinal to the gas densit y squared. The thic knes of the shel is 1 kp c.
I , and bule templas (includg iner, outer, north, the emison, and the simple disk mo del resm bles
and south), no renomalizt is done. Thes templas a com binato of IC and bremstahlung emison. The
are simply ones and zeros (smo othed to the aproite sp ectrum for emison corelatd with the F ermi bules
PSF), so the outer bule sp ectrum is simply the sp ec- is cleary signca tly harde than eithr of thes com-
trum of the bule shel templa sho wn in Figure 15 , p one ts, consite t with a at sp ectrum in E dN =dE .
not the mean of this templa o v er the whole bule re- This fact coupled with the distnc spatil morphlgy
gion. The normalizt factors for diern t templas of the F ermi bules indcates tha the IC bules are
are listed in T able 2 . genratd b y a sep ar ate elctron comp one t. W e also
In Figure 12 , w e sho w sp ectra for emison, note tha the sp ectrum of the bule templa fals o
bremstahlung and in v ers Comptn scatering calu- signca tly at enrgy . 1 GeV. This featur is robust
lated using a sample GALPRO mo del (tuned to matc h with resp ect to the c hoice of templas. The ting co-
lo caly measurd protns and an ti-prons as w el as lo- eÆcien ts and coresp ondig eros of eac h templa are
caly measurd elctrons at 20 30 GeV), as an ind- listed in T able 3 . W e wil discu some implcatons of
cation of the exp ectd sp ectral shap es. The sp ectra for the faling sp ectrum in x 4.3 .
the SFD and the simple disk templa reasonbly matc h T o demonstra the robustne of the sp ectrum w e ha v e
the mo del exp ectaions. The dust map mostly traces deriv ed for the F ermi bules, w e mak e use of the F ermi
14
Æ Æ
0 : 5 1 GeV residual map (after subtracing the SFD dust 25 , = 15 . With the impro v ed 1.6 yr dat, the edgs
map to largey remo v e the gams) as a templa of of the excs at hig latiudes are sen to b e quite sharp,
IC emison, and p erfom a 4-templa t ( x 3.1 ). Thes and are not w el-dscrib ed b y a Gausin fal-o in in-
gam ra ys mostly orignate from IC scatering of a rel- tensi y . Ho w ev er, the question of whetr the excs is
ativ ely soft p opulatin of elctrons in the disk, but migh t b etr mo del as an \eg" or a pair of \bules" is more
also con tain gams from IC scatering on starligh b y subtle.
a latiudny extnd elctron p opulatin. W e use the The c hoice of the biv arite Gausin templa b y
SFD dust map as a templa for gams as previ- Dobler et al. ( 209 ) w as in tend to remo v e as m uc h of
ously , and include the uniform bac kground and the bu- the remaing gam ra y signal as p osible, once the
ble templa as in the previous 5-templa t. The ting and soft IC emison had b en regsd out, minzg
is done with regions of j b j > 30 . F or the SFD dust map large-sc residual. The ts w er p erfomd with only
and the F ermi 0 : 5 1 GeV IC templa, the corelatin j b j < 5 mask ed out. In this w ork, on the other hand,
co eÆcien ts are w eigh ted b y the mean of eac h templa in w e ha v e mask ed out al emison with j b j < 30 ; when
the \bule" region. The resulting mo del and the dier- atemping to subtrac the disk-corelat emison, and
enc maps with resp ect to the F ermi dat, at diern t delinatg the \bules" templa, our goal has b en
enrgy bands, are sho wn in Figure 13 . The residual are to isolate the sharp-edg featurs from the more slo wly
remak ably smal. The sp ectrum is sho wn in Figure 14 . spatily v arying emison, not to acoun t for al the ob-
The F ermi 0 : 5 1 GeV IC templa ap ears to con tain serv ed emison.
a smal fraction of gams, but the sp ectral index This diernc in aproc h can b e sen in the no-
is consite t with the predict GALPRO IC comp one t. neglib residual around the iner Galxy ( j b j . 20 )
The ting co eÆcien ts and coresp ondig eros of eac h in man y of our maps (for exampl, Figure 13 ). An at-
templa are listed in T able 4 . temp to t al the residual emison sim ultaneosy with
By ey e, the F ermi bules ap ear to p ose north- a simple templa ma y w el requi a templa closer to
south symetr and are close to spatily uniform in tha used b y Dobler et al. ( 209 ), rathe than the bule
in tensi y (with a hard cuto at the bule edgs). T o templa. Ho w ev er, the sharp edgs no w visble in the
tes thes h yp othes more quan tiav ely , w e split the dat, and their alignme t with the edgs of the WMAP
F ermi bule templa in to the iner bule and outer haze and R OSA T X-ra y featurs (as w e wil discu in
shel l templas ( up er r ow of Figure 15 ), or alterniv ely x 4 ), motiv ate us to consider the bules as orignat
in to the north and south bule templas ( lower r ow of from a distnc ph ysical mec hanism. While the bules
Figure 15 ). W e then rep eat the previous 5-templa and probaly do not constiue the en tire \ F ermi haze" dis-
4-templa ting pro cedur in v olving eithr the simple cused b y Dobler et al. ( 209 ), they are certainly a ma jor
disk IC templa or the F ermi 0 : 5 1 GeV IC templa, comp one t of it, dominatg the signal at hig latiudes.
but splitng the bule templa to eithr iner bu- The question of whetr the remaing residual gam
ble and outer shel l or north and south bule templas. ra ys repsn t a separt ph ysical mec hanism is an in ter-
The goal is to iden tify v aritons in the in tensi y and esting one tha w e defr to futre w ork.
sp ectral index b et w en the bule edg and in terio, and
4. THE FERMI BULES SEN IN OTHER MAPS
the northe and southern bules. The resulting ted
sp ectra are sho wn in Figure 16 . And the coresp ondig
In this section, w e compare the 1 5 GeV F ermi bule
ting co eÆcien ts and eros of eac h templa are listed
with the R OSA T 1.5 k eV soft X-ra y map, the WMAP
in T able 5 , T able 6 , T able 7 , and T able 8 resp ectiv ely .
23 GHz micro w a v e haze, and the Haslm 408 MHz map.
In Figure 17 , w e replac the simple disk mo del with the
The strikng simlarte of sev eral morphlgica featurs
Haslm 408 MHz map as the IC templa, and emplo y
in thes maps strongly suget a comn ph ysical orign
the SFD map, a uniform bac kground, the L o op I tem-
for the F ermi bules, WMAP haze, and X-ra y edgs
plate, and the double- ed bule ( left panel) or the
to w ards the GC (Figure 18 ).
north and south bule ( right panel) templas in the t-
4.1 Comp arison with R OSA T X-r ay F e atur es

