Solution of Maths 12 Cbse

Class XII Chapter 5 – Continuity and Differentiability Maths
Book Name: NCERT Solutions
Exercise 5.1
Question 1:
Prove that the function f  x   5 x  3 is continuous at x  0, x  3 and at x  5.
Solution 1:
The given function is f  x   5 x  3
At x  0, f  0   5 x 0 -3=3
lim f  x   lim  5 x  3  5 x 0-3=-3
x 0 x 0
 lim f  x   f  0 
x 0
Therefore, f is continuous at x  0
At x  3, f  3  5 x  -3  3  18
lim f  x   lim f  5 x  3  5 x  -3  3  18
x 3 x 3
 lim f  x   f  3
x 3
Therefore, f is continuous at x  -3
At x  5, f  x   f  5   5 x 5 3  25  3  22
lim f  x   lim  5x  3  5 x5-3  22
x 5 x 5
 lim f  x   f  5 
x 5
Question 2:
Examine the continuity of the function f  x   2 x 2  1 at x  3 .
Solution 2:
The given function is f  x   2 x 2  1
At x  3, f  x   f  3  2 x 32  1  17
lim f  x   lim  2 x 1  2 x 3  1  17

2 2
x 3 x 3
lim f  x   f   3
x 3
Thus, f is continuous, at x  3
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Question 3:
Examine the following functions for continuity.
1 x 2  25
a) f  x   x  5 , b) f  x   , x  5 , c) f  x   , x  5 d) x  5  x  5
x5 x5
Solution 3:
a) The given function is f  x   x  5
It is evident that f is defined at every real number k and its value at k is k  5 .
It is also observed that lim f  x   lim f  x  5  k  k  5  f  k 
x k x k
 lim f  x   f  k 
x k
Hence, f is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a continuous function.

b). The given function is
for any real number k  5 , we obtain
1 1
lim f  x   lim 
x k x k x  5 k 5
1
Also, f  k    As k  5 
k 5
 lim f  x   f  k 
x k
Hence, f is continuous at every point in the domain of f and therefore, it is a continuous

function.
x 2  25
c). The given function is f  x   ,x 5
x5
For any real number c  5 , we obtain
x 2  25  x  5 x  5 
lim f  x   lim  lim lim  x  5   c  5
x c x c x5 x c x5 x c
Also, f  c  
 c  5 c  5  c c  5 as c  5
  
c5
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Hence f is continuous at every point in the domain of f and therefore. It is continuous function.
5  x, if x  5
d). The given function is f  x   x  5  
 x  5, if x  5
This function f is defined at all points of the real line.
Let c be a point on a real line. Then, c  5 or c  5 or c  5
case I : c  5
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Then, f  c   5  c
lim f  x   lim  5  x   5  c
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all real numbers less than 5.

case II : c  5
Then, f  c   f  5    5  5   0
lim f  x   lim  5  x    5  5  0
x  5 x 5
lim f  x   lim  x  5  0
x  5 x 5
 lim f  x   lim f  x   f  c 
x c  x c 
case III : c  5
Then, f  c   f  5   c  5
lim f  x   lim f  x  5  c  5
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at real numbers greater than 5.

Hence, f is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a continuous function.
Question 4:
Prove that the function f  x   x n is continuous at x  n is a positive integer.
Solution 4:
The given function is f  x   x n
It is evident that f is defined at all positive integers, n , and its value at n is n n .
lim f  n   lim f  x   n
n n
Then,
x n x n
 lim f  x   f  n 
x n
Therefore, f is continuous at n , where n is a positive integer.
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Question 5:
 x, if x  1
Is the function f defined by f  x   
5, if x  1
Continuous at x  0? At x  1? ,At x  2?
Solution 5:
 x, if x  1
The given function f is f  x    At x = 0,
5, if x  1
It is evident that f is defined at 0 and its value at 0 is 0 .
Then, lim f  x   lim x  0
x 0 x 0
 lim f  x   f  0 
x 0
At x  1 ,
f is defined at 1 and its value at is 1 .
The left hand limit of f at x  1 is,
lim f  x   lim
x 1 x 1
x1
The right hand limit of f at x  1 is,

lim f  x   lim f  5
x 1 x 1
 lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 1 x 1
Therefore, f is not continuous at x  1

At x  2,
f is defined at 2 and its value at 2 is 5.
Then, lim f  x   lim f  5  5
x 2 x 2
 lim f  x   f  2 
x 2
Question 6:
Find all points of discontinuous of f , where f is defined by
2 x  3, if x  2
f  x  
2 x  3, if x  2
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Solution 6:
2 x  3, if x  2
The give function f is f  x   
2 x  3, if x  2
It is evident that the given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line. Then, three cases arise.
I. c2
II. c2
III. c2
Case  i  c  2
Then, lim f  x   lim  2 x  3  2c  3
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all points, x , such that x  2

Case  ii  c  2
Then, f  c   2c  3
lim f  x   lim  2 x  3  2c  3
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  2

Case  iii  c  2
Then, the left hand limit of f at x  2 is,
lim f  x   lim  2 x  3  2x2  3  7
x  2 x  2

lim f  x   lim  2 x  3  2x2  3  1
x  2 x  2
It is observed that the left and right hand limit of f at x  2 do not coincide.
Hence, x  2 is the only point of discontinuity of f .
Question 7:
Find all points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by
 x  3, if x  3

f  x    2 x, if  3  x  3
6 x  2, if x  3

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Solution 7:
 x  3, if x  3

The given function f is f  x    2 x, if  3  x  3
6 x  2, if x  3

The given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.
Case I :
If c  3 , then f  c   c  3
lim f  x   lim   x  3  c  3
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  3

Case II :
If c  3, then f  3    3  3  6
lim f  x   lim   x  3  (3)  3  6

x 3 x 3
 lim f  x   lim f  2 x   2x  -3  6

x 3 x 3
 lim f  x   f  3
x 3
Therefore, f is continuous at x  3
Case III :
If 3  c  3, then f  c   2c and lim f  x   lim  2 x   2c
x c x 3c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous in  3,3 .

Case IV :
If c  3, then the left hand limit of f at x  3 is,
lim f  x   lim f  2 x   2x3=-6
x 3 x 3

lim f  x   lim f  6 x  2   6x3+2=20
x 3 x 3
Case V :
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If c  3 , then f  c   6c  2 and lim f  x   lim  6 x  2  =6c+2

x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c

Question 8:
x
 , if x  0
Find all points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by f  x    x
 0, if x  0

Solution 8:
x
 , if x  0
The given function f is f  x    x
 0, if x  0

It is known that, x  0  x   x and x  0  x  x
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as
 x x
   1 if x  0
 x x
f  x    0, if x  0
 x
 x
  1 if x  0
 x x
Case I :
If c  0 , then f  c   1
lim f  x   lim  1  1

x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x  0

Case II :
If c  0 , then the left hand limit of f at x  0 is,
lim f  x   lim  1  1
x  0 x  0
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lim f  x   lim 1  1
x  0 x  0
Case III :
If c  0 , f  c   1
lim f  x   lim 1  1

x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c

Question 9:
x
 , if x  0
Find all points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by f  x    x
 1, if x  0

Solution 9:
x
 , if x  0
 1, if x  0

It is known that, x  0  x   x
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as
x
 , if x  0
f  x   x
 1, if x  0

 f  x   1 for all xR
Let c be any real number. Then , lim f  x   lim  1  1
x c x c
Also, f  c   1  lim f  x 
x c
Therefore, the given function is continuous function.

Hence, the given function has no point of discontinuity.
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Question 10:
 x  1 if x  1
Find all the points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by f  x    2
 x  1, f x  1
Solution 10:
 x  1 if x  1
The given function f is f  x    2
 x  1, f x  1
Case I :
If c  1 then f  c   c 2  1 and lim f  x   lim f  x  1  c 2  1
2
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore , f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1
Case II :
If c  1 , then f  c   f 1  1  1  2
lim f  x   lim  x  1  12  1  2
2
 
x 1 x 1
lim f  x   lim  x  1  12  1  2
2
 
x 1 x 1
 lim f  x   f  c 
x 1
Case III :
If c  1 , then f  c   c  1
lim f  x   lim  x  1  c  1
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c

Hence, the given function f has no points of discontinuity.
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Question 11:
 x 3  3, if x  2
Find all points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by    2
f x 
 x  1, if x  2
Solution 11:
 x 3  3, if x  2
The given function f is f  x    2
 x  1, if x  2
Case I :
If c  2 , then f  c   c 3  3 and lim f  x   lim  x  3  c 3  3
3
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  2

Case II :
If c  2 , then f  c   f  2   23  3  5
lim f  x   lim  x  3   23  3  5
3
 
x2 x 2
lim f  x   lim  x  1  22  1  5
2
x  2 x  2
 lim1 f  x   f  2 
x2
Case III :
If c  2 , then f  c   c 2  1
lim f  x   lim  x  1  c 2  1
2
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c

Thus, the given function f is continuous at every point on the real line.
Hence, f has no point of discontinuity.
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Question 12:
 x10  1, if x  1
Find all points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by    2
f x 
 x , if x  1
Solution 12:
 x10  1, if x  1
The given function f is    2
f x 
 x , if x  1
Case I :
If c  1, then f  c   c10  1 and lim f  x   lim  x  1  c10  1
10
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c

Case II :
If c  1, then the left hand limit of f at x  1 is,
lim f  x   lim  x  1  1010  1  1  1  0

10
x 1 x 1
lim f  x   lim  x   1 1
2 2
x 1 x 1
Case III :
If c  1, then f  c   c 2
lim f  x   lim  x   c
2 2
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all pints x , such that x  1

Thus, from the above observation, it can be concluded that x  1 is the only point of discontinuity
of f .
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Question 13:
 x  5, if x  1
Is the function defined by f  x    a continuous function?
 x  5, if x  1
Solution 13:
 x  5, if x  1
The given function is f  x   
 x  5, if x  1
Case I :
If c  1 , then f  2   c  5 and lim f  x   lim  x  5  c  5
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c

Case II :
If c  1 , then f 1  1  5  6
lim f  x   lim  x  5  1  5  6
x 1 x 1

lim f  x   lim  x  5  1  5  4
x 1 x 1
Case III :
If c  1 , then f  c   c  5 and lim f  x   lim  x  5  c  5
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c

Thus, from the above observation, it can be concluded that x  1 is the only point of
discontinuity of f .
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Question 14:
 3, if 0  x  1

Discuss the continuity of the function f , where f is defined by f  x    4, if 1  x  3
5, if 3  x  10

Solution 14:
 3, if 0  x  1

The given function is f  x    4, if 1  x  3
5, if 3  x  10

The given function is defined at all points of the interval  0,10  .
Let c be a point in the interval  0,10  .
Case I :
If 0  c  1, then f  c   3 and lim f  x   lim  3  3
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous in the interval [0,1).

Case II :
If c  1, then f  3  3
lim f  x   lim  3  3
x 1 x 1
The right hand limit of f at x  1 is ,

lim f  x   lim  4   4
x 1 x 1
It is observed that the left and right hands limit of f at x  1 do not coincide.
Case III :
If 1  c  3, then f  c   4 lim f  x   lim  4   4
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval 1, 3  .

Case IV :
If c  3, then f  c   5
Top tutor.
lim f  x   lim  4   4
x 3 x 3

lim f  x   lim  5  5
x 3 x 3
Case V :
If 3  c  10, then f  c   5 and lim f  x   lim  5  5
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval  3,10.

Hence , f is not continuous at x  1 and x  3 .
Question 15:
2 x, if x  0

Discuss that continuity of the function f , where f is defined by f  x    0, if 0  x  1
4 x, if x  1

Solution 15:
2 x, if x  0

The given function is f  x    0, if 0  x  1
4 x, if x  1

The given function is defined at all points of the real line.
Case I :
If c  0 , then f  c   2c
lim f  x   lim  2 x   2c
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c

Case II :
If c  0 , then f  c   f  0   0
Top tutor.
lim f  x   lim  2 x   2 x 0 =0
x  0 x  0

lim f  x   lim  0  =0
x  0 x  0
 lim f  x   f  0 
x 0
Case III :
If 0  c  1, then f  x   0 and lim f  x   lim  0   0
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval  0,1 .

Case IV :
If c  1, then f  c   f 1  0
The left hand limit of f at x  1 is ,
lim f  x   lim  0  =0
x 1 x 1

lim f  x   lim  4 x  =4 x1= 4
x 1 x 1
It is observed that the left and right hand limits of f at x  1 do not coincide.
Case V :
If c  1, then f  c   4c and lim f  x   lim  4 x   4c
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c

Hence, f is not continuous only at x  1
Question 16:
 2, if x  1

Discuss the continuity of the function f , where f is defined by f  x    2 x, if  1  x  1
 2, if x  1

Top tutor.
Solution 16:
 2, if x  1

The given function f is f  x    2 x, if  1  x  1
 2, if x  1

The given function is defined at all points of the real line.
Case I :
If c  1, then f  c   2 and lim f  x   lim  2   2
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

Case II :
If c  1, then f  c   f  1  2
The left hand limit of f at x  1 is,
lim f  x   lim  2   2
x 1 x 1
The right hand limit of f at x  1 is,

lim f  x   lim  2 x  -1  2
x 1 x 1
 lim f  x   f  1
x 1
Therefore, f is continuous at x  1
Case III :
If 1  c  1, then f  c   2c
lim f  x   lim  2 x   2c
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval  1,1 .