ting. Our conlusi is tha the F ermi bules ap ear
to b e north-su symetric and spatily and sp ectraly
The R OSA T al-sky surv ey pro vides ful-sky images
uniform, with a hard sp ectrum. This staemn t is largey
14
with FWHM 12' at enrgis from 0 : 5 2 k eV. W e com-
indep end t of our c hoice of templa for the disk IC
pare the morphlgy of the X-ra y featurs in R OSA T 1.5
emison.
k eV map with the edgs of the F ermi bules in detail
in Figure 19 . The lim b brigh tend X-ra y featurs align
3. The \ F ermi Bubles" vs the \ F ermi Haze"
with the edgs of b oth the north and south F ermi bu-
Dobler et al. ( 209 ) emplo y ed esn tialy the same
ble. Hin ts of the whole north bule are also visble in
templa regsion metho ds, claimed tha the gam-
R OSA T , as w el as t w o sharp edgs in the south tha
ra y emison not acoun ted for b y the kno wn foregunds
14
could b e w el ted b y a biv arite Gausin with = h tp:/hea-w.rv ard.eu/ostch tml
15
North bule South bule North arc (outer) North arc (iner) Lo op I Don ut (outer) Don ut (iner)
( `; b ) [deg] ( `; b ) [deg] ( `; b ) [deg] ( `; b ) [deg] ( `; b ) [deg] ( `; b ) [deg] ( `; b ) [deg]
( 0., 0.) ( 5., -5.0) ( 28.5, 5.0) ( 19.5, 5.0) ( 37.5, 25.0) ( 31.9, -5.0) ( 16.8, -7.6)
( -9., 5.0) ( 10.7, -10.) ( 31., 10.) ( 23.1, 10.) ( 43.2, 30.) ( 34.9, -9.0) ( 2.0, -9.4)
( -14.2, 10.) ( 12.9, -15.0) ( 31.9, 15.0) ( 24.9, 15.0) ( 46.3, 35.0) ( 37.0, -14.0) ( 24.6, -14.0)
( -14.5, 15.0) ( 15.0, -20.) ( 34.0, 20.) ( 26.0, 20.) ( 47., 40.) ( 36., -19.0) ( 23.7, -16.5)
( -17.0, 20.) ( 16.3, -25.0) ( 34.9, 25.0) ( 26.9, 25.0) ( 48.9, 45.0) ( 3.5, -25.0) ( 2.4, -18.7)
( -2.3, 25.0) ( 16.0, -30.) ( 3.7, 30.) ( 23.7, 30.) ( 49.8, 50.) ( 28.7, -29.0) ( 19.2, -21.)
( -2.6, 30.) ( 15., -35.0) ( 32.5, 35.0) ( 23.5, 35.0) ( 46., 60.) ( 1.5, -3.0) ( 13.6, -19.3)
( -21., 35.0) ( 15.0, -40.) ( 30.5, 40.) ( 20.5, 40.) ( 40.6, 65.0) ( 4.8, -29.0) ( 13.2, -14.3)
( -19., 40.) ( 15.0, -45.0) ( 27.5, 45.0) ( 16.5, 45.0) ( 29.4, 70.) ( -0.4, -20.) ( 13.6, -8.)
( -13.6, 45.0) ( 10.6, -50.) ( 24.7, 50.) ( 1.7, 50.) ( 12.5, 75.0) ( -1.2, -15.0) ( 16.8, -7.6)
( -3.0, 50.) ( 3.7, -52.) ( 20., 52.) ( 6.0, 52.) ( -5.0, 78.0) ( 0.3, -10.)
( 1.5, 50.) ( -6.3, -53.) ( 14.3, 5.0) ( 0., 5.0) ( -19.0, 78.0) ( 5., -5.0)
( 8.7, 45.0) ( -13.8, -50.) ( -3.0, 7.0)
( 12.3, 40.) ( -21.8, -45.0) ( -49.1, 74.0)
( 15.4, 35.0) ( -25.3, -40.) ( -61.5, 72.0)
( 17.0, 30.) ( -26.7, -35.0) ( -69.2, 70.)
( 18.3, 25.0) ( -26.3, -30.) ( -75.2, 65.0)
( 18.5, 20.) ( -25.6, -25.0) ( -7.6, 60.)
( 18.4, 15.0) ( -23.0, -20.) ( -78.3, 5.0)
( 16.0, 10.) ( -18., -15.0) ( -7.6, 50.)
( 12.0, 5.0) ( -13.8, -10.) ( -75., 45.0)
( -73.5, 40.)
( -68.3, 35.0)
( -67.0, 25.0)
T ABLE 1
Cordina tes defing the fea tures sho wn in Figure 4 and Figure 7
Uniform SFD bule north bule south bule iner bule outer bule disk lo op I 0 : 5 1 : 0 GeV - SFD
1.0 0.84 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.29 1.0 1.98
T ABLE 2
Normaliz tion f a ctors f or difernt templa tes.
E range (GeV) Energy Uniform SFD dust simple disk whole bule simple lo op I
0 : 3 0 : 5 0.4 1.68 0.6 1.20 0.1 0.689 0.27 0.35 0.3 0.487 0.15
0 : 5 0 : 9 0.7 1.365 0.7 1.279 0.12 0.68 0.3 0.21 0.37 0.475 0.16
0 : 9 1 : 7 1.3 1.4 0.8 1.79 0.14 0.53 0.35 0.321 0.4 0.45 0.19
1 : 7 3 : 0 2. 1.034 0.6 0.876 0.1 0.39 0.29 0.436 0.36 0.376 0.16
3 : 0 5 : 3 4.0 0.81 0.8 0.54 0.13 0.42 0.34 0.35 0.43 0.249 0.18
5 : 3 9 : 5 7.1 0.731 0.9 0.32 0.14 0.28 0.39 0.34 0.49 0.28 0.21
9 : 5 16 : 9 12.7 0.563 0.1 0.193 0.15 0.251 0.4 0.25 0.5 0.92 0.23
16 : 9 30 : 0 2.5 0.57 0.12 0.128 0.18 0.19 0.53 0.263 0.68 0.125 0.29
30 : 0 53 : 3 40. 0.57 0.15 0.41 0.21 0.96 0.64 0.217 0.83 0.8 0.36
53 : 3 94 : 9 71. 0.628 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.183 0.93 0.251 0.12 -0.43 0.48
94 : 9 168 : 7 126.5 0.62 0.3 0.8 0.43 0.12 0.125 0.319 0.162 -0.91 0.63
168 : 7 30 : 0 25.0 0.436 0.38 0.174 0.61 -0.39 0.158 -0.15 0.194 0.83 0.86
T ABLE 3
Corespndig templa te fitng coefints and er ors in Figure 12
trace the south F ermi bule close to the disk. W e sho w ground. W e nd tha the extnd L o op I featur has a
the R OSA T 1.5 k eV map o v erplotd with the edgs of softer sp ectrum than the X-ra y featurs aso ciated with
the F ermi bules, the northe ar c , the \donut" and the bule edgs, and is largey remo v ed in the dier-
the L o op I featurs in the right panels of Figure 19 . The enc map ( lower left panel of Figure 20 ). The residual
ap earnc of the X-ra y edgs in the R OSA T 1.5 k eV featurs strikngly o v erlap with the edgs of the F ermi
map, coinde t with the F ermi bule edgs, strongly bules ( lower right panel). No other noticeabl large
sup orts the ph ysical realit y of thes sharp edgs. scale featurs ap ear in the residual X-ra y map whic h do
In Figure 20 , w e subtrac the R OSA T 1.0 k eV soft not ap ear in the gam-r ys.
X-ra y map from the 1.5 k eV map to clean up the fore-
16
E range (GeV) Energy Uniform SFD dust whole bule 0 : 5 1 : 0 GeV - SFD
0 : 3 0 : 5 0.4 1.759 0.6 0.83 0.12 -0.26 0.26 1.8 0.17
0 : 5 0 : 9 0.7 1.46 0.6 0.95 0.13 0.8 0.29 1.275 0.18
0 : 9 1 : 7 1.3 1.208 0.8 0.92 0.16 0.258 0.34 0.897 0.2
1 : 7 3 : 0 2. 1.08 0.6 0.679 0.12 0.375 0.29 0.736 0.17
3 : 0 5 : 3 4.0 0.921 0.7 0.427 0.14 0.428 0.34 0.53 0.19
5 : 3 9 : 5 7.1 0.759 0.8 0.231 0.15 0.371 0.39 0.4 0.21
9 : 5 16 : 9 12.7 0.58 0.9 0.13 0.16 0.269 0.43 0.27 0.23
16 : 9 30 : 0 2.5 0.52 0.1 0.72 0.16 0.29 0.53 0.261 0.2
30 : 0 53 : 3 40. 0.56 0.14 0.15 0.21 0.25 0.6 0.14 0.34
53 : 3 94 : 9 71. 0.631 0.21 0.1 0.3 0.364 0.96 0.65 0.53
94 : 9 168 : 7 126.5 0.615 0.29 0.83 0.48 0.37 0.127 -0.32 0.76
168 : 7 30 : 0 25.0 0.41 0.37 0.149 0.68 -0.14 0.137 0.89 0.97
T ABLE 4
Corespndig templa te fitng coefints and er ors in Figure 14
4.2 Comp arison with WMAP Micr owave Haze enrgy photns, the sp ectrum of upscaterd photns
is giv en b y Blumen thal & Gould ( 1970 ) ( Cholis et al.
The WMAP haze is the residual remaing in WMAP
209 ),
micro w a v e dat after regsin out con tribuons from
2 2
thermal dust, fre-, and \soft sync hrotn" traced b y