Case IV :
If c  1, then f  c   f 1  2 x1= 2
lim f  x   lim  2 x   2 x1=2
x 1 x 1

lim f  x   lim 2  2
x 1 x 1
Top tutor.
 lim f  x   f  c 
x 1
Case V :
If c  1, f  c   2 and lim f  x   lim  2   2
x 2 x 2
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all points, x , such that x  1

Thus, from the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at all points of the
real line.
Question 17:
 ax  1, if x  3
Find the relationship be a and b so that the function f defined by f  x    is
bx  3, if x  3
continuous at x  3 .
Solution 17:
 ax  1, if x  3
The given function f is f  x   
bx  3, if x  3
If f is continuous at x  3, then
lim f  x   lim f  x   f  3 …..(1)
x 3 x 3
Also,
lim f  x   lim f  ax  1  3a  1
x 3 x 3
lim f  x   lim f  bx  1  3b  3
x 3 x 3
f  3  3a  1
Therefore, from (1), we obtain
3a  1  3b  3  3a  1
 3a  1  3b  3
 3a  3b  2
2
 a b
3
2
Therefore, the required relationship is given by , a  b 
3
Top tutor.
Question 18:
  x 2  2 x  , if x  0
For what value of  is the function defined by f  x    continuous at
 4 x  1, if x  0
x  0? what about continuity at x  1?
Solution 18:
  x 2  2 x  , if x  0
 4 x  1, if x  0
If f is continuous at x  0 , then
lim f  x   lim f  x   f  0 
x  0 x 0
 lim   x  2 x   lim  4 x  1    02  2 x0 
2
x 0 x 0
   0  2 x0   4 x0+1=0
2
 0=1=0, which is not possible

Therefore, there is no value of  for which f is continuous at x  0
At x  1 ,
f 1  4 x  1  4 x 1 + 1  5
lim  4 x  1  4x1+1=5
x 1
 lim f  x   f 1
x 1
Therefore, for any values of  , f is continuous at x  1
Question 19:
Show that the function defined by g  x   x   x  is discontinuous at all integral point.
Here  x  denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x .
Solution 19:
The given function is g  x   x   x 
It is evident that g is defined at all integral points.
Let n be a integer.
Then,
g  n   n   n  n  n  0
The left hand limit of f at x  n is,
lim g  x   lim  x   x  lim  x   lim  x  n   n 1  1
x n x n x n x n
Top tutor.
The right hand limit of f at x  n is,

lim g  x   lim  x   x  lim  x   lim  x  n  n  0
x n x n x n x n
It is observed that the left and right hand limits of f at x  n do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x  n
Hence, g is discontinuous at all integral points.
Question 20:
Is the function defined by f  x   x 2  sin x  5 continuous at x  p ?
Solution 20:
The given function is f  x   x 2  sin x  5
It is evident that f id defined at x  p
At x   , f  x   f     2  sin   5   2  0  5   2  5

Consider lim f  x   lim x2  sin x  5
x  x 

Put x    h
If x   , then it is evident that h  0
lim f  x   lim  x2  sin x   5
x x
 lim   h   sin   h   5

2
h 0  
 lim   h   limsin   h   lim5
2
h 0 h 0 h 0
   0   lim sin  cosh  cos   sinh   5

2
h0
   lim sin  cosh  lim cos  sinh  5

2
h 0 h 0
   sin  cos 0  cos  sin 0  5

2
  2  0 x 1-  -1 x0+5
2 5
 lim f  x   f  
x x
Therefore, the given function f is continuous at x  n
Top tutor.
Question 21:
Discuss the continuity of the following functions.
a) f  x   sin x  cos x
b) f  x   sin x  cos x
c) f  x   sin x x cosx
Solution 21:
It is known that if g and h are two continuous functions, then g + h, g - h and g,h are also
continuous.
It has to proved first that g  x   sin x and h  x   cos x are continuous functions.
Let g  x   sin x
It is evident that g  x   sin x is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x = c  h
If x  c , then h  0
g  c   sin c
lim g  x   lim g sin x
x c x c
 lim sin  c  h 
h 0
 lim sin c cosh  cos c sinh 

h 0
 lim  sin c cosh   lim  cos c sinh 

h 0 h 0
 sin c cos0  cos c sin 0

 sin c  0
 sin c
 lim g  x   g  c 
x c
Therefore , g is a continuous function.

Let h  x   cos x
It is evident that h  x   cos x is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x  c  h
If x  c , then h  0
h  c   cos c
lim h  x   lim cos x
x c x c
 lim cos  c  h 
h 0
Top tutor.
 lim  cos c cosh  sin c sinh 

h 0
 lim cos c cosh  limsin c sinh

h 0 h 0
 cos c cos0  sin c sin 0

 cos c x 1 - sinc x 0
= cos c
 lim h  x   h  c 
h 0
Therefore, h is a continuous function.

Therefore, it can be concluded that
a) f  x   g  x   h  x   sin x  cos x is a continuous function
b) f  x   g  x   h  x   sin x  cos x is a continuous function
c) f  x   g  x  x h  x   sin x x cosx is a continuous function
Question 22:
Discuss the continuity of the cosine, cosecant, secant and cotangent functions.
Solution 22:
It is known that if g and h are two continuous functions, then
h  x
i. , g  x   0 is continuous
g  x
1
ii. , g  x   0 is continuous
g  x
1
iii. , h  x   0 is continuous
h  x
It has to be proved first that g  x   sin x and h  x   cos x are continuous functions.
Let g  x   sin x
It is evident that g  x   sin x is defined for every real number.
If x  c, then h  0
g  c   sin x
lim g  c   lim sin x
x c x c
 lim sin  c  h 
h 0
Top tutor.
 lim sin c cosh  cos c sinh 

h 0
 lim  sin c cosh   lim  cos c sinh 

h 0 h 0
 sin c cos0  cos c sin 0

 sin c  0
 sin c
 lim g  x   g  c 
x c
Therefore, g is a continuous function.

Let h  x   cos x
If x ® c , then h ® 0
x c x c
h 0

h 0
 lim cos c cosh  lim sin c sinh

h 0 h 0
 cos c cos 0  sin c sin 0

 cos c x 1 - sinc x 0
= cos c
 lim h  x   h  c 
x c
Therefore, h  x   cos x is continuous function.

It can be concluded that,
1
cos ec x  ,sin x  0 is continuous
sin x
 cos ec x , x  n  n  Z  is continuous
^
Therefore, secant is continuous except at X  np, n I Z
1
sec x  , cos x  0 is continuous
cos x

 sec x, x   2n  1 n  Z  is continuous
2

Therefore, secant is continuous except at x   2n  1 n  Z 
2
Top tutor.
cos x
cot x  , sin x  0 is continuous
sin x
 cot x, x  n  n  Z  is continuous
Therefore, cotangent is continuous except at x  np , nI z
Question 23:
 sin x
 , if x  0
Find the points of discontinuity of f , where f  x    x
 x  1, if x  0
Solution 23:
 sin x
 , if x  0
 x  1, if x  0
It is evident that f is defined at all points of the real line.
Let c be a real number.
Case I :
sin c  sin x  sin c
If c  0 , then f  c   and lim f  x   lim  
c x c x c
 x  c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c

Case II :
If c  0 , then f  c   c  1 and lim f  x   lim  x  1  c  1
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c

Case III :
If c  0 , then f  c   f  0   0  1  1
sin x
lim f  x   lim 1
x 0 x 0 x
lim f  x   lim  x  1  1
x  0 x 0
Top tutor.
 lim f  x   lim f  x   f  0 
x 0 x 0
From the above observations, it can be conducted that f is continuous at all points of the real
line.
Thus, f has no point of discontinuity.
Question 24:
 2 1
 x sin , if  0
Determine if f defined by f  x    x is a continuous function?
 if x  0
 0,
Solution 24:
 2 1
 x sin , if  0
 0, if x  0
Case I :
1
If c  0 , then f  c   c 2 sin
c
 1
 
 1
lim f  x   lim  x 2 sin   lim x 2  lim sin   c 2 sin
x c x c
 x  x c  x c x
1
c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x  0

Case II :
If c  0 , then f  0   0
 1  1
lim f  x   lim  x 2 sin   lim  x 2 sin 
x 0 x 0  x  x 0  2
1
It is known that, 1  sin  1, x  0
x
1
  x 2  sin  x 2
x
 1
x 0
 
 lim  x 2  lim  x 2 sin   lim x 2
x 0
 x  x 0
Top tutor.
 1
 0  lim  x 2 sin   0
x 0
 x
 1
 lim  x 2 sin   0
x 0
 x
 lim f  x   0
x 0
 1  1
Similarly, lim f  x   lim  x 2 sin   lim  x 2 sin   0
x 0 x 0  x  x 0  x
 lim f  x   f  0   lim f  x 
x 0 x 0
From the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at every point of the real
line.
Thus, f is a continuous function.
Question 25:
sin x  cos x, if x  0
Examine the continuity of f , where f is defined by f  x   
 1 if x  0
Solution 25:
sin x  cos x, if x  0
 1 if x  0
Case I :
If c  0, then f  c   sin c  cos c
lim f  x   lim  sin x  cos x   sin c  cos c
x c x c
 lim f  x   f  c 
x c
Therefore, f is continuous at al points x , such that x  0

Case II :
If c  0, then f  0   1
lim f  x   lim  sin x  cos x   sin 0  cos 0  0  1  1
x o  x o
lim f  x   lim  sin x  cos x   sin 0  cos 0  0  1  1

x o  x o
 lim f  x   lim f  x   f  0 
x o x o
Top tutor.
From the above observations, it can be concluded that f is continuous at every point of the real
line.
Thus, f is a continuous function.
Question 26:
Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated point.

 k cos x if x 
 , 
f  x    2x 2 atx 
 3, if x   2
2
Solution 26:

 k cos x if x 
 ,
The given function f is f  x     2 x 2
 
 3, if x 
2
 
The given function f is continuous at x  , it is defined at x  and if the value of the f at
2 2
 
x  equals the limit of f at x  .
2 2
  
It is evident that f is defined at x  and f   3
2 2
 k cos x
lim f  x   lim
x 2
x 2
  2x

Put x  h
2

Then, x  h0
2
 
k cos   h 
 lim f  x   lim
k cos x
 lim 2 
    2x h  0  
x
2
x
2   2  h
2 
 sinh k sinh k k
 k lim  lim  .1 
h  0 2 h 2 h 0 h 2 2
Top tutor.
 
 lim f  x   f  

x
2
2
k
 3
2
k 6
Therefore, the required value of k is 6 .
Question 27:
kx 2 , if x  2
f  x   at x  2
 3, if x  2
Solution 27:
kx 2 , if x  2
 3, if x  2
The given function f is continuous at x  2 , if f is defined at x  2 and if the value of f at
x  2 equals the limit of f at x  2
It is evident that f is defined at x  2 and f  2   k  2   4k
2
lim f  x   lim f  x   f  2 
x  2 x2
 lim  kx 2
  lim  3  4k
x2 x  2
 k x 2  3  4k
2
 4k  3  4k
 4k  3
3
k
4
3
Therefore, the required value of k is .
4
Question 28:
kx  1, if x  
f  x   at x  
 cos x, if x  
Top tutor.
Solution 28:
kx  1, if x  
 cos x, if x  
The given function f is continuous at x  p and, if f is defined at x  p and if the value of f
at x  p equals the limit of f at x  p
It is evident that f is defined at x  p and f     k  1
lim f  x   lim f  x   f  
x   x 
 lim  kx  1  lim cos x  k  1

x  x 
 k  1  cos   k  1
 k  1  1  k  1
 k  1  1  k  1
2
k 

2
Therefore, the required value of k is  .

Question 29:
 kx  1, if x  5
f  x   at x  5
3x  5, if x  5
Solution 29:
 kx  1, if x  5
The given function of f is f  x   
3x  5, if x  5
The given function f is continuous at x  5 ,if f is defined at x  5 and if the value of f at x  5
equals the limit of f at x  5
It is evident that f is defined at x  5 and f  5   kx  1  5k  1
lim f  x   lim f  x   f  5 
x 5 x 5
 lim  kx  1  lim  3x  5   5k  1
x 5 x 5
 5k  1  15  5  5k  1
 5k  1  10
 5k  9
Top tutor.
9
k
5
9
Therefore, the required value of k is .
5
Question 30:
 5, if x  2

Find the values of a and b such that the function defined by f  x   ax  b, if 2  x  10 is a
 21 if x  10

continuous function.
Solution 30:
 5, if x  2

The given function f is f  x   ax  b, if 2  x  10
 21 if x  10

It is evident that the given function f is defined at all points of the real line.
If f is a continuous function, then f is continuous at all real numbers.
In particular, f is continuous at x  2 and x  10
Since f is continuous at x  2 , we obtain
lim f  x   lim f  x   f  2 
x  2 x2
 lim  5   lim  ax  b   5
x2 x2
 5  2a  b  5
 2a  b  5 ….(1)
Since f is a continuous at x  10 , we obtain
lim f  x   lim f  x   f 10 
x 10 x 10
 lim  ax  b   lim  21  21

x 10 x 10
 10a  b  21  21
 10a  b  21 …..(2)
On subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we obtain
8a  16
a2
By putting a  2 in equation (1), we obtain
2 x 2 + b =5
 4b  5
Top tutor.
 b 1
Therefore, the values of a and b for which f is a continuous function are 2 and 1 respectively.
Question 31:
Show that the function defined by f  x   cos  x 2  is a continuous function.
Solution 31:
The given function is f  x   cos  x 2 
This function f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two
functions as,
f  g o h, where g  x   cos x and h  x   x 2

  goh x   g  h  x   g  x2   cos  x2   f  x 
It has to be first proved that g  x   cos x and h  x   x 2 are continuous functions.
It is evident that g is defined for every real number.
Then, g  c   cos c
Put x  c  h
If x  c, then h  0
lim g  x   lim cos x
x c x c
h 0

h 0
 lim cos c cosh  lim cinc sinh

h 0 h 0

 cos c x 1- sin c x 0
=cosc
 lim g  x   g  c 
x c
Therefore, g  x   cos x is a continuous function.

h  x   x2
Clearly, h is defined for every real number.
Let k be a real number, then h  k   k 2
Top tutor.
lim h  x   lim x 2  k 2
x k x k
 lim h  x   h  k 
x k
Therefore, h is a continuous function.