dN 3 ( m c )
= c 2 q log q + (1 + 2 q )(1 q )
the Haslm 408 MHz radio surv ey ( Haslm et al. 1982 ). 2
dE dt 4 E
Therfo, it is b y construi harde than the Haslm-
+0 : 5(1 q )( q ) = (1 + q ) n ( ) ; (2)
corelatd emison. W e wil sho w in this section tha
E 1
the WMAP sync hrotn haze ap ears to b e aso ciated
2 2
= 4 E = ( m c ) ; q = ;
e e
with the F ermi bules.
E (1 E =E )
e e
Figure 21 sho ws a detail morphlgica comparisn
< E < E = (1 + ) :
of the south F ermi bule at 1 5 GeV with the south-
ern part of the WMAP micro w a v e haze at 23 GHz (K-
Her is the intal photn enrgy , E is the elctron en-
band). The edg of the F ermi bules, mark ed in gren
ergy , E is the enrgy of the upscaterd gam ra y , and
dashe line in the top right and lower right panels, closey
n ( ) describ es the enrgy distrbuon of the soft photns
traces the edg of the WMAP haze. The smaler latiu-
p er unit v olume. Wher 1, in the Thomsn limt,
dinal extnsio of the WMAP haze ma y b e due to the
the a v erag enrgy of the upscaterd photns is giv en
exp one tial deca y of the magnetic eld strengh with lat-
b y ,
itude. Thes strikng morphlgica simlarte b et w en
h E i = (4 = 3) h i ; (3)
the WMAP micro w a v e haze and F ermi gam-r y bu-
wher = E =m c is the Loren tz b o ost of the elctron.
e e
ble can b e readily explaind if the same elctron CR
In the Klein-Nsha (KN) limt, 1, the sp ectrum
p opulatin is resp onsible for b oth excs, with the elc-
instead p eaks at the hig enrgy end, and the upscaterd
tron CRs in teracing with the galcti magnetic eld to
photn caries a w a y almost al the enrgy of the elctron.
pro duce sync hrotn, and in teracing with the ISRF to
Giv en a p o w er la w steady- elctron sp ectrum with
pro duce IC emison.
sp ectral index , the sp ectral index of the IC scaterd
In Figure 2 , w e sho w the diernc maps b et w en the
gam ra ys is ( + 1) = 2 in the Thomsn limt, and
23 GHz WMAP haze and the 3 GHz and 41 GHz haze
+ 1 in the extrm KN limt (e.g Blumen thal & Gould
maps. The diernc maps con tain no apren t featurs
1970 ). Photns in the F ermi enrgy range can b e pro-
and indcate a comn sp ectrum of diern t regions in-
duce b y scatering of O (10 10) GeV elctrons on
side the WMAP haze, sugetin a single ph ysical orign
starligh t, whic h is (marginly) in the KN regim, or b y
for the bulk of the signal. W e ha v e reac hed the same
Thomsn scatering of m uc h higer-ny elctrons on
conlusi for the F ermi bules in Figure 7 .
IR or CMB photns. Consequ tly , the sp ectral index
Besid the simlart y of the morphlgy , the relativ ely
of gam ra ys migh t b e exp ectd to v ary with latiude
hard sp ectrum of the F ermi bule also motiv ates a com-
ev en if the elctron sp ectral index is uniform, b ecoming
mon ph ysical orign with the WMAP haze. W e no w
harde at higer latiudes wher scatering in the Thom-
pro vide a simple estima of the micro w a v e sync hrotn
son limt dominate. Closer to the disk, wher m uc h of
and gam-r y ICS signal from one single p opulatin of
the ISRF enrgy densit y is in starligh t, IC scatering are
hard elctrons distrbue in the iner Galxy , to demon-
in neithr the extrm KN nor Thomsn limts, and the
strae tha the magnitudes and sp ectral indces of the t w o
sp ectrum neds to b e computed carefuly .
signal are consite t for reasonbl parmet v alues.
W e consider a steady- elctron sp ectrum describ ed
F or a higly relativsc elctron scatering on lo w
b y a p o w er la w, dN =dE / E , with enrgy cutos at
17
Template 00.5 - 01.7GeV Residual map
2 2 2
50 50 50
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
-50 -50 -50
-1 -1 -1
50 0 -50 50 0 -50 50 0 -50
2 2 2
50 50 50
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
-50 -50 -50
-1 -1 -1
50 0 -50 50 0 -50 50 0 -50
2 2 2
50 50 50
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
-50 -50 -50
-1 -1 -1
50 0 -50 50 0 -50 50 0 -50
2 2 2
50 50 50
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
-50 -50 -50
-1 -1 -1
50 0 -50 50 0 -50 50 0 -50
Fig. 1.| The mo dels obtained from the m ulti-empa ts, compared with the F ermi maps, in diern t enrgy bins. The left
column sho ws the linear com binato of the disk, L o op I , uniform, and bule templas tha pro vide the b est t to the F ermi maps after
subtracing the b est t SFD dust templa (sho wn in the mid le column). The diernc maps b et w en the com bined templa and the
dat are sho wn in the right column. The templa ting is done for the region with j b j > 30 to a v oid con taminos from the Galcti
disk (sho wn with blac k dashe line in the right column residual maps). The subtracion of the mo del largey remo v es the featurs sen in
the F ermi maps with j b j > 30 . W e use the same gra y scale for al the panels. W e nd tha b oth the disk IC templa and L o op I featurs
fade o with increasg enrgy , but the bule templa is requid for al the enrgy bands and do es not fade o with increasg enrgy .
The o v ersubtacion in the residual maps, esp ecialy at lo w er enrgy bins, is due to the simple disk IC mo del, whic h is not a go o d templa
acros the en tire disk. Ho w ev er, outside the mask ed region, the residual maps are consite t with P oisn noise withou ob vious large scale
featurs.
18
10-5
Simple disk IC template Uniform
|b| > 30o SFD dust
Loop I
Whole bubble
Simple disk
GALPROP π0 decay
GALPROP brem
GALPROP IC
E2 dN/dE [GeV/cm2/s/sr]
10-6
10-7
10-8
1 10 100
Photon Energy [GeV]
Fig. 12.| Corelatin co eÆcien ts for the 5-templa t emplo ying a simple disk mo del for the IC (and to a lesr degr bremstahlung)
emison from sup erno v a-sho c k-acelrtd elctrons (se x 3.2 ). The SFD-corelatd sp ectrum is sho wn b y the red short-dae line whic h
0 0
roughly traces emison (the gra y dashe line indcates a GALPRO predicton for emison). The disk-corelat emison is sho wn
b y the gren dashe line, whic h traces the soft IC (gra y triple-doash line) and bremstahlung (gra y dot-ashe line) comp one t.
The sp ectrum of the uniform emison, whic h traces the isotrpc bac kground (includg p osible cosmi-ra y con tamino), is sho wn as
a dote bro wn line. The solid orange line indcates the sp ectrum of emison corelatd with L o op I , whic h has a simlar sp ectrum to the
disk-corelat emison. Finaly , the blue dot-ashe line sho ws the sp ectrum corelatd with the F ermi bule templa. The bule
comp one t has a notably harde (consite t with at) sp ectrum than the other templa-cord sp ectra, and the mo dels for the v arious
emison mec hanism genratd from GALPRO , indcatg tha the F ermi bules constiue a distnc comp one t with a hard sp ectrum.
The ting is done o v er the j b j > 30 region. Note tha thes GALPRO \predictons" are in tend only to indcate the exp ectd sp ectral
shap e for thes emison comp one ts, for refnc.
0.1 GeV and 10 GeV. The c hoice of hig-enry cut- WMAP haze w as estimad to ha v e a sp ectrum I /
o is motiv ated b y the lo cal measurn t of the cosmi , = 0 : 39 0 : 67 ( Dobler & Finkb einr 208 ), core-
ra y elctron sp ectrum b y F ermi ( Ab do et al. 209 ). W e sp ondig apro ximately to an elctron sp ectral index of
consider a region 4 kp c ab o v e the Galcti cen ter, as 1 : 8 2 : 4; Figure 23 sho ws our result for a magnetic
an exampl (and since b oth the WMAP haze and F ermi eld of 10 G and 5 G at 4 kp c ab o v e the GC, and elc-
bules are reasonbly w el measurd ther), and em- tron sp ectral indces = 1 : 8 3. This eld strengh is
plo y the mo del for the ISRF used in GALPRO v ersion aproite for an exp one tial mo del for the Galcti B -
z =z
50p ( P orte & Strong 205 ) at 4 kp c ab o v e the GC. W e eld in tensi y , j B j = j B j e , with B 30 40 G
0 0
normalize the sync hrotn to the apro ximate v alue mea- and scale heig t z 2 kp c. W e nd go o d agremn t
sured b y WMAP in the 23 GHz K-band ( Ho op er et al. in the case of 2 2 : 5, consite t with the sp ec-
207 ), 25 b elo w the Galcti plane, and compute trum of the WMAP haze. The magnetic eld strengh
the coresp ondig sync hrotn and IC sp ectra. The is higer than what ha v e b en used in (e.g P age et al.
19
2 2 2
50 50 50
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
-50 -50 -50
-1 -1 -1
50 0 -50 50 0 -50 50 0 -50
2 2 2
50 50 50
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
-50 -50 -50
-1 -1 -1
50 0 -50 50 0 -50 50 0 -50
2 2 2
50 50 50
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
-50 -50 -50
-1 -1 -1
50 0 -50 50 0 -50 50 0 -50
2 2 2
50 50 50
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
-50 -50 -50
-1 -1 -1
50 0 -50 50 0 -50 50 0 -50
Fig. 13.| The same as Figure 1 , but using the F ermi 0 : 5 1 GeV residual map after subtracing emison corelatd with the SFD
dust map (to remo v e the gams) as a templa for lo w-latiude IC emison (orignat primaly from scatering on starligh , and
lik ely in v olving softer sup erno v a-sho c k-acelrtd elctrons). The left column sho ws the b est t com bined templa includg the residual
0 : 5 1 GeV map, uniform, SFD dust, and bule templas. The mid le column sho ws the F ermi -LA T dat in diern t enrgy bins. The
diernc maps b et w en the com bined templa and the dat are sho wn in the right column. The templa ting is done o v er the region
with j b j > 30 (sho wn with blac k dashe line in the right column residual maps). W e use the same grey scale for al the panels. W e nd
tha the bule templa do es not fade a w a y with increasg enrgy . The 4-templa t w orks extrmly w el, at j b j > 30 the residual
maps are consite t with P oisn noise withou ob vious large scale featurs, and ther are no ob vious sharp featurs in the dat closer to
the disk.
20
10-5
Fermi 0.5 - 1.0 GeV IC template Uniform
|b| > 30o SFD dust
Whole bubble
0.5 - 1.0 GeV Fermi - SFD dust
GALPROP π0 decay
GALPROP brem
GALPROP IC
10-6
10-7
10-8
1 10 100
Photon Energy [GeV]
Fig. 14.| Same as Figure 12 , but corelatin co eÆcien ts for the 4-templa t emplo ying the F ermi 0 : 5 1 GeV residual map (after
subtracing the SFD dust) as a templa for the starligh IC. The line st yle is the same as Figure 12 . Again, w e nd tha the sp ectrum
corelatd with the F ermi bule templa (blue dot-ashe line) is harde (consite t with at in E dN =dE ) than the sp ectra corelatd
with the other templas, and the mo dels for the v arious emison mec hanism genratd from GALPRO , indcatg tha the F ermi bules
constiue a distnc gam-r y comp one t with a hard sp ectrum. The ting is done for j b j > 30 .
207 ), but consite t with ( Alv arez-Mu niz ~ et al. 20 ; with z than genraly thoug t, or tha the WMAP haze
Sun et al. 208 ). Ho w ev er, w e nd tha in orde to con- con tains a signca t fre- comp one t at hig lati-
siten tly explain WMAP haze and F ermi bules with tude.
the same p opulatin of CR elctrions, one neds suc h
magnetic eld strengh asuming the exp one tial deca y
4.3 Evidenc e of a 70 GeV Ele ctr on Exc es?
mo del whic h migh t not b e aproite.
In Figure 24 , w e calute the gam-r y sp ectrum
W e note tha the cen tral magnetic eld B requid
from IC scatering, using the standr ISRF mo del tak en
to obtain go o d agremn t b et w en the IC and syn-
from GALPRO { as in Figure 23 , but with a diern t en-
c hrotn amplitudes is somewhat higer than found b y
ergy range for the elctron CRs. An elctron CR p opula-
Dobler et al. ( 209 ), who p erfomd the comparisn at 2
tion with a hard lo w-enrgy cuto at ab out 50 GeV can
kp c. This apren t discrepany orignates from the fact
t the F ermi bule sp ectrum b etr than a single p o w er
tha in the haze latiudn prole giv en b y Ho op er et al.
la w extndig from 0 : 1 10 GeV, due to the do wn turn
( 207 ), the emison fals o rapidly with latiude for
in the sp ectrum in the lo w est enrgy bin. Ev en a rathe
Æ Æ
0 > b > 15 , but then plateus at b 15 35 ,
hard ( dN =dE E ) p o w er la w comp one t at 30 50
con tray to exp ectaions based on a B-eld prole exp o-
GeV pro duces a long tail at lo w enrgis. In tersingly ,
ne tialy faling a w a y from z = 0. This suget eithr
this prefd 50 70 GeV enrgy range is rathe close
tha the magnetic eld insde the bule fals les rapidly
to the p eak in lo cal e + e cosmi ra ys observ ed b y
21
Fermi bubble interior template Fermi bubble shell template