It is known that for real valued functions g and h , such that  g o h  is defined at c , it g is
continuous at c and it f is continuous at g  c  , then  f o h  is continuous at c .
Therefore, f  x    g o h  x   cos  x 3  is a continuous function.
Question 32:
Show that the function defined by f  x   cos x is a continuous function.
Solution 32:
The given function is f  x   cos x
This function f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two
functions as,
f  g o h, where g  x   x and h  x   cos x
  goh  x   g  h  x    g  cos x   cos x  f  x 
It has to be first proved that g  x   x and h  x   cos x are continuous functions.
g  x   x , can be written as
 x, if x  0
g  x  
 x if x  0
Clearly, g is defined for all real numbers.
Case I :
If c  0, then g  c   c and lim g  x   lim   x   c
x c x c
 lim g  x   g  c 
x c
Therefore, g is continuous at all points x , such that x  0

Case II :
If c  0, then g  c   c and lim g  x   lim x  c
x c x c
 lim g  x   g  c 
x c
Therefore, g is continuous at all points x , such that x  0
Top tutor.
Case III :
If c  0, then g  c   g  0   0
lim g  x   lim   x   0
x  0 x 0
lim g  x   lim  x   0
x  0 x 0
 lim g  x   lim g  x   g  0 
x c x c
Therefore, g is continuous at x  0
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
h  x   cos x
If x  c, the h  0
x c x c
h 0

h 0
 lim cos c cosh  lim sin sinh

h 0 h 0

 cos c x 1  sin c x 0
 cos c
 lim h  x   h  c 
x c
Therefore, h  x   cos x is a continuous function.

It is known that fir real valued functions g and h , such that  g o h  is defined at c , if g is
continuous at c and if f is continuous at g  c  ,then  f o g  is continuous at c .
Therefore, f  x    goh  x   g  h  x    g  cox   cos x is a continuous function.
Question 33:
Examine that sin x is a continuous function.
Solution 33:
Let f  x   sin x
Top tutor.
This function f is defined for every real number and f cane be written as the composition of
two functions as,
f  g o h, where g  x   x and h  x   sin x
  goh  x   g  h  x    g  sin x   sin x  f  x 
It has to be prove first that g  x   x and h  x   sin x are continuous functions.
g  x   x can be written as
 x, if x  0
g  x 
 x if x  0
Case I :
If c  0 g  c   c and lim g  x   lim( x)  c
x c x c
 lim g  x   g  c 
x c
Therefore, g is continuous at all points x , that x  0

Case II :
If c  0, then g  c   c and lim g  x   lim x  c
x c x c
 lim g  x   g  c 
x c

Case III :
If c  0, then g  c   g  0   0
lim g  x   lim   x   0
x  0 x 0
lim g  x   lim  x   0
x  0 x 0
 lim g  x   lim  x   g  0 
x 0 x 0
h  x   sin x
It is evident that h  x   sin x is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x  c  k
If x  c , then k  0
h  c   sin c
Top tutor.
lim h  x   lim sin x

x c x c
 lim sin  c  k 
k o
 lim sin c cos k  cos c sin k 

k o
 lim  sin c cos k   lim  cos c sin k 

k o h o
 sin c cos 0  cos c sin 0

 sin c  0
 sin c
 lim h  x   g  c 
x c
Therefore, h is a continuous function,

It is known that for real valued functions g and h , such that  g o h  is defined at c , if g is
continuous at c and if f is continuous at g  c  , then  f o h  is continuous at c .
Therefore, f  x    goh  x   g  h  x    g  sin x   sin x is a continuous function.
Question 34:
Find all the points of discontinuity of f defined by f  x   x  x  1 .
Solution 34:
The given function is f  x   x  x  1 .
The two functions, g and h , are defined as
g  x   x and h  x   x  1
Then, f  g  h
The continuous of g and h is examined first.
g  x   x can be written as
 x, if x  0
g  x  
 x, if x  0
Case I :
If c  0, then g  c   g  0   c and lim g  x   lim   x   c
x c x c
 lim g  x   g  c 
x c
Therefore, g is continuous at all points x , such that x  0
Top tutor.
Case II :
If c  0, then g  c   c lim g  x   lim x  c
x c x c
 lim g  x   g  c 
x c

Case III :
If c  0, then g  c   g  0   0
lim g  x   lim   x   0
x  0 x 0
lim g  x   lim g  x   0
x  0 x 0
 lim g  x   lim  x   g  0 
x 0 x 0
h  x   x  1 can be written as
  x  1 , if , x  1
h  x  
 x  1, if , x  1
Clearly, h is defined for every real number.
Case I :
If c  1, then h  c     c  1 and lim h  x   lim   x  1    c  1
x c x c
 lim h  x   h  c 
x c
Therefore, h is continuous at all points x ,such that x  1

Case II :
If c  1, then h  c   c  1 and lim h  x   lim  x  1   c  1
x c x c
 lim h  x   h  c 
x c
Therefore, h is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

Case III :
If c  1, then h  c   h  1  1  1  0
lim h  x   lim   x  1    1  1  0
x 1 x 1
lim h  x   lim  x  1   1  1  0
x 1 x 1
 lim h  lim h  x   h  1

x 1 x 1
Therefore, h is continuous at x  1
Top tutor.
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that h is continuous at all points of the
real line.
g and h are continuous functions. Therefore, f  g  h is also a continuous function.
Therefore, f has no point of discontinuity.
Exercise 5.2
Question 1:
Differentiate the function with respect to x . sin  x 2  5
Solution 1:
Let f  x   sin  x 2  5 , u  x   x 2  5, and v  t   sin t
Then,  vou  x   v  u  x    v  x 2  5  tan  x 2  5  f  x 
Thus, f is a composite of two functions.
Put t  u  x   x 2  5
Then, we obtain
  sin t   cos t  cos  x 2  5

dv d
dt dt
  x  5   x 2    5  2 x  0  2 x
dt d 2 d d
dx dx dx dx
 .  cos  x 2  5  x 2x  2 x cos  x 2  5 
df dv dt
Therefore, by chain rule.
dx dt dx
Alternate method
sin  x 2  5    cos  x 2  5    x 2  5 
d d
dx   dx
d 
 cos  x 2  5  .   x 2    5  
d
 dx dx 
 cos  x 2  5  . 2 x  0
 2 x cos  x 2  5 
Top tutor.
Question 2:
Differentiate the functions with respect of X. cos  sin x 
Solution 2:
Let f  x   cos  sin x  , u  x   sin x, and v  t   cos t
Then,  vou  x   v  u  x    v  sin x   cos  sin x   f  x 
Thus, f is a composite function of two functions.
Put t  u  x   sin x
dv d
   cos t    sin t   sin  sin x 
dt dt
dt d
  sin x   cos x
dx dx
df dv dt
By chain rule, , .   sin  sin x  .cos x   cos x sin  sin x 
dx dt dx
Alternate method
d d
 cos  sin x     sin  sinx  .  sin x    sin  sin x   cos x   cos x sin  sin x 
dx dx
Question 3:
Differentiate the functions with respect of X. sin  ax  b 
Solution 3:
Let f  x   sin  ax  b  , u  x   ax  b, and v  t   sin t
Then,  vou  x   v  u  x    v  ax  b   sin  ax  b   f  x 
Thus, f is a composite function of two functions u and v .
Put t  u  x   ax  b
Therefore,
dv d
  sin t   cos t  cos  ax  b 
dt dt
dt d d d
  ax  b    ax    b   a  0  a
dx dx dx dx
Hence, by chain rule, we obtain
df dv dt
 .  cos  ax  b   a  a cos  ax  b 
dx dt dx
Alternate method
Top tutor.
d d
sin  ax  b    cos  ax  b  .  ax  b 
dx dx
d d 
 cos  ax  b  .   ax    b  
 dx dx 
 cos  ax  b  .  a  0 
 a cos  ax  b 
Question 4:
Differentiate the functions with respect of X. sec tan   x 
Solution 4:
Let f  x   sec tan   x  , u  x   x , v  t   tan t , and w  s   sec s
   
Then,  wovou  x   w v  u  x     w v x   w tan x  sec tan x  f  x 
   
Thus, f is a composite function of three functions, u , v and w .
Put s  v  t   tan t and t  u  x   x
dw d
Then,   sec s   sec s tan s  sec  tan t  .tan  tan t   s  tan t 
ds ds
  
 sec tan x tan tan x  t  x 
 
ds d
  tan t   sec 2 t  sec 2 x
dt dt
d  1  1 1 1
dt d

dx dx
 
x   x2   . x2 
dx   2
1
2 x
Hence, by chain rule, we obtain
dt dw ds dt
 . .
dx ds dt dx
  
 sec tan x tan tan x x sec2 x x  1
2 x

1
2 x
  
sec 2 x tan x tan tan x 

sec 2 x sec tan  x  tan  tan x 
2 x
Alternate method
Top tutor.
d 
dx 
  
sec tan x   sec tan x .tan tan x .
  
d
dx
tan x   
  
 sec tan x .tan tan x .sec 2 x .  d
dx
x .    
     
 sec tan x .tan tan x .sec 2 x .
1
2 x
sec  tan x  .tan  tan x  .sec  x  2

2 x
Question 5:
Differentiate the functions with respect of X.
sin  ax  b 
cos  cx  d 
Solution 5:
sin  ax  b 
The given function is f  x  , where g  x   sin  ax  b  and h  x   cos  cx  d 
cos  cx  d 
g ' h  gh'
f 
h2
Consider g  x   sin  ax  b 
Let u  x   ax  b , v  t   sin t
Then  vou  x   v  u  x    v  ax  b   sin  ax  b   g  x 
 g is a composite function of two functions, u and v .
Put t  u  x   ax  b
dv d
  sin t   cos t  cos  ax  b 
dt dt
dt d d d
  ax  b    ax    b   a  0  a
dx dx dx dx
Therefore, by chain rule, we obtain
dg dv dt
g'   .  cos  ax  b  . a  a cos  ax  b 
dx dt dx
Consider h  x   cos  cx  d 
Let p  x   cx  d , q  y   cos y
Then,  qop  x   q  p  x    q  cx  d   cos  cx  d   h  x 
Top tutor.
 h is a composite function of two functions, p and q .

Put y  p  x   cx  d
dq d
  cos y    sin y   sin  cx  d 
dy dy
dy d d d
  cx  d    cx    d   c
dx dx dx dx
Therefore, by chain rule, we obtain
dh dq dy
h'   .   sin  cx  d  xc=  c sin  cx  d 
dx dy dx
a cos  ax  b  .cos  cx  d   sin  ax  b c sin cx  d 
f'
cos  cx  d  
2
a cos  ax  b  sin  cx  d  1
  c sin  ax  b   x
cos  cx  d  cos  cx  d  cos  cx  d 
 a cos  ax  b  sec  cx  d   c sin  ax  b  tan  cx  d  sec  cx  d 
Question 6:
Differentiate the functions with respect of X. cos x3  sin 2  x5 
Solution 6:
The given function is
cos x3  sin 2  x5 
cos x3 .sin 2  x5    sin 2  x5  x  cos x3   cos x3 x sin 2  x5  

d d d
dx   dx dx  
 sin 2  x5  x  -sin x3  x  x3   cos x3  2sin  x5  . sin x 5 

d d
dx dx
 sin x3 sin 2  x5  x 3x 2  2sin x5 cos x3 .cos x5 x x 
d 5
dx
 3x 2 sin x3 .sin 3  x5   2sin x5 cos x5 cos x3 . x 5x 4
 10 x 4 sin x5 cos x5 cos x3  3x 2 sin x3 sin 2  x5 
Top tutor.
Question 7:
Differentiate the functions with respect of X.
2 cot  x 2 
Solution 7:
2 cot  x 2  
d 

dx  
cot  x   
1 d
 2. x  
2 cot  x 
2 dx
sin  x 2 
x-cosec2  x 2  x x 
d 2

cos  x  2
dx
sin  x 
2
1
 x x  2x 
cos  x  sin  x 
2 2 2
2 x

cos x 2 sin x 2 sin x 2
2 2 x

2sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x 2
2 2 x

sin x 2 sin 2 x 2
Question 8:
Differentiate the functions with respect of X. cos  x
Solution 8:
Let f  x   cos  x
Also, let u  x   x
And, v  t   cos t
Then,  vou  x   v  u  x  
v  x
 cos x
 f  x
Top tutor.
Clearly, f is a composite function of two functions, u and v, such that