1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
50 50
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

0.6 0.6
0 0
0.4 0.4
-50 -50
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
50 0 -50 50 0 -50
Fermi bubble north template Fermi bubble south template

1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
50 50
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1
keV cm-2 s-1 sr-1

0.6 0.6
0 0
0.4 0.4
-50 -50
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
50 0 -50 50 0 -50
Fig. 15.| T op r ow: W e split our F ermi bule templa (sho wn in the b otm right panel of Figure 3 ) in to t w o comp one ts for templa
ting: an in terio templa ( top left ) and a shel templa ( top right ) with uniform in tensi y , in orde to rev eal an y p oten tial sp ectrum
diernc with the templa ting tec hnique. Botm r ow: W e split the F ermi bule templa in to north bule templa ( b otm left )
and south bule templa ( b otm right ). If the t w o bules ha v e the same orign, they should not only ha v e simlar morphlgies but
also consite t sp ectra.
15
A TIC ( Chang et al. 208 ) . W e note tha althoug the emison (thermal bremstahlung), and this w ould ex-
estimad ero bars of enrgy lo w er than 1 GeV mildy plain the lac k of a clear haze signal in WMAP p olariz-
dep end on the templas w e use in the ting pro cedur, tion maps. Ho w ev er, the sp ectrum of the haze is some-
the fal-o of the bule in tensi y in the lo w est enrgy what softer than genraly exp ectd from fre- emis-
bins is robust. sion; the gas temp eratu requid is also thermaly un-
54 5
In this case, while the lo w est enrgy bin in the gam- stable, requing a signca t enrgy injecto ( 10
ra ys is b etr ted, the lac k of lo w-enrgy CRs means ergs) to main tain its temp eratu ( Ho op er et al. 207 ;
tha sync hrotn can con tribue to the WMAP haze only McQuin & Zaldrig 201 ).
at the sub-p ercn t lev el, unles the magnetic eld in the
iner galxy is extrm (and ev en then the sp ectrum
4. Gam-r ay p ower and e c osmic r ay density
do es not repo duce the observ ations). In this case an
In orde to estima the toal gam-r y p o w er emit-
altern explantio for the WMAP haze w ould ned
ted b y the bules, w e m ust estima the surface
to b e consider. As sugetd intaly in Finkb einr
brigh tnes in tegrad o v er enrgy , the solid angle sub-
( 204a ), the WMAP haze could orignate from fre-
tend, and the distance (suitably a v eragd). F rom
15
Figure 12 w e tak e the in tensi y to b e E dN =dE =
Ho w ev er, note tha the large p eak observ ed b y A TIC -2 and
7 2 1 1
A TIC -4 ap ears to b e in con it with the F ermi measurn t of
3 10 GeV cm s sr from 1 10 GeV, in tegra-
the sp ectrum, whic h con tains no suc h featur.
6 2 1 1
ing to 1.4 10 GeV cm s sr . The bule templa
2
E range (GeV) Energy Uniform SFD dust simple disk iner bule outer bule simple lo op I
0 : 3 0 : 5 0.4 1.68 0.6 1.20 0.1 0.683 0.27 0.71 0.42 0.4 0.4 0.49 0.15
0 : 5 0 : 9 0.7 1.365 0.7 1.279 0.12 0.67 0.3 0.215 0.48 0.27 0.45 0.475 0.16
0 : 9 1 : 7 1.3 1.42 0.8 1.79 0.14 0.498 0.36 0.354 0.57 0.293 0.53 0.47 0.19
1 : 7 3 : 0 2. 1.034 0.6 0.876 0.1 0.43 0.29 0.37 0.47 0.491 0.45 0.37 0.16
3 : 0 5 : 3 4.0 0.8 0.8 0.54 0.13 0.426 0.35 0.37 0.56 0.39 0.54 0.247 0.18
5 : 3 9 : 5 7.1 0.731 0.9 0.32 0.14 0.284 0.39 0.3 0.64 0.354 0.61 0.27 0.21
9 : 5 16 : 9 12.7 0.562 0.1 0.193 0.15 0.265 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.293 0.69 0.87 0.23
16 : 9 30 : 0 2.5 0.56 0.12 0.128 0.18 0.21 0.54 0.182 0.8 0.35 0.87 0.12 0.29
30 : 0 53 : 3 40. 0.56 0.15 0.41 0.21 0.98 0.65 0.19 0.16 0.243 0.17 0.87 0.36
53 : 3 94 : 9 71. 0.627 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.187 0.93 0.26 0.15 0.294 0.153 -0.45 0.48
94 : 9 168 : 7 126.5 0.62 0.3 0.81 0.43 0.37 0.129 0.18 0.29 0.431 0.27 -0.98 0.64
168 : 7 30 : 0 25.0 0.435 0.38 0.179 0.62 -0.65 0.15 0.145 0.24 -0.178 0.26 0.97 0.86
T ABLE 5
Corespndig templa te fitng coefints and er ors in up er left p anel of Figure 16 .
E range (GeV) Energy Uniform SFD dust simple disk north bule south bule simple lo op I
0 : 3 0 : 5 0.4 1.679 0.6 1.205 0.1 0.683 0.27 -0.42 0.5 0.69 0.37 0.496 0.15
0 : 5 0 : 9 0.7 1.36 0.7 1.28 0.12 0.63 0.3 0.14 0.56 0.241 0.41 0.483 0.17
0 : 9 1 : 7 1.3 1.38 0.8 1.87 0.15 0.493 0.35 0.17 0.65 0.385 0.49 0.421 0.2
1 : 7 3 : 0 2. 1.03 0.7 0.83 0.12 0.384 0.29 0.28 0.54 0.53 0.41 0.391 0.16
3 : 0 5 : 3 4.0 0.81 0.8 0.53 0.13 0.421 0.35 0.368 0.64 0.346 0.49 0.247 0.19
5 : 3 9 : 5 7.1 0.731 0.9 0.321 0.14 0.283 0.39 0.354 0.72 0.37 0.5 0.27 0.2
9 : 5 16 : 9 12.7 0.562 0.1 0.195 0.16 0.248 0.4 0.157 0.78 0.23 0.63 0.97 0.24
16 : 9 30 : 0 2.5 0.59 0.12 0.124 0.18 0.196 0.53 0.35 0.1 0.216 0.76 0.16 0.3
30 : 0 53 : 3 40. 0.56 0.15 0.42 0.21 0.94 0.64 0.19 0.17 0.23 0.97 0.92 0.38
53 : 3 94 : 9 71. 0.628 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.184 0.93 0.264 0.164 0.243 0.14 -0.45 0.49
94 : 9 168 : 7 126.5 0.614 0.3 0.91 0.4 0.4 0.126 0.1 0.28 0.45 0.195 -0.68 0.67
168 : 7 30 : 0 25.0 0.429 0.39 0.186 0.64 -0.58 0.16 -0.169 0.254 0.61 0.2 0.17 0.92
T ABLE 6
Corespndig templa te fitng coefints and er ors in up er right p anel of Figure 16 .