t  u  x  x
d  12  1 12
Then,
dt d

dx dx
 
x  x  x
dx   2
1

2 x
dv d
And,   cos t    sin t
dt dt
 sin  x
By using chain rule, we obtain
dt dv dt
 .
dx dt dx
 
  sin x .
1
2 x

1
2 x
 
sin x
sin  x 

2 x
Alternate method
d 
dx   
cos x    sin x .
    x
d
dx
d  2
 
1
  sin x x x 
dx  
1  12
  sin x x x
2
 sin x

2 x
Question 9:
Prove that the function f given by
f  x   x  1 , x R is not differentiable at x  1.
Top tutor.
Solution 9:
The given function is f  x   x  1 , x R
It is known that a function f is differentiable at a point x  c in its domain if both
f c  h  f c f c  h  f c
lim and lim are finite and equal.
k 0 h h 0 h
To check the differentiability of the given function at x  1,
Consider the left hand limit of f at x  1
f 1  h   f 1 f I  h 1 1 1
lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
h 0 h
 lim
h 0 h
 lim
h  0 h
 h  0  h  h 
 1
Consider the right hand limit of f at x  1
f 1  h   f 1 f I  h 1  11
lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
h 0
 lim
h 0 h
 lim
h
h 0 h
h  0  h  h
1
Since the left and right hand limits of f at x  1 are not equal, f is not differentiable at x  1
Question 10:
Prove that the greatest integer function defined by f   x    x  , 0  x  3 is not differentiable at

x  1 and x  2 .
Solution 10:
The given function f is f   x    x  , 0  x  3
It is known that a function f is differentiable at a point x  c in its domain if both
f c  h  f c f c  h  f c
lim and lim are finite and equal.
h 0 h h 0 h
To check the differentiable of the given function at x  1, consider the left hand limit of f at
x 1
Top tutor.
lim
f 1  h   f 1
 lim
1  h  1
h 0 h h 0 h
0 1 1
 lim  lim  
h 0 h h  0 h
Consider the right hand limit of f at x  1
lim
f 1  h   f 1
 lim
1  h1
h 0 h h 0 h
1 1
 lim  lim 0  0
h 0 h h 0
Since the left and right limits of f at x  1 are not equal, f is not differentiable at x  1
To check the differentiable of the given function at x  2 , consider the left hand limit of f at
x2
lim
f  2  h   f  2
 lim
 2  h    2
h 0 h h 0 h
1 2 1
 lim  lim 
h 0 h h 0 h
Consider the right hand limit of f at x 1
lim
f  2  h  f  2
 lim
 2  h    2
h 0 h h 0 h
1 2
 lim  lim 0  0
h 0 h h 0
Since the left and right hand limits of f at x  2 are not equal, f is not differentiable at x  2
Top tutor.
Exercise 5.3
Question 1:
dy
Find : 2 x  3 y  sin x
dx
Solution 1:
The given relationship is 2 x  3 y  sin x
Differentiating this relationship with respect to x , we obtain
d d
 2 x  3 y    sin x 
dy dx
d d
  2 x    3 y   cos x
dx dx
dy
 2  3  cos x
dx
dy
 3  cos x  2
dx
dx cos x  2
 
dy 3
Question 2:
dy
Find : 2 x  3 y  sin y
dx
Solution 2:
The given relationship is 2 x  3 y  sin y
d d d
 2 x    3 y    sin y 
dx dx dx
dy dy
 2  3  cos y  By using chain rule 
dx dx
dy
 2=  cosy-3
dx
dy 2
 
dx cos y  3
Top tutor.
Question 3:
dy
Find : ax  by 2  cos y
dx
Solution 3:
The given relationship is ax  by  cos y
2
 ax    by 2    cos y 
d d d
dx dx dx
 a  b  y 2    cos y 
d d
dx dx …(1)
d 2
 y   2y
dy d
 cos y   sin y
dy
Using chain rule, we obtain dx dx and dx dx ……….(2)
From (1) and (2), we obtain
dy dy
a  b x 2y   sin y
dx dx
dy
  2by  sin y   a
dx
dy a
 
dx 2by  sin y
Question 4:
dy
Find : xy  y 2  tan x  y
dx
Solution 4:
The given relationship is xy  y 2  tan x  y
d
dx
 xy  y 2    tan x  y 
d
dx
  xy    y 2    tan x  
d d d dy
dx dx dx dx
 d dy  dy dy
  y .  x  x.   2 y  sec 2 x  [ using product rule and chain rule ]
 dx dx  dx dx
dy dy dy
 y.1  x  2y  sec 2 x 
dx dx dx
Top tutor.
dy
  x  2 y  1  sec 2 x  y
dx
dy sec x  y
2
 
dx  x  2 y  1
Question 5:
dy 2
Find : x  xy  y 2  100
dx
Solution 5:
The given relationship is x 2  xy  y 2  100

d 2
x  xy  y 2   100 
d
dx dx
 Derivative of constant function is 0
  x    xy    y   0
d 2 d d 2
dx dx dx
 
d dy
 2 x   y.  x   x.   2 y
dy
0  Using product rule and chain rule
 dx dx  dx
dy dy
 2 x  y.1  x.  2 y 0
dx dx
dy
 2x  y   x  2 y   0
dx
dy 2x  y
 
dx x  2y
Question 6:
dy 2
Find : x  x 2 y  xy 2  y 3  81
dx
Solution 6:
The given relationship is x 2  x 2 y  xy 2  y 3  81
dx

d 3
x  x 2 y  xy 2 y 3    81
d
dx
  x    x y    xy    y 3   0
d 3 d 2 d 2 d
dx dx dx dx
 d dy   d 
 3x 2   y  x 2   x 2    y 2  x   x  y 2   3 y 2
d dy
0
 dx dx   dx dx  dx
Top tutor.
 dx   dy  dx
 3x 2   y.2 x  x 2    y 2 .1  x.2 y.   3 y 2 0
 dy   dx  dy
  x 2  2 xy  3 y 2    3 x 2  2 xy  y 2   0
dy
dx
dy   3 x  2 xy  y 
2 2
 
dx  x 2  2 xy  3 y 2 
Question 7:
dx
Find : sin 2 y  cos xy  
dy
Solution 7:
The given relationship is sin 2 y  cos xy  
d
dx
 sin 2 y  cos xy   ( )
d
dx …..(1)
  sin y    cos xy   0
d 2 d
dx dx
Using chain rule, we obtain
d
dx
 sin 2 y   2sin y  sin y   2sin y cos y
d
dx
dy
dx
….(2)
 cos xy    sin xy  xy    sin xy  y  x   x 
d d d dy
dx dx  dx dx 
 dy  dy
  sin xy  y.1  x    y sin xy  x sin xy …..(3)
 dx  dx
From (1) ,(2) and (3), we obtain
dy dy
2sin y cos y   y sin xy  x sin xy 0
dx dx
dy
  2sin y cos y  x sin xy   y sin xy
dx
dx
  sin 2 y  x sin xy   y sin xy
dy
dx y sin xy
 
dy sin 2 y  x sin xy
Top tutor.
Question 8:
dy
Find : sin 2 x  cos 2 y  1
dx
Solution 8:
The given relationship is sin 2 x  cos 2 y  1
dy
dx
 sin 2 x  cos 2 y   1
d
dx
  sin 2 x    cos 2 y   0
d d
dx dx
d d
 2sin x.  sin x   2 cos y.  cos y   0
dx dx
dy
 2sin x cos x  2 cos y   sin y  .  0
dx
dy
 sin 2 x  sin 2 y 0
dx
dx sin 2 x
 
dy sin 2 y
Question 9:
dy  2x 
Find : y  sin 1  2 
dx  1 x 
Solution 9:
 2x 
The given relationship is y  sin 1  2 
1 x 
 2x 
y  sin 1  2 
1 x 
2x
 sin y
1  x2
 sin y   
d d 2x 

dx dx  1  x 2 
……….(1)
dy d  2 x 
 cos y   
dx dx  1  x 2 
2x u
The function , is of the form of .
1 x 2
v
Therefore, by quotient rule, we obtain
Top tutor.
d  2x  
1  x 2   2 x   2 x. 1  x 2 
d d
 dx dx
 2 
dx  1  x  1  x 2
…….(2)

1  x  .2  2 x 0  2 x  2  2 x  4 x
2 2 3

2 1  x 2

1  x  2 2
1  x  2 2
1  x 
2 2
2x
Also, sin y 
1  x2
 2x 
 cos y  1  sin y  1   2

2
1  x   4 x
2 2 2
2 
 1 x  1  x  2 2
…………(3)

1  x  2 2

1 x 2
1  x  2 2 1  x2
From (1)(2) and (3), we obtain
1  x 2 dy 2 1  x 
2
x 
1  x 2 dx 1  x 2 2
dy 2
 
dx 1  x 2
Question 10:
dx  3x  x3  1 1
Find : y  tan 1  2 
, x
dy  1  3x  3 3
Solution 10:
 3x  x3 
The given relationship is y  tan 1  2 
 1  3x 
 3x  x3 
1
y  tan  2 
 1  3x  ……..(1)
3x  x3
 tan y 
1  3x 2
y y
 tan 3
3 tan
It is known that, tan y  3 3 ……(2)
y
1  3 tan 2
3
Comparing equations (1) and (2), we obtain
Top tutor.
y
x  tan
3
 x    tan 
d d y
dx dx  3
y d  y
 1  sec 2 .  
3 dx  3 
y 1 dy
 1  sec 2 . .
3 3 dx
dy 3 3
  
dx sec 2 y 1  tan 2 y
3 3
dx 3
 
dy 1  x 2
Question 11:
dy  1  x2 
Find : y cos 1  2 
,0  x 1
dx  1 x 
Solution 11:
The given relationship is,
 1  x2 
1
y  cos  2 
 1 x 
1  x2
 cos y 
1  x2
y
1  tan 2
2  1 x
2

y 1  x2
1  tan 2
2
On comparing L.H.S. and R.H.S. of the above relationship, we obtain
y
tan  x
2
y d  y d
sec 2 .     x 
2 dx  2  dx
y 1 d
 sec 2 x 1
2 2 dx
Top tutor.
dy 2
 
dx sec 2 y
2
dy 2
 
dx 1  tan 2 y
2
dy 1
 
dx 1  x 2
Question 12:
dy  1  x2 
Find : y  sin 1  2 
,0  x 1
dx  1 x 
Solution 12:
 1  x2 
1
The given relationship is y  sin  2 
1 x 
 1  x2 
y  sin 1  2 
 1 x 
1  x2
 sin y 
1  x2
d d  1  x2 
 sin y     ……(1)
dx dx  1  x 2 
d dy
 sin y   cos y.
dx dx
2
 1  x2 
cos y  1  sin y  1  
2
2 
 1 x 

1  x   1  x 
2 2 2 2

4x2

2x
1  x 
2 2
1  x 
2 2 1  x2
d 2 x dy
  sin y   …….(2)
dx 1  x 2 dx
d  1  x 2  1  x 1  x   1  x 1  x 
' '
2 2 2 2
   using quotient rule 

dx  1  x 2  1  x2 
2
Top tutor.
=
1+x   2 x   1  x   2 x 
2 2
1  x  2 2
2 x  2 x 3  2 x  2 x 3

1  x 
2 2
4 x
 …..(3)
1  x 
2 2
From (1),(2), and (3), we obtain

2 x dy 4 x

1  x dx 1  x 2 2
2
dy 2
 
dx 1  x 2
Alternate method
 1  x2 
y  sin 1  2 
 1 x 
1  x2
 sin y 
1  x2
 1  x 2  sin y  1  x 2
 1  sin y  x 2  1  sin y
1  sin y
 x2 
1  sin y
2
 y y
 cos  sin 
 x2  
2 2
2
 y y
 cos  sin 
 2 x
y y
cos  sin
x 2 2
y y
cos  sin
2 2
y
1  tan
x 2
y
1  tan
2
  
 x  tan   
4 2
Top tutor.
d   y 
 x   .  tan   
d
dx dx   4 2  
 y  d  y 
 1  sec 2    .   
 4 2  dx  4 2 
   y   1 dy 
 1  1  tan 2    .   . 
  4 2   2 dx 
 1 dy 
 1  1  x 2    
 2 dx 
dx 2
 
dy 1  x 2
Question 13:
dy  2x 
Find : y  cos 1  2 
, 1  x  1
dx  1 x 
Solution 13:
 2x 
The given relationship is y  cos 1  2 
 1 x 
 2x 
y  cos 1  2 
 1 x 
2x
 cos y 
1  x2
Differentiating this relationship with respect to x, we obtain
 cos y   . 
d d 2x 

dx dx  1  x 2 
dy 
1  x 2  .  2 x   2 x. 1  x 2 
d d
  sin y.  dx dx
dx 1  x 
2 2
dy 1  x  x 2-2x.2x
2
  1  cos y 2

1+x 2 
2
dx
  2 1 x 2 
2 x   dy   
2

  1  2 
  
  1  x   dx  1  x 2 2 
   

1  x   4 x
2 2 2

dy 2 1  x 

2
1  x 2 2 dx 1  x2 
Top tutor.

1  x  2 2
dy 2 1  x 

2
1  x  2 2
1  x2 
2
dx
1  x 2 dy 2 1  x 
2
 . 
1  x 2 dx 1  x 2 
2
dy 2
 
dx 1  x 2
Question 14:
Find
dy
dx

: y  sin 1 2 x 1  x 2 , 
1
2
x
1
2

Solution 14:
Relationship is y  sin 1 2 x 1  x 2  

y  sin 1 2 x 1  x 2 
 sin y  2 x 1  x 2
cos y 
dy
dx
 d
 2 x
 dx

1  x2  1  x2
dx 
dx 

dy  x 2 x 
 1  sin 2 y  2 .  1  x2 
dx  2 1 x 
2
    x2  1  x2 
2
dy
 1  2 x 1  x2  2  
dx  1  x2 
 1  2 x2 
 1  4 x 1  x 
2 2 dy
 2 
dx  1 x 
2
2 dy  1  2 x2 
 1  2 x   2 
dx  1 x 
2
 1  2x2 
 1  2 x   2 
2 dy

dx  1 x 
2
dy 2
 
dx 1  x2
Top tutor.
Question 15:
dy  1  1
Find : y  sec 1  2  , 0  x 
dx  2x 1  2
Solution 15:
 1 
The given relationship is y  sec 1  2 
 2x 1 
 1 
y  sec 1  2 
 2x 1 
1
 sec y  2
2x 1
 cos y  2 x 2  1
 2 x 2  1  cos y
y
 2 x 2  2 cos 2
2
y
 x  cos
2
 x    cos 
d d y
dx dx  2
y d  y
 1  sin .  
2 dx  2 
1 1 dy
 
y 2 dx
sin
2
dy 2 2
  
dx sin y y
1  cos 2
2 2
dy 2
 
dx 1  x2
Top tutor.
Exercise 5.4
Question 1:
ex
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x :
sin x
Solution 1:
ex
Let y 
sin x
By using the quotient rule, we obtain
dy
sin x
d x
dx
 
d
e  e x  sin x 
dx

dx sin 2 x
sin x.  e x   e x .  cos x 

sin 2 x
e x  sin x  cos x 
 , x  n , n Z
sin 2 x
Question 2:
1
Differentiating the following esin x
Solution 2:
1
Let y  esin x
dy d sin 1 x

dx dx
e  
 esin x .  sin 1 x 
dy 1 d

dx dx
1 1
 esin x .
1  x2
e sin 1 x

1  x2
1
dy esin x
  , x   1,1
dx 1  x2
Top tutor.
Question 3:
Show that the function given by f  x   e 2 x is strictly increasing on R.
Solution 3:
Let x1 and x2 be any two numbers in R.
Then, we have:
x1  x2  2 x1  2 x2  e 2 x1  e 2 x2  f  x1   f  x2 
Hence, f is strictly increasing on R.
Question 4:
2
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : e x
Solution 4:
Let y  e x
3

dy d

dx dx
3
 
 e x  e x .  x 3   e x .3 x 2  3 x 2 e x
3 d
dx
3 3
Question 5:
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : sin  tan 1 e x 
Solution 5:
Let y  sin  tan 1 e x 
By using the chain rule, we obtain
: sin  tan 1 e  x  
dy d
dx dx
 cos  tan 1 e  x  .  tan 1 e  x 
d
dx
 cos  tan 1 e  x  . .  e x 
1 d
1 e 
 x 2 dx
cos  tan 1 e  x  d
 2 x
.e  x . x
1 e dx
Top tutor.
e x cos  tan 1 e  x 
 x  -1
1  e 2 x
e  x cos  tan 1 e  x 

1  e2 x
Question 6:
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : log  cos e x 
Solution 6:
Let y  log  cos e x 
 log  cos e x  
dy d

dx dx  
.  cos e x 
1 d
 x
cos e dx
x 
.  sin e x  .  e x 
1 d

cos e dx
 sin e xx
 .e
cos e x

 e x tan e x , e x   2n  1 ,nN
2
Question 7:
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : e x  e x  ...  e x
2 5
Solution 7:
d x
dx

e  e x  ...  e x
2 5

 ex  
d
dx
d x2
dx
e    d x3
dx
e 
d x4
dx
 
e 
d x5
dx
e    
 2 d   3 d   4 d   5 d 
 e x  e x x  x 2    e x x  x 3   e x x  x 4   e x x  x 5 
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
    
 e x  e x x2x  e x x3x 2  e x x4x3  e x x5x 4
2 3 4
  5

3
 e x  2 xe x  3x 2e x  4 x 3e x  5 x 4e x
2 4 5
Top tutor.
Question 8:
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : e x ,x 0
Solution 8:
Let y  e x
Then, y 2  e x
By Differentiating this relationship with respect to x , we obtain

y2  e x
 By applying the chain rule

 2y
dy
dx
e x d
dx
x  
dy 1 1
 2y e x
.
dx 2 x
dy e x
 
dx 4 y x
x
dy e
 
dx 4 e x
x
dy e x
  ,x 0
dx 4 xe x
Question 9:
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : l og  l og x  , x  1
Solution 9:
Let y  l og  l og x 
dy d
 l og  l og x  
dx dx 
1 d
 .  l og x 
l og x dx
1 1
 .
l og x x
1
 , x 1
x l og
Top tutor.
Question 10:
cos x
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : ,x 0
log x
Solution 10:
cos x
Let y 
log x
d d
dy dx 
cos x  x log x - cos x x  log x 
 dx
 log x 
2
dx
1
 sin x log x  cos x x
 x
 log x 
2
  x log x.sin x  cos x 

 ,x 0
x  log x 
2
Question 11:
Differentiating the following w.r.t. x : cos  log x  e x  , x  0
Solution 11:
Let y  cos  log x  e x 
y  cos  log x  e x 
  sin log x  e x  .  log x  e x 

dy d
dx dx
d 
 sin  log x  e x  .   log x    e x  
d
 dx dx 
1 
  sin  log x  e x  .   e x 
x 
1 
   e x  sin  log x  e x  , x  0
x 
Top tutor.
Exercise 5.5
Question 1:
Differentiating the following with respect to x . cos x.cos 2 x.cos3x
Solution 1:
Let y  cos x.cos 2 x.cos 3 x
Taking logarithm or both the side, we obtain
log y  log  cos x.cos 2 x.cos 3 x 
 log y  log  cos x   log  cos 2 x   log(cos 3 x)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x , we obtain
1 dy 1 d 1 d 1 d
 .  cos x   .  cos 2 x   .  cos 3 x 
y dx cos x dx cos 2 x dx cos 3 x dx
dy  sin x sin 2 x d sin 3 x d 
  y   .  2x  .  3x 
dx  cos x cos 2 x dx cos 3x dx 
dy
   cos x.cos 2 x.cos 3 x  tan x  2 tan 2 x  3 tan 3 x 
dx
Question 2:
Differentiating the function with respect to x .
 x  1 x  2 
 x  3 x  4  x  5
Solution 2:
Let y 
 x  1 x  2 
 x  3 x  4  x  5
 x 1 x  2 
 x 3 x  4  x 5
log y  log
1
 log y  log 
  x  1 x  2  

2   x  3 x  4  x  5  
 log y  log{ x  1 x  2   log  x  3 x  4   x  5  }
1
2
1
 log y  log  x  1  log  x  2   log  x  3   log  x  4   log  x  5  
2
Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain
Top tutor.
 1 d 1 d 1 d 
 .  x  1  .  x  2  .  x  3 
1 dy 1 x  1 dx x  2 dx x  3 dx
  
y dx 2  1 d 1 d 
 .  x  4  .  x  5
 x  4 dx x  5 dx 
dy y  1 1 1 1 1 
       
dx 2  x  1 x  2 x  3 x  4 x  5 

dy 1

 x  1 x  2   1  1  1  1  1 
dx 2  x  3 x  4  x  5  x  1 x  2 x  3 x  4 x  5 
Question 3:
Differentiating the function with respect to x.  log x 
cos x
Solution 3:
Let y   log x 
cos x

log y  cos x.log  log x 
1 dy d d
.   cos x  x log  log x   cos x x log  log x  
y dx dx dx
1 dy 1 d
 .   sin x log  log x   cos x x .  log x 
y dx logx dx
dy  cos x 1 
  y   sin x log  log x  
log x x 
x
dx 
dy cos x  cos x 
   log x    sin x log  log x  
dx  x log x 
Question 4:
Differentiate the function with respect to x . x 2  2sin x
Solution 4:
Let y  x2  2sin x
Also, let x 2  u and 2sin x  y
y  u v
Top tutor.
dy du dv
  
dx dx dx
u Xx
Taking logarithm on both sides, we obtain
1 du  d d 
   x  x logx + x x  log x  
u dx  dx dx 
du  1
  u 1 x log x  x x 
dx  x
du
  x x  log x  1
dx
du
  x x 1  log x 
dx
v  2sin x
Taking logarithm on both the sides with respect to x , we obtain
log v  sin x.log 2
1 dv d
.  log 2.  sin x 
v dx dx
dv
  v log 2 cos x
dx
dv
  2sin x cos x log 2
dx
dy
  x 2 1  log x   2sin x cos x log 2
dx
Question 5:
Differentiate the function with respect to x .  x  3 ,  x  4  ,  x  5
2 3 4
Solution 5:
Let y   x  3 ,  x  4  ,  x  5
2 3 4
Taking logarithm on both sides, we obtain.

log y  log  x  3  log  x  4   log  x  5 
2 3 4
 log y  2 log  x  3  3log  x  4   4 log  x  5 

1 dy 1 d 1 d 1 d
.  2. .  x  3  3. .  x  4   4. .  x  5
y dx x  3 dx x  4 dx x  5 dx
Top tutor.
dy  2 3 4 
  y  
dx  x  3 x  4 x  5 
dy  2 3 4 
   x  3  x  4   x  5   x  3  x  4  x  5 
2 3 4
dx
dy  2  x  4  x  5   3  x  3 x  5   4  x  3  x  4  
   x  3  x  4   x  5  
2 3

dx   x  3 x  4  x  5  
  x  3  x  4   x  5   2  x 2  9 x  20   3  x 2  9 x  15   4  x 2  7 x  12  
dy

2 2 2
dx
   x  3 x  4   x  5  9 x 2  70 x  133
dy 2 3
dx
Question 6:
x  1
 1 1 
Differentiate the function with respect to x .     x x 
 x
Solution 6:
x  1
 1 1 
Let y   x    x x 
 x
x  1
 1 1 
Also, let u   x   and v  ux x 
 x
y uv
dy du dv
   …….(1)
dx dx dx
x
 1
Then, u   x  
 x
x
 1
 log u  log  x  
 x
 1
 log u  x log  x  
 x
1 du d  1 d   1 
 ( x)  log  x    x  log  x   
u dx dx  x dx   x 
1 du  1 1 d  1
  1x log  x    xx . x 
u dx  x  1  dx  x
x 
 x
Top tutor.
 
du   1 x  1 
  u log  x    x  x  2 
  x  1
x  
dx x 
  
 x
  1 
x  
1   1  
x
du  x
   x   log  x    
dx  x   x  1 
  x  
 x 
  1  x 2  1
x
du  1
 x     
x  x 2  1 
log x
dx  x  
1   x2  1 1 
2
du  
   x    2  log  x    ….(2)
dx  x   x 1  x 
 1
 x 
v  x x
 x x 1x  
 log v  log  x 
 
 1
 log v  1   log x
 x
1 dv  d  1    1 d
.   1    x log x  1   . log x
v dx  dx  x    x  dx
1 dv  1   1 1
    2  log x  1   .
v dx  x   x x
1 dv log x 1 1
  2   2
v dx x x x
dv   log x  x  1 
  v 
dx  x2
 1
dv 1   x  1  log x 
  x x    ………(3)
dx  x2 
Therefore, from (1),(2)and (3), we obtain
 1
1   x2 1 1    x    x  1  log x 
x
dy  
  x    2  log  x     x x   
dx  x  x   x   x2 
Top tutor.
Question 7:
Differentiate the function with respect to x .  log x   x log x
x
Solution 7:
Let y   log x   x log x
x
Also, let u   log x  and v  x log x

x
y uv
dy du dv
   ……..(1)
dx dx dx
u   log x 
x
 log u  log  log x  

x
 
 log u  x log  log x 
1 du d d
  x  xlog  log x   x. log  log x  
u dx dx dx
du  1 d 
  u 1xlog  logx   x. .  log x  
dx  log x dx 
du x  x 1
   log x  log  log x  
log x x 
.
dx 
du x  1 
   log x  log  log x  
dx  log x 
du  log  log x  .log x  1 
   log x   
x

dx  log x 
du
  log x  1  log x.log  log x  
x 1
……(2)
dx
v  x log x
 log v  log  x log x 
 log v  log x log x   log x 

2

1 dx d 
.   log x  
2
v dx dx 
1 dx d
 .  2  log x  .  log x 
v dx dx
dv log x
  2 x log x
dx x
Top tutor.
dv
  2 x log x 1.log x ….(3)
dx
Therefore, from (1),(2), and (3), we obtain
dy
  log x  1  log x.log  log x    2 x log x 1 log x
x 1
dx
Question 8:
 sin x   sin 1 x
2
Differentiate the function with respect to x
Solution 8:
Let y   sin x   sin 1 x
x
Also, let u   sin x  and v  sin 1 x

x
y uv
dy du dv
   ……..(1)
dx dx dx
u   sin x 
x
 log u  log  sin x 

x
 log u  x log  sin x 

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
1 du d d
   x  x log  sin x   x x log  sin x  
u dx dx dx 
du  1 d 
  u 1.log  sin x   x. .  sin x  
dx  sin x dx 
du x  x 
   sin x  log  sin x   .cos x 
dx  sin x 
du
   sin x   x cot x  log sin x 
x
…..(2)
dx
v  sin 1 x
dv