E range (GeV) Energy Uniform SFD dust iner bule outer bule 0 : 5 1 : 0 GeV - SFD
0 : 3 0 : 5 0.4 1.759 0.6 0.83 0.12 0.1 0.35 -0.69 0.37 1.80 0.17
0 : 5 0 : 9 0.7 1.46 0.6 0.95 0.13 0.5 0.39 0.12 0.41 1.275 0.18
0 : 9 1 : 7 1.3 1.208 0.8 0.92 0.16 0.284 0.47 0.23 0.48 0.896 0.2
1 : 7 3 : 0 2. 1.08 0.6 0.68 0.12 0.39 0.39 0.4 0.41 0.73 0.17
3 : 0 5 : 3 4.0 0.921 0.7 0.427 0.14 0.39 0.47 0.459 0.49 0.53 0.19
5 : 3 9 : 5 7.1 0.759 0.8 0.231 0.15 0.362 0.53 0.382 0.56 0.4 0.21
9 : 5 16 : 9 12.7 0.58 0.9 0.13 0.16 0.195 0.57 0.351 0.63 0.271 0.23
16 : 9 30 : 0 2.5 0.523 0.1 0.69 0.15 0.218 0.71 0.368 0.79 0.261 0.18
30 : 0 53 : 3 40. 0.56 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.2 0.8 0.249 0.96 0.14 0.25
53 : 3 94 : 9 71. 0.631 0.21 0.1 0.3 0.37 0.128 0.394 0.14 0.65 0.53
94 : 9 168 : 7 126.5 0.614 0.29 0.84 0.48 0.23 0.164 0.45 0.19 -0.29 0.76
168 : 7 30 : 0 25.0 0.4 0.37 0.152 0.69 0.21 0.195 -0.26 0.175 0.8 0.96
T ABLE 7
Corespndig templa te fitng coefints and er ors in lower left p anel of Figure 16 .
used in our anlysi (Figure 3 ) subtend 0.8 sr, yield- trum. Ho w ev er, t ypical the requid v alues are com-
6 2 1
ing a toal bule ux of 1.3 10 GeV cm s . T o parble to the lo caly measurd elctron CR densit y . F or
obtain an a v erag distance for the emison, w e apro x- exampl, for the mo del in the rst panel of Figure 24
Æ 2
imate the bules as 2 spher cen terd at b = 28 , ( dN =dE / E for 50 GeV E 70 GeV), the in-
and directly ab o v e and b elo w the Galcti cen ter. F or ferd bule elctron densit y is 10 great than the
a Sun-GC distance of 8.5 kp c, this imples a distance of lo cal elctron densit y (as measurd b y F ermi ) at an en-
9.6 kp c, and a toal p o w er (b oth bules) in the 1 10 ergy of 50 GeV. F or a repsn taiv e mo del from the
40 37 2 : 3
GeV band of 2.5 10 GeV/s or 4 : 0 10 erg/s. rst panel of Figure 23 ( dN =dE / E for 0.1 GeV
The elctron cosmi-ra y densit y in the bules requid E 10 GeV, with a 10 G magnetic eld genrat-
to genrat the observ ed gam ra ys, at an y giv en en- ing the WMAP Haze via sync hrotn), at 50 GeV the
ergy , dep ends strongly on the asumed elctron sp ec- bule elctron densit y is a factor 2 great than the
23
E range (GeV) Energy Uniform SFD dust north bule south bule 0 : 5 1 : 0 GeV - SFD
0 : 3 0 : 5 0.4 1.759 0.6 0.82 0.12 -0.1 0.47 -0.31 0.29 1.80 0.17
0 : 5 0 : 9 0.7 1.46 0.6 0.95 0.13 -0.9 0.52 0.14 0.32 1.276 0.18
0 : 9 1 : 7 1.3 1.207 0.8 0.931 0.16 0.21 0.61 0.27 0.38 0.89 0.2
1 : 7 3 : 0 2. 1.087 0.6 0.681 0.13 0.31 0.5 0.391 0.3 0.738 0.17
3 : 0 5 : 3 4.0 0.92 0.7 0.42 0.14 0.5 0.6 0.39 0.39 0.527 0.19
5 : 3 9 : 5 7.1 0.76 0.8 0.28 0.15 0.4 0.67 0.342 0.45 0.397 0.21
9 : 5 16 : 9 12.7 0.58 0.9 0.132 0.16 0.231 0.72 0.286 0.51 0.27 0.23
16 : 9 30 : 0 2.5 0.524 0.1 0.68 0.15 0.46 0.91 0.236 0.6 0.257 0.8
30 : 0 53 : 3 40. 0.56 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.27 0.15 0.2 0.7 0.143 0.15
53 : 3 94 : 9 71. 0.631 0.21 0.1 0.3 0.39 0.15 0.376 0.15 0.67 0.54
94 : 9 168 : 7 126.5 0.68 0.29 0.91 0.49 0.67 0.189 0.47 0.162 -0.13 0.7
168 : 7 30 : 0 25.0 0.437 0.38 0.156 0.7 -0.216 0.29 -0.6 0.16 0.95 0.98
T ABLE 8
Corespndig templa te fitng coefints and er ors in lower right p anel of Figure 16 .
lo cal densit y . signal, via IC scatering of elctron CRs on the X-ra y
photns. In the Thomsn limt, the enrgy of IC scat-
5. INTERP A TION
terd photns is of orde ( = 2) E , with = 4 E E =m
e e e e
As discue in Dobler et al. ( 209 ), the F ermi bules
(wher E and E are the intal photn and elctron en-
sem most lik ely to orignate from IC scatering, since
ergis, resp ectiv ely , and m is the elctron mas), and
the requid elctron CR p opulatin can also naturly
the scatering cros section is indep end t of the in-
genrat the WMAP haze as a sync hrotn signal. The
tial elctron and photn enrgis. Th us a higer-ny
R OSA T X-ra y measurn ts suget tha the bules
photn p opulatin, leading to a large v alue of , al-
are hot and henc under dens regions, and th us argue
lo ws IC gam-r ys at a giv en enrgy to orignate from
aginst the gam ra ys orignat from bremstahlung
lo w er-ngy elctrons, whic h are m uc h more abund t
or deca y .
for t ypical elctron sp ectra with dN =dE E , & 2.
Ev en thoug the materil in the bules is lik ely
Ho w ev er, in the Klein-Nsha regim wher & 1 this
hig presu, it is also probaly v ery hot ( 10 K)
picture c hanges: the enrgy of scaterd photns is de-
and has lo w er gas densit y than the am bien t ISM. This
termind mostly b y the enrgy of the intal elctron,
w ould explain wh y the R OSA T 1.5 k eV map sho ws a
and the cros section scale as 1 = . Scaterings of 50
\ca vit y" of soft X-ra ys to w ard the cen ter of the F ermi
GeV elctrons alredy pro duce 10 GeV gam ra ys;
bule struce, lik e the X-ra y ca vit y in galxy clus-
when compared to the scatering of 10 GeV elctrons on
ters ( McNamr & Nulsen 207 ), esp ecialy in the north
X-ra ys in the extrm KN limt, the KN supreion of
F ermi bule. F urthemo, alo wing the F ermi bules
the cros section in the later case more than coun teracs
to ha v e lo w er densit y than the am bien t mediu means