1
.
d
x  
dx
 
2 dx
1 x
dv 1 1
  .
dx 1 x 2 x
Top tutor.
dv 1
  …..(3)
dx 2 x  x 2
Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3), we obtain
dy 1
  sin x   x cot x  log sin x  
2
dx 2 x  x2
Question 9:
Differentiate the function with respect to x . xsin x   sin x 
cos x
Solution 9:
Let y  xsin x   sin x 
cos x
Also u  x sin x and v   sin x 

cos x
y uv
dy du dv
   ……(1)
dx dx dx
u  x sin x
 log u  log  xsin x 
 log u  sin x log x
1 du d d
  sin x  .log x  sin x.  log x 
u dx dx dx
du  1
  u  cos x log x  sin x  
dx  x
du  sin x 
  x sin x cos x log x  ……(2)
dx  x 
v   sin x 
cos x
 log v  log  sin x 

cos x
 log v  cox log  sin x 

1 dv d d
  cos x  xlog  sinx   cos xx log  sin x  
v dx dx dx
dv  1 d 
  v   sin x.log  sin x   cos x. .  sin x  
dx  sin x dx 
Top tutor.
dv cos x  cos x 
   sin x    sin x log sin x  cos x 
dx  sin x 
dv
   sin x    sin x log sin x  cot x cos x 
cos x
dx
dv
   sin x   cot x cos x  sin x log sin x 
cos x
….(3)
dx
dy  sin x 
 xsin x  cos x log x     sin x   cos x cot x  sin x log sin x 
cos x
dx  x 
Question 10:
x2  1
Differentiate the function with respect to x . x x cos x 
x2 1
Solution 10:
x2  1
Let y  x x cos x 
x2 1
x2  1
Also, let u  x x cos x and v 
x2 1
dy du dv
  
dx dx dx
y uv
u  x x cos x
1 du d d d
  x  .cos x log x  x.  cos x  .log x  x cos x.  log x 
u dx dx dx dx
du  1
  u 1.cos x.log x  x.   sin x  log x  x cos x. 
dx  x
du
  x x cos x  cox log x  x sin x log x  cos x 
dx
du
  x x cos x cos x 1  log x   x sin x log x  ….(2)
dx
x2  1
v
x2 1
 log v  log  x 2  1  log  x 2  1
Top tutor.
1 dv 2x 2x
  2  2
v dx x  1 x  1
dv  2 x  x 2  1  2 x  x 2  1 
  v 
dx   x2  1 x2  1 
dv x 2  1  -4x 
  2 x 2 
dx x  1   x  1 x 2  1 
 
dv 4 x
  …….(3)
dx  x 2  12

dy 4x
 x x cos x cos x 1  log x   x sin x log x  
 x  1
2
dx 2
Question 11:
1
Differentiate the function with respect to x .  x cos x    x sin x  x
x
Solution 11:
1
Let y   x cos x    x sin x  x
x
1
Also, let u   x cos x  and v   x sin x  x
x
y uv
dy du dv
   ….(1)
dx dx dx
u   x cos x 
2
 log u  log  x cos x 

x
 log u  x log  x cos x 

 log u  x  log x  log cos x 
 log u  x log x  x log cos x
1 du d
 x  log x    x log cos x 
u dx dx
du  d d   d d 
  u  log x.  x   x.  log x   log cos x.  x   x.  log cos x 
dx  dx dx   dx dx 
Top tutor.
du x  1  1 d 
   x cos x   log x.1  x.   log cos x  1  x. .  cos x  
dx  2  cos x dx 
du x   x 
   x cos x   log x  1  log cos x  .   sin x  
dx   cos x 
du
   x cos x  1  log x    log cos x  x tan x  
x
dx
du
   x cos x  1  x tan x   log x  log cos x  
x
dx
du
   x cos x  1  x tan x  log  x cos x  
x
……(2)
dx
1
v   x sin x  x
1
 log v  log  x sin x  x
1
 log v  log  x sin x 
x
1
 log v   log x  log sin x 
x
1 1
 log v  log x  log sin x
x x
1 dv d  1  d 1 
  log x    log  sin x  
v dx dx  x  dx  x 
1 dv  d 1 1 d   d 1 1 d 
  log x.    .  log x    log  sin x  .    . log  sin x 
v dx  dx  x  x dx   dx  x  x dx 
1 dv   1  1 1   1  1 1 d 
  log x.   2   .   log  sin x  .   2   . .  sin x  
v dx   x  x x   x  x sin x dx 
1 dv 1  log(sin x) 1 
  2 (1  log x)     .cos x 
 
2
v dx x x x sin x
1 dv 1 1 1  log x  log  sin x   x cot x 
  2  x sin x  x   2
 
v dx x  x x2 

dv
  x sin x  x 
 
1 1  log x  log sin x  x cot x 
2 
dx  x 

dv
  x sin x  x 
 
1 1  log x sin x  x cot x 
2  ………(3)
dx  x 
Top tutor.
dy
  x cos x  1  x tan x  log  x cos x     x sin x  x 
2  
1  x cot x  1  log x sin x 
2 
dx  x 
Question 12:
dy
Find of function. x 2  y 2  1
dx
Solution 12:
The given function is x y  y x  1
Let x y  u and y x  v
Then, the function becomes u  v  1
du dv
  0 ……….(1)
dx dx
u  xy
 log u  log  x y 
 log u  y log x
1 du dy d
 log x  y.  log x 
u dx dx dx
du  dy 1
  u log x  y.  …….(2)
dx  dx x
du  dy y 
  x y  log x  
dx  dx x 
v  yx
 log v  log( y x )
 log v  x log y
1 dv d d
.  log y.  x   x  log y 
v dx dx dx
dv  1 dy 
  v  log y.1  x. .  …..(3)
dx  y dx 
dv  x dy 
  y x  log y  
dx  y dx 
Top tutor.
 dy y   x dy 
x y  log x    y x  log y  0
 dx x   y dx 
  x 2  log x  xy y 1     yx y 1  y x log y 
dy
dx
y 1
dy yx  y log y
x
  y
dx x log x  xy x 1
Question 13:
dy
Find of function y x  x y
dx
Solution 13:
The given function is y x  x y
x log y  y log x
d d d d
log y.  x   x.  log y   log x.  y   y.  log x 
dx dx dx dx
1 dy dy 1
 log y.1  x. .  log x.  y.
y dx dx x
x dy dy y
 log y   log x 
y dx dx x
x  dy y
   log x    log y
y  dx x
 x  y log x  dy y  x log y
  
 y  dx x
 x  y log x  dy y  x log y
  
 y  dx x
dy y  y  x log y 
   
dx x  x  y log x 
Top tutor.
Question 14:
dy
of function  cos x    cos y 
y x
Find
dx
Solution 14:
The given function is  cos x    cos y 
y x

y  log cos x  x log cos y
dy d d d
log cos x  y.  log cos x   log cos y  x   x  log cos y 
dx dx dx dx
dy 1 d 1 d
 log cos x.  y. .  cos x   log cos y.1  x. .  cos y 
dx cos x dx cos y dx
dy y x dy
 log cos x  .   sin x   log cos y    sin y  .
dx cos x cos y dx
dy dy
 log cos x  y tan x  log cos y  x tan y
dx dx
dy
  log cos x  x tan y   y tan x  log cos y
dx
dy y tan x  log cos y
 
dx x tan y  log cos x
Question 15:
dy
Find of function xy  e x  y 
dx
Solution 15:
The given function is xy  e x  y 
log  xy   log  e x  y 
 log x  log y   x  y  log e
 log x  log y   x  y  1
 log x  log y  x  y
d d d dy
 log x    log y    x  
dx dx dx dx
Top tutor.
1 1 dy 1
   1
x y dx x
 1  dy x  1
 1   
 y  dx x
dy y  x  1
 
dx x  x  1
Question 16:
Find the derivative of the function given by f  x   1  x  1  x 2 1  x 4 1  x8  and hence find
f ' 1
Solution 16:
The given relationship is f  x   1  x  1  x 2 1  x 4 1  x8 
log f  x   log 1  x   log 1  x 2   log 1  x 4   log 1  x8 
.  f  x    log 1  x   log 1  x 2   log 1  x 4   log 1  x8 

1 d d d d d
f  x  dx dx dx dx dx
. 1  x 2   . 1  x 4   . 1  x8 
1 1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d
 . f '  x  . 1  x  
f  x 1  x dx 1  x dx
2
1  x dx
4
1  x dx
8
 1 1 1 1 
 f '  x  f  x   .2 x  .4 x 3  .8 x 7 
1  x 1  x 1 x 1 x 
2 4 8
 1 4 x3 8x7 
 f '  x   1  x  1  x 2 1  x 4 1  x8  
2x
   8
1  x 1  x 1  x 1  x 
2 4
 1 2x1 4x13 8x17 

Hence, f ' 1  1  1 1  12 1  14 1  18      8
1  1 1  1 1  1 1  1 
2 4
1 2 4 8
 2x2x2x2     
2 2 2 2
 1+2+4+8 
 16x  
 2 
15
 16x  120
2
Top tutor.
Question 17:
Differentiate  x 2  5 x  8 x3  7 x  9  in three ways mentioned below
i. By using product rule.
ii. By expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial
iii. By logarithm Differentiate
Do they all given the same answer?
Solution 17:
Let y   x 2  5x  8 x3  7 x  9 
(i) Let x  x 2  5 x  8 and u  x 3  7 x  9
 y  uv
dy du dv
  .v  u.  By using product rule 
dx dv dx
  x  5 x  8 .  x3  7 x  9    x 2  5 x  8 .  x3  7 x  9 
dy d 2 d

dx dx dx
  2 x  5   x 3  7 x  9    x 2  5 x  8  3x 2  7 
dy

dx
 2 x  x3  7 x  9   5  x3  7 x  9   x 2  3x 2  7   5 x  3x 2  7   8  3x 2  7 
dy

dx
  2 x 4  14 x 2  18 x   5 x3  35 x  45   3x 4  7 x 2   15 x 3  35 x  24 x 2  56
dy

dx
dy
  5 x 4  20 x 3  45 x 2  52 x  11
dx
(ii)
y   x 2  5 x  8  x 3  7 x  9 
 x 2  x3  7 x  9   5 x  x3  7 x  9   8  x3  7 x  9 
 x5  7 x 3  9 x 2  5 x 4  35 x 2  45 x  8 x 3  56 x  72
 x5  5 x 4  15 x 3  26 x 2  11x  72
  x  5 x 4  15 x 3  26 x 2  11x  72 
dy d 5

dx dx
  x5   5  x 4   15  x3   26  x 2   11  x    72 
d d d d d d
dx dx dx dx dx dx
 5 x  5 x 4x  15 x 3x  26 x 2x  11 x 1  0
4 3 2
 5 x 4  20 x3  45 x 2  52 x  11
(iii) Taking logarithm on both sides, we obtain.
log y  log  x 2  5 x  8  log  x3  7 x  9 
Top tutor.
 log  x 2  5 x  8   log  x 3  7 x  9 
1 dy d d
y dx dx dx
.  x2  5x  8  3 .  x3  7 x  9 
1 dy 1 d 1 d
  2
y dx x  5 x  8 dx x  7 x  9 dx
 
x  3x 2  7  
dy 1 1
  y 2 x  2x-5   3
dx  x  5x  8 x  7x  9 
 2x  5 3x  7 
2
  x 2  5 x  8  x 3  7 x  9   3
dy
  3 
dx  x  5x  8 x  7 x  9 
  2 x  5  ( x3  7 x  9)   3 x 2  7  x 2  5 x  8  
  x  5 x  8  x  7 x  9  
dy
 2 3

dx   x 2  5 x  8   x3  7 x  9  
 2 x  x3  7 x  9   5  x3  7 x  9   3x 2  x 2  5 x  8   7  x 2  5 x  8 
dy

dx
  2 x 4  14 x 2  18 x   5 x3  35 x  45   3x 4  15 x3  24 x 2    7 x 2  35 x  56 
dy

dx
dy
  5 x 2  20 x3  45 x 2  52 x  11
dx
dy
From the above three observations, it can be concluded that all the result of are same.
dx
Question 18:
d du dv dw
If u, v and w are functions of x , then show that  u.v.w   v.w  u .w  u.v
dx dx dx dx
In two ways-first by repeated application of product rule, second by logarithmic differentiation.
Solution 18:
Let y  u.v.w  u.  v.w 
By applying product rule, we obtain
dy du d
 .  v.w   u.  v.w 
dx dx dx
 Again applying product rule 
dy du  dv dv 
  v.w  u  .w  v. 
dx dx  dx dx 
dy du dv dw
  v.w  u. .w  u.v
dx dx dx dx
By taking logarithm on both sides of the equation y  u.v.w, we obtain
log y  log u  log v  log w
Top tutor.

1 dy d d d
.   log u    log v    log w 
y dx dx dx dx
1 dy 1 du 1 dv 1 dw
 .   
y dx u dx v dx w dx
dy  1 du 1 dv 1 dw 
  y   
dx  u dx v dx w dx 
dy  1 du 1 dv 1 dw 
  u.v.w    
dx  u dx v dx w dx 
dy du dv dw
  .v.w  u. .w.  u.v.
dx dx dx dx
Exercise 5.6
Question 1:
If x and y are connected parametrically by the equation, without eliminating the parameter, find
dy
dx
x  2at 2 , y  at 4
Solution 1:
The given equations are x  2at and y  at 4
2
  2at 2   2a  t 2   2a 2t  4at
dx d d
Then,
dt dt dt
  at 4   a  t 4   a 4 t 3  4at 3
dy d d
dt dt dt
 dy 
dy  dt  4at 3
    t2
dt  dx  4at
 
 dt 
Top tutor.
Question 2:
If x and y are connected parametrically by the equation, without eliminating the parameter,
dy
find
dx
x  a cos  , y  b cos 
Solution 2:
The given equations are x  a cos and y  b cos 
dx d
Then,   a cos    a   sin    a sin 
d d
dy d
  b cos    b   sin    b sin 
d d
 dy 
dy  d  b sin  b
   
dx  dx  a sin  a
 
 d 
Question 3:
dy
find
dx
x  sin t , y  cos 2t
Solution 3:
The given equations are x  sin t and y  cos 2t
dx d
Then,   sin t   cos t
dt dt
dy d d
  cos 2t    sin 2t  2t   2sin 2t
dt dt dt
 dy 
dy  dt  2sin 2t 2 2sin t cos t
     4sin t
dx  dx  cos t cos t
 
 dt 
Top tutor.
Question 4:
dy
find
dx
4
x  4t , y 
t
Solution 4:
4
The equations are x  4t and y 
t
dx d
  4t   4
dt dt
dy d  4  d 1  1  4
  4  4  2  2
dt dt  t  dt  t  t  t
 dy   4 
dy  dt   t 2  1
    2
dx  dx  4 t
 
 dt 
Question 5:
dy
find
dx
x  cos   cos 2 , y  sin   sin 2
Solution 5:
The given equations are x  cos  cos 2 and y  sin   sin 2

dx d d d
Then,   cos   cos 2    cos     cos 2 
d d d d
  sin   2sin 2   2sin 2  sin 
dy d d d
  sin   sin 2    sin     sin 2 
d d d d
 cos  2cos
Top tutor.
 dy 
dy  d  cos   2 cos 
  
dx  dx  2sin 2  sin 
 
 d 
Question 6:
dy
find
dx
x  a   sin   , y  a 1  cos  
Solution 6:
The given equations are x  a   sin   and y  a 1  cos  
 d
 sin     a 1  cos  
dx d
Then,  a    
d  d d 
d
 cos     a 0    sin     a sin 
dy d
 a  1 
d  d d 
 dy    
  2sin cos  cos
d  a sin  2   cot 
 
dy 2 2 
 
dx  dx  a 1  cos   2sin 2

sin
 2
 
 d  2 2
Question 7:
dy
find
dx
sin 3 t cos3 t
x ,y
cos 2t cos 2t
Solution 7:
sin 3 t cos3 t
The given equations are x  and y 
cos 2t cos 2t
dx d  sin 3 t 

dt dt  cos 2t 
Then,
Top tutor.
d
cos 2t 
dt
 sin 3 t   sin 3 t
d
dt
cos 2t

cos 2t
d 1 d
cos 2t 3sin 2 t  sin t   sin 3 t x  cos 2t 
dt 2 cos 2t dt

cos 2t
sin 3 t
3 cos 2t sin 2 t cos t   2sin 2t 
 2 cos 2t
cos 2t cos 2t
3cos 2t sin 2 t cos t  sin 2 t sin 2t

cos 2t cos 2t
dy d  cos3 t 

dt dt  cos 2t 
d
cos 2t
dt
 cos3 t   cos3 t
d
dt

cos 2t 

cos 2t
d 1 d
cos 2t 3cos 2 t  cos t   cos3 t  cos 2t 
dt 2 cos 2 t dt

cos 2t
1
3 cos 2t cos 2 t   sin t   cos3 t  2sin 2t 
 cos 2 t
cos 2t
3cos 2t cos2 t sin t  cos3 t sin 2t

cos 2t cos 2t
 dy 
dy  dt  3cos 2t cos 2 t sin t  cos3 t sin 2t
 
dx  dx  3cos 2t sin 2 t cos t  sin 3 t sin 2t
 
 dt 
3cos 2t cos 2 t sin t  cos3 t  2sin t cos t 

3cos 2t sin 2 .cos t  sin 3 t  2sin t cos t 
sin t cos t  3cos 2t cos t  2 cos 3 t 

sin t cos t 3cos 2t sin t  2sin 3 t 
 3  2cos 2 t  1 cos t  2cos3 t  cos 2t   2 cos 2 t  1 

   
3 1  2sin t  sin t  2sin t 
2 3
 cos 2t  1  2sin 2 t  
   
Top tutor.
4 cos3 t  3cos t
 cos 3t  4 cos3 t  3cos t 
3sin t  4sin 3 t
 2 

 cos 3t  sin 3t  3sin t  4sin t 
sin 3t
  cot 3t
Question 8:
dy
find
dx
 t
x  a  cos t  log tan  , y  a sin t
 2
Solution 8:
 t
The given equations are x  a  cos t  log tan  and y  a sin t
 2
dx d d t 
Then,  a   cos t    log tan  
dt  dt dt  2 
 
 1 d t 
 a   sin t  tan  
t dt  2 
 tan
 2 
 t t d  t 
 a   sin t  cot sec2  
 2 2 dt  2  
 t 
 cos
2 1 1
 a   sin t 
t 2
x x
t
 sin cos 2 
 2 2 
 
 1 
 a   sin t 
t t
 2sin cos 
 2 2
 1 
 a   sin t  
 sin t 
  sin 2 t  1 
 a 
 sin t 
Top tutor.
cos 2 t
a
sin t
dy d
 a  sin t   a cos t
dt dt
 dy 
dy  dt 
  
a cos t sin t
  tan t
dx  dx   cos t  cos t
2
  a 
 dt   sin t 
Question 9:
dy
find
dx
x  a sec, y  b tan 
Solution 9:
The given equations are x  a sec and y  b tan 
dx d
Then,  a.  sec    a sec  tan 
d d
dy d
b  tan    b sec2 
d d
 dy 
dy  d  b sec2  b b cos  b 1 b
   sec  cot    x  cos ec
dx  dx  a sec  tan  a a cos  sin  a sin a
 
 d 
Question 10:
dy
find
dx
x  a  cos    sin   , y  a  sin    cos  
Solution 10:
The given equations are x  a  cos    sin   and y  a  sin    cos  
Top tutor.
d
 sin    a  sin     sin    sin   
dx d d d
Then,  a  cos  
d  d d   d d 
 a   sin    cos   sin    a cos 
d  
 cos   a cos    cos   cos  
dx d d d
 a   sin   
d  d d    d d 
 a  cos    sin   cos  
 a sin 
 dy 
dy  d  a sin 
    tan 
dx  dx  a sin 
 
 d 
Question 11:
1 1 dy y
If x  asin t , y  a cos t , show that 
dx x
Solution 11:
1 1
The given equations are x  a and y  a
sin t cos t
1 1
x  asin t
and y  a
cos t
  and y   a 
1
sin 1 t cos1 t 2
x a
1 1
sin 1 t cos 1 t
 x  a2 and y  a 2
1
sin 1 t
Consider x  a 2
1
log x  sin 1 t log a
2
 log a  sin 1 t 
1 dx 1 d

x dt 2 dt
dx x 1
  log a
dt 2 1 t2
dx x log a
 
dt 2 1  t 2
Top tutor.
1 t
1 cos
Then, consider y  a 2

1
log y  cos 1 t log a
2
 log a  cos 1 t 
1 dy 1 d

y dx 2 dt
dy y log a  1 
   
dt 2  1 t2 
dy  y log a
 
dt 2 1  t 2
 dy    y log a 
 
dy  dt   2 1  t 2  y
    .
dx  dx   x log a  x
   
 dt   2 1  t 2 
Hence proved.
Exercise 5.7
Question 1:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. x  3 x  2
2
Solution 1:
Let y  x 2  3x  2
Then,
  x    3x    2   2 x  3  0  2 x  3
dy d 2 d d
dx dx dx dx
2
d y d d d
 2   2 x  3   2 x    3  2  0  2
dx dx dx dx
Top tutor.
Question 2:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. x 20
Solution 2:
Let y  x 20
Then,
  x   20 x19
dy d 20
dx dx
d2y d
 2   20 x19   20  x19   20 19 x18  380 x18
d
dx dx dx
Question 3:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. x cos x
Solution 3:
Let y  x cos x
Then,
dy d d d
  x cos x   cos x  x   x  cos x   cos x 1  x   sin x   cos x  x sin x
dx dx dx dx
2
d y d d d
 2   cos x  x sin x    cos x    x sin x 
dx dx dx dx

 x   x  sin x 
d d
  sin x  sin x
 dx dx 
  sin x   sin x  cos x 
   x cos x  2sin x 
Question 4:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. log x
Solution 4:
Let y  log x
Then,
dy d 1
  log x  
dx dx x
d y d  1  1
2
 2    2
dx dx  x  x
Top tutor.
Question 5:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. x3 log x
Solution 5:
Let y  x3 log x
Then,
dy d 3
  x log x   log x
dx dx
d 3
dx
 x   x3
d
dx
 log x 
1
 log x 3 x 2  x 3  log x 3 x 2  x 2
x
 x 1  3log x 
2
d2y d 2
   x 1  3log x  
dx 2 dx 
 1  3log x 
d 2
dx
 x   x 2 1  3log x 
d
dx
3
 1  3log x  2 x  x3
x
 2 x  6 log x  3 x
 5 x  6 x log x
 x  5  6 log x 
Question 6:
x
Find the second order derivatives of the function. e sin 5 x
Solution 6:
Let y  e x sin 5x
  e sin 5 x   sin 5 x  e x   e x  sin 5 x 

dy d x d d
dx dx dx dx
d
 sin 5 x e x  e x cos 5 x  5 x   e x sin 5 x  e x cos 5 x 5
dx
 e  sin 5 x  5cos 5 x  .
x
d2y d x
  e  sin 5 x  5cos 5 x  
dx 2 dx 
  sin 5 x  5cos 5 x 
d x
dx
 e   ex
d
dx
 sin 5 x  5cos 5 x 

 5 x   5   sin 5 x  5 x  
d d
  sin 5 x  5cos 5 x  e x  e x cos 5 x
 dx dx 
Top tutor.
 e x  sin 5 x  5 cos 5 x   e x  5 cos 5 x  25sin 5 x 

Then,  e x 10 cos 5 x  24 sin 5 x   2e x  5 cos 5 x  12 sin 5 x 
Question 7:
6x
Find the second order derivatives of the function. e cos 3x
Solution 7:
Let y  e6 x cos3x
Then,
  e cos 3x   cos 3x  e   e6 x
dy d 6 x d 6x d
 cos 3x 
dx dx dx dx
d d
 cos 3x e6 x  6 x   e6 x   sin 3x   3x 
dx dx
 6e cos 3x  3e sin 3 x
6x 6x
……(1)
2
 2   6e6 x cos 3x  3e6 x sin 3x   6  e cos 3x   3  e6 x sin 3x 
d y d d 6x d
dx dx dx dx

 e   e6 x  sin 3x 
d 6x d
 6 6e6 x cos 3 x  3e6 x sin 3 x   3 sin 3 x  using (1) 
 dx dx 
 36e co3 x  18e sin 3 x  3 sin 3 x e 6  e cos 3 x  3
6x 6x 6x 6x
 36e6 x co3 x  18e6 x sin 3 x  18e6 x sin 3 x  9e6 x cos 3 x