the great abundce of 10 GeV elctrons, unles the
they w ould exp erinc a buo y an t force mo ving the bu-
elctron sp ectrum is v ery soft (whic h is incoste t with
ble materil a w a y from the GC (se x 6.23 for furthe dis-
the observ ed signal).
cusion), whic h ma y help genrat the observ ed morphl-
Th us hard UV or X-ra ys in the bules, whic h migh t
ogy . Becaus and bremstahlung gam-r y emis-
b e naturly exp ectd in a hig-temp eratu region,
sion b oth scale as the CR densit y the gas densit y , an
w ould not mak e the IC sp ectrum harde, and IC scat-
unders region canot b e brigh ter unles the cosmi
tering on thes photns is sub domina t to IC scatering
ra y densit are greatly increasd to comp ensat; for
on the usal ISRF for the elctron enrgis in question,
protns, in particul, the proagtin lengths are great
unles the X-ra y photn n um b er densit y is m uc h gr e ater
enough tha a protn o v erdnsit y canot reasonbly ex-
than the starligh t photn n um b er densit y . F urthemo,
plain the sharp bule edgs observ ed in the dat, if the
ther is no reason to think the bules con tains more
bules are in a steady stae.
. 1 eV photns, at least not in a region with a w el de-
If the bules are expandig rapidly and higly acel-
ned spatil edg. Th us the sharp edgs of the F ermi
eratd protns resp onsible for the gam-r y emison
bules, and the no-uifrmt y in the emisvt y , most
are trap ed b ehind sho c k fron ts, then sharp edgs for
lik ely arise from the elctron CR densit y rathe than the
the F ermi bules could o cur naturly . Ho w ev er, in
photn densit y . The presnc of simlar sharp edgs in
the presnc of suc h a sho c k, elctrons w ould also b e
the WMAP haze (at j b j 30 ) sup orts this h yp othesi,
acelrtd, and w ould genraly pro duce more gam-
if the WMAP haze is atribued to sync hrotn raditon
ra ys than the protns via ICS (since the co oling time for
from the elctron CRs.
elctron CRs is m uc h shorte than the co oling time for
Simlary , the elongatd shap e of the F ermi bule
protn CRs of comparble enrgy).
struce p erp endicular to the Galcti plane suget
It migh t b e thoug t tha the presnc of a brigh t X-
tha the elctron CR distrbuon itself is extnd p er-
ra y edg could lead to a sharp edg in the gam-r y
24
10-5 10-5
Simple disk IC template Uniform Simple disk IC template Uniform
|b| > 30o SFD dust |b| > 30o SFD dust
Simple disk Simple disk
Bubble interior North bubble
Bubble shell South bubble
Loop I Loop I
GALPROP π0 decay GALPROP π0 decay
GALPROP brem GALPROP brem
10-6 GALPROP IC 10-6 GALPROP IC
10-7 10-7
10-8 10-8
1 10 100 1 10 100
Photon Energy [GeV] Photon Energy [GeV]
10-5 10-5
Fermi 0.5 - 1.0 GeV IC template Uniform Fermi 0.5 - 1.0 GeV IC template Uniform
Bubble interior North bubble
Bubble shell South bubble
0.5 - 1.0 GeV Fermi - SFD dust 0.5 - 1.0 GeV Fermi - SFD dust
GALPROP π0 decay GALPROP π0 decay
GALPROP brem GALPROP brem
GALPROP IC GALPROP IC
10-6 10-6
10-7 10-7
10-8 10-8
1 10 100 1 10 100
Fig. 16.| Same as Figure 12 and Figure 14 , but splitng the F ermi bule templa in to t w o comp one ts for templa ting. The line
st yles are the same as Figure 12 . T op r ow: Using the simple disk mo del as the IC templa. In the left panel, w e split the previous bule
templa in to bule intero and bule shel l templas (se Figure 15 for the templas). The corelatin co eÆcien ts of the 6-templa
t in v olving the t w o bule templas are sho wn. The purle dash-ote line and blue triple-doash line are for the iner bule and
the outer shel templa resp ectiv ely . The t w o templas ha v e a consite t sp ectrum whic h is signca tly harde than the other templas,
indcatg the bule intero and the bule shel l ha v e the same distnc ph ysical orign. In the right panel, w e split the bule templa
in to north and south bules. As w e include the L o op I templa (whic h has a softer sp ectrum) in the north sky for regsion ting,
the north bule has a sligh tly harde sp ectrum than the south bule. Again, b oth of the templas ha v e harde sp ectra than an y other
comp one ts in the t. Botm r ow: Emplo ying the F ermi 0 : 5 1 GeV residual map (after subtracing the SFD dust) as a templa for
the starligh IC. In the left panel, w e split the bule templa in to bule intero and bule shel l templas. In the right panel, w e split
the bule templa in to north bule and south bule templas.
25
10-5 10-5
Haslam IC template Uniform Haslam IC template Uniform
Haslam Haslam
Loop I North bubble
Whole bubble South bubble
GALPROP π0 decay Loop I
GALPROP brem GALPROP π0 decay
GALPROP IC GALPROP brem
10-6 10-6 GALPROP IC
10-7 10-7
10-8 10-8
1 10 100 1 10 100
Fig. 17.| Same as Figure 12 , but using the Haslm 408 MHz map instead of the simple disk mo del as the IC templa. The Haslm
map con tains a brigh t featur aso ciated with L o op I (se Figure 18 ) and is dominate b y sync hrotn emison from softer elctron CRs,
of enrgis around 1 GeV; it is not an ideal trace of IC emison whic h dep ends on b oth elctron and ISRF distrbuon. The resulting
b est- sp ectrum for the bule templa remains harde than the other comp one ts, but with enhacd lo w

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Draft version A ugst 30, 201

Prepin t t yp est using L T X st yle em ulatep j v. 03/7

1,3 1,2 1,2

Meng Su , Tra cy R. Sla tyer , Douglas P. Finkber

Dr aft version A ugst 30, 201

line up with featurs in the R OSA T X-ra y maps at 1 : 5 2 k eV.

hig-latude cosmi ra y p opulatin.

1. INTR ODUCTIN 1. Pr evious High-Ener gy Exc es

the BH is quiescn t to da y . the Comptn Gam-r ay Observatoy extnd to the

cen ter lob e (GCL), with orign at the GC on the de-

Instiue for Theory and Computain, Harv ard-Smithson

gr e e scale (se e.g La w 201 , for a sumary of m ulti-

w a v elngth observ ations of GCL). The inferd enrgy

Ph ysic Departmn t, Harv ard Univ ersit y , Cam bridge, MA

injecto of b oth thes bip olar struce, despit their

Se htp:/fermi.gscna gov/ sc /dat a/

leas. cen t measurn ts of lo cal elctron and p ositrn cos-

mic ra ys. The A TIC, F ermi and H.ES exp erimn ts

1.2 Micr owave Exc es: the WMAP Haze

ha v e observ ed a hardenig in the e + e sp ectrum

at 20 10 GeV ( Chang et al. 208 ; Aharoni 209 ;

Bey ond direct evidnc of shel struce, micro w a v e

Ab do et al. 209 ), with an apren t step enig at  1

observ ations also pro vide in trigun indcatos of enrgy

T eV, and the P AMEL exp erimn t has measurd a ris-

relas to w ard the GC.

ing p ositrn fraction ab o v e 10 GeV. T ak en togehr,

A t tens of GHz, the Wilknso Micr owave A nisotr opy

thes measurn ts imply a new source of hard elctrons

Pr ob e ( WMAP ) pro vides senitv e degr resolutin ful

and p ositrn, whic h ma y b e relatd to the WMAP haze.

sky maps of di use micro w a v e emison. By subtracing

The co existnc of R OSA T X-ra y bip olar featurs and

templas includg Galcti H , Haslm 408 MHz soft

the WMAP haze to w ard the iner Galxy also suget

sync hrotn, and thermal dust emison to remo v e the

the in tersing p osiblt y of a comn ph ysical orign

di ern t kno wn emison mec hanism in thes maps, a

for thes signal.

micro w a v e residual excs (named \the micro w a v e haze")

with spherical (no-diskl e) morphlgy ab out  4 kp c

1.4 Invers Comptn Exc es fr om F ermi-LA T

in radius to w ard the GC (visble up to at least j b j  30 )

F ortunaely , if the WMAP haze is sync hrotn radi-

has b en recognizd ( Finkb einr 204a ). It has a sp ec-

ation from a hard elctron p opulatin lo cated around

trum of ab out I   , harde than t ypical syn-

c hrotn, but softer than fre-. The micro w a v e haze

gams, alo wing an indep end t prob e of the CR p op-

w as later in terpd as sync hrotn emison from a hard

ulation. IC photns pro vide v alube complen tary in-

sp ectrum of e cosmi ra ys. Other h yp othes suc h as

formatin ab out the spatil distrbuon of the e CR

fre-, sping dust, or thermal dust ha v e failed to

(giv en a mo del for the ISRF), whic h in turn can con-

explain its morphlgy , sp ectrum, or b oth ( Finkb einr

strain h yp othes ab out their orign. The unprecd ted

204b ; Dobler & Finkb einr 208 ). Ho w ev er, the most

angulr resolutin and senitv y of F ermi -LA T alo ws

recn t WMAP 7-y ear dat ha v e not detc the haze

us to prob e the gam-r y coun terpa to the micro w a v e

p olariztn predict b y the sync hrotn h yp othesi

haze in detail for the rst time.

Ab do et al. 209 ), with an apren t step enig at 1

sky maps of diuse micro w a v e emison. By subtracing

diern t kno wn emison mec hanism in thes maps, a

with spherical (no-diskl e) morphlgy ab out 4 kp c

in radius to w ard the GC (visble up to at least j b j 30 )

trum of ab out I , harde than t ypical syn-

the haze ha v e diuse from sup erno v a sho c ks in the disk,

canot fuly explain the dat for standr diuson as-

can diuse sev eral kp c from the disk withou sign-

10 Myr. It is w el kno wn tha the GC host a masiv e

The presnc of a distnc comp one t of diuse hard

the exp ectd Galcti diuse emison are subtraced.