 27e6 x cos 3 x  36e6 x sin 3 x
 9e6 x  3cos 3 x  4sin 3 x 
Question 8:
1
Find the second order derivatives of the function. tan x
Solution 8:
Let y  tan 1 x
Then,
dy d 1
 tan 1 x 
dx dx 1  x2
d2y d  1  d
 2  
dx
 
dx  1  x  dx
2 1  x 
2 1
  1 1  x 2 
d
dx
1  x2 
1 -2x
 x2x =
1  x 
2
1  x 2 
Top tutor.
Question 9:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. log  log x 
Solution 9:
Let y  log  log x 
Then,
dy d 1 d 1
 log  log x     log x     x log x 
1
dx dx log x dx log x
d2y d  2 d
 x log x     1  x log x   x log x 
1
 
dx 2
dx   dx
1 
 x   x  log x  
d d
 2 
log x
 x log x   dx dx 
1  1   1  log x 
  log x 1x 
 x log x 
2
x   x log x 2
Question 10:
Find the second order derivatives of the function. sin  log x 
Solution 10:
Let y  sin  log x 
Then,
dy d d cos  log x 
 sin  log x    cos  log x   log x  
dx dx dx x
d y d  cos  log x  
2
 2   
dx dx  x 
d d
x cos  log x    cos  log x   x
 dx dx
x2

 log x    cos  log x  1
d
x   sin  log x 
  
dx
2
x
1
 x sin  log x   cos  log x 
 x
x2
 sin  log x   cos  log x  
 
x2
Top tutor.
Question 11:
d2y
If y  5cos x  3sin x , prove that y0
dx 2
Solution 11:
It is given that, y  5cos x  3sin x
Then,
dy d d d d
  5cos x    3sin x   5  cos x   3  sin x 
dx dx dx dx dx
 5   sin x   3cos x    5sin x  3cos x 
d2y d
 2     5sin x  3cos x  
dx dx
 d
 sin x   3  cos x  
d
  5
 dx dx 
 5cos x  3   sin x  
  5cos x  3sin x 
 y
d2y
 y0
dx 2
Hence, proved.
Question 12:
d2y
If y  cos1 x , find in terms of y alone.
dx 2
Solution 12:
It is given that, y  cos1 x
Then,
1
1
  cos 1 x     1  x 2  2
dy d
dx dx 1  x2
d2y d  2 2 
1
   1  x  
dx 2 dx  
3
 1
    1  x 
2 2 d
1  x2 
 2 dx
Top tutor.
1
 x  -2x 
2 1  x 
2 3
d2y x
  ….(i)
dx 2
1  x  2 3
y  cos1 x  x  cos y
Putting x  cos y in equation (i), we obtain
d2y  cos y

dx 2
1  cos y 
 3
d2y  cos y
 2 
dx
 sin y 
 3
 cos y

sin 3 y
 cos y 1
 x 2
sin y sin y
d2y
 2
 cot y cos ec 2 y
dx
Question 13:
If y  3cos  log x   4 sin  log x  , show that x 2 y2  xy1  y  0
Solution 13:
It is given that, y  3cos  log x   4 sin  log x  and x 2 y2  xy1  y  0
Then,
d d
y1  3 cos  log x    4 sin  log x  
dx dx 

 log x   4 cos  log x   log x 
d d
 3   sin  log x 
 dx   dx 
3sin  log x  4 cos  log x  4 cos  log x   3sin  log x 
 y1   
x x x
d  4 cos  log x   3sin  log x  
 y2   
dx  x 
Top tutor.
4 cos  log x   3sin  log x   4 cos  log x   3sin  log x   x 

' '
x
x2
 4 cos  log x '  3sin  log x '   4 cos  log x   3sin  log x .1
x 
2
x
 4sin  log x  .(log x) ' 3cos  log x  log x '   4 cos  log x   3sin  log x 
x 
x2
 1 1
 4sin  log x   3cos  log x   4 cos(log x)  3sin  log x 
x x 
x
x2
4sin  log x   3cos  log x   4cos  log x   3sin  log x 

x2
 sin  log x   7 cos  log x 
x2
 x 2 y2  xy1  y
  sin  log x   7 cos  log x    4 cos  log x   3sin  log x  
 x2    x   3cos  log x   4sin  log x 
 x2   x 
  sin  log x   7 cos  log x   4 cos  log x   3sin  log x   3cos  log x   4sin  log x 
0
Hence, proved.
Question 14:
d2y dy
If y  Ae  Be , show that
mx nx
2
  m  n   mny  0
dx dx
Solution 14:
It is given that, y  Aemx  Benx
Then,
dy
dx
A
dx

d mx
e  B
dx

d nx
e   A e mx
d
dx
d
 mx   B e nx  nx   Ame mx  Bne nx
dx
d2y d
  Amemx  Bnenx   Am  e   Bn e 
d mx d nx
2
dx dx dx dx
d d
 Am e mx  mx   bn enx  nx   Am 2emx  Bn 2enx
dx dx
Top tutor.
d2y dy
 2
  m  n   mny
dx dx
 Am2emx  Bn2enx   m  n   Amemx  Bnenx   mn  Aemx  Benx 
 Am 2 ex mx  Bn 2e nx  Am 2ex mx  Bmne nx  Amne mx  Bn 2e mx  Amne mx  Bmne nx
0
Hence, Proved.
Question 15:
d2y
If y  500e7 x  600e7 x , show that  49 y
dx 2
Solution 15:
It is given that, y  500e7 x  600e7 x
Then,
dy
dx
 500
dx

d 7x
e   600 e 
d 7 x
dx
d d
 500 e7 x  7 x   600 e7 x  7 x 
dx dx
7 x
 3500e  4200e
7x
d2y
 2  3500
dx
d 7x
dx
 e   4200 e 
d 7 x
dx
d d
 3500.e7 x  7 x   4200.e7 x  7 x 
dx dx
7 x
 7x3500 e  7x4200 e
7x
 49x500e7 x  49x600e 7 x
 49  500e7 x  600e 7 x 
 49 y
Hence, proved.
Question 16:
2
d 2 y  dy 
If e  x  1  1 ,show that
y
 
dx 2  dx 
Solution 16:
The given relationship is e y  x  1  1
Top tutor.
e y  x  1  1
1
 ey 
x 1
1
y  log
 x  1
dy d  1  1 1
  x  1     x  1 
dx  x  1   x  1 x  1
2
dx
d2y d  1   1  1
 2       

dx  x  1    x  1   x  1
2 2
dx
d 2 y  1 
2
 2  
dx  x 1 
2
d 2 y  dy 
 2  
dx  dx 
Hence, proved.
Question 17:
     
2 2
If y  tan 1 x , show that x2  1 y2  2 x x2  1 y1  2
Solution 17:
 
2
The given relationship is y  tan 1 x
Then,
y1  2 tan 1 x
d
dx
 tan 1 x 
1
 y1  2 tan 1 x
1  x2
 1  x 2  y1  2 tan 1 x
Again differentiating with respect to x on both sides, we obtain
1  x2  y2  2 xy1  2  1 1x2 

 1  x 2  y2  2 x 1  x 2  y1  2
Hence, proved.
Top tutor.
Exercise 5.8
Question 1:
Verify Rolle’s Theorem for the function f  x   x 2  2 x  8 , x   4, 2
Solution 1:
The given function, f  x   x 2  2 x  8 , being polynomial function, is continuous in  4, 2 and
is differentiable in  4, 2  .
f  4    4   2 x  4   8  16  8  8  0
2
f  2    2   2x2-8=4+4-8=0
2
 f  4   f  2   0
 The value of f  x  at 4 and 2 coincides.
Rolle’s Theorem states that there is a point c   4, 2  such that f '  c   0
f  x   x2  2x  8
 f '  x  2x  2
 f ' c  0
 2c  2  0
 c  1
c  1   4, 2 
Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is verified for the given function.
Question 2:
Examine if Rolle’s Theorem is applicable to any of the following functions. Can you say some
thing about the converse of Roller’s Theorem from these examples?
i. f  x    x  for x  5,9
ii. f  x    x  for x   2, 2
iii. f  x   x 2  1 for x  1, 2
Solution 2:
By Rolle’s Theorem, for a function f :  a, b   R , if
a) f is continuous on  a , b 
b) f is continuous on  a , b 
c) f  a   f b 
Top tutor.
Then, there exists some c   a , b  such that f '  c   0

Therefore, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable to those functions that do not satisfy any of the
three conditions of the hypothesis.
(i) f  x    x  for x  5,9
It is evident that the given function f  x  is not continuous at every integral point.
In particular, f  x  is not continuous at x  5 and x  9
 f  x  is not continuous in 5,9 .
Also f  5   5  5 and f  9   9   9
 f  5  f  9 
The differentiability of f in  5, 9  is checked as follows.
Let n be an integer such that n   5,9  .
The left hand limit limit of f at x  n is.
lim'
f  n  h  f  n
 lim'
 n  h   n  lim n  1  n  lim 0  0
x 0 h x 0 h x 0' h x 0'
lim'
f  n  h  f n
 lim'
 n  h   n  lim n  n  lim 0  0
h 0 h h 0 h h 0' h h 0'
Since the left and right hand limits of f at x  n are not equal, f is not differentiable at x  n
 f is not differentiable in  5, 9  .
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Rolle’s Theorem.
Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable for f  x    x  for x  5,9 .
(ii) f  x    x  for x   2, 2
In particular, f  x  is not continuous at x  2 and x  2
 f   x  is not continuous in  2, 2 .
Also, f  2    2  2 and f  2    2  2
 f  2   f  2 
The differentiability of in  2, 2  is checked as follows.
Let n be an integer such that n   2, 2  .
The left hand limit of f at x  n is,
lim'
f n  h  f n
 lim'
 n  h   n  lim n  1  n  lim 1  
h 0 h h 0 h h 0' h h 0' h
Top tutor.
lim'
f  n  h  f n
 lim'
 n  h   n  lim n  n  lim 0  0
h 0 h h 0 h h 0' h h 0'
 f is not continuous in  2, 2  .
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Rolle’s Theorem.
Hence, Roller’s Theorem is not applicable for f  x    x  for x   2, 2
(iii) f  x   x 2  1 for x  1, 2
It is evident that f , being a polynomial function, is continuous in 1, 2  and is differentiable in
1, 2  .
f 1  1  1  0
2
f  2   2 1  3
2
 f 1  f  2 
It is observed that f does not satisfy a condition of the hypothesis of Roller’s Theorem.
Hence, Roller’s Theorem is not applicable for f  x   x 2  1 for x  1, 2 .
Question 3:
If f :  5, 5  R is a differentiable function and if f '  x  does not vanish anywhere, then prove
that f  5   f  5  .
Solution 3:
It is given that f :  5, 5  R is a differentiable function.
Since every differentiable function is a continuous function, we obtain
a) f is continuous on  5,5 .
b) f is continuous on  5, 5  .
Therefore, by the Mean Value Theorem, there exists c   5, 5  such that
f  5   f  5 
f ' c 
5   5 
 10 f '  c   f  5   f  5 
It is also given that f '  x  does not vanish anywhere.
Top tutor.
 f ' c  0
 10 f '  c   0
 f  5   f  5   0
 f  5   f  5 
Hence, proved.
Question 4:
Verify Mean Value Theorem, if f  x   x 2  4 x  3 in the interval  a , b  , where a  1 and b  4.
Solution 4:
The given function is f  x   x 2  4 x  3
f , being a polynomial function , is a continuous in 1, 4  and is differentiable in 1, 4  whose
derivative is 2 x  4
f 1  12  4x1-3=6, f  4   42  4x4 - 3= - 3
f  b   f  a  f  4   f 1 3   6  3
    1
ba 4 1 3 3
Mean Value Theorem states that there is a point c  1, 4  such that f '  c   1
f ' c  1
 2c  4  1
5 5
 c  , where c   1, 4 
2 2
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is verified for the given function.
Question 5:
Verify Mean Value theorem, if f  x   x 2  5 x 2  3 x in the interval  a , b  , where a  1 and b  3
.Find all c  1, 3  for which f '  c   0
Solution 5:
The given function f is f  x   x 2  5 x 2  3 x
f , being a polynomial function, is continuous in 1, 3 , and is differentiable in 1, 3 
Whose derivative is 3x  10 x  3.
2
Top tutor.
f 1  12  5x12  3x1=-7, f  3  33  5x32  3x3=27

f  b   f  a  f  3  f 1 27   7 
    10
ba 3 1 3 1
Mean Value Theorem states that there exist a point c  1, 3  such that f '  c   10
f '  c   10
 3c 2  10c  3  10
 3c 2  10c  7  0
 3c 2  3c  7c  7  0
 3c  c  1  7  c  1  0
  c  1 3c  7   0
7 7
 c  1, , where c   1,3
3 3
7
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is verified for the given function and c   1,3 is the only point
3
for which f '  c   0
Question 6:
Examine the applicability of Mean Value Theorem for all three functions given in the above
exercise 2.
Solution 6:
Mean Value Theorem states that for a function f :  a, b   R , if
a) f is continuous on  a , b 
b) f is continuous on  a , b 
f b  f  a 
Then, there exists some c   a , b  such that f '  c  
ba
Therefore, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable to those functions that do not satisfy any of
the two conditions of the hypothesis.
(i) f  x    x  for x  5, 9
In particular, f  x  is not continuous at x  5 and x  9
 f  x  is not continuous in 5,9 .
The differentiability of f in  5, 9  is checked as follows,
Top tutor.
Let n be an integer such that n   5, 9  .

The left hand limit of f at x  n is.
lim'
f n  h  f n
 lim'
 n  h   n  lim n  1  n  lim 1  
h 0 h h 0 h h 0' h h 0' h
The right hand limit of f at x  n is.
lim'
f  n  h  f n
 lim'
 n  h   n  lim n  n  lim 0  0
h 0 h h 0 h h 0' h h 0'
 f is not differentiable in  5, 9  .
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Mean Value
Theorem.
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable for f  x    x  for x  5, 9
(ii) f  x    x  for x   2, 2
In particular, f  x  is not continuous at x  2 and x  2
 f  x  is not continuous in  2, 2 .
The differentiability of f in  2, 2  is checked as follows.
Let n be an integer such that n   2, 2  .
The left hand limit of f at x  n is.
lim'
f n  h  f n
 lim'
 n  h   n  lim n  1  n  lim 1  
h 0 h h 0 h h 0' h h 0' h
The right hand limit of f at x  n is.
lim'
f  n  h  f n
 lim'
 n  h   n  lim n  n  lim 0  0
h 0 h h 0 h h 0' h h 0'
 f is not differentiable in  2, 2  .
It is observed that f does not satisfy all the conditions of the hypothesis of Mean Value
Theorem.
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable for f  x    x  for x   2, 2 .
(iii) f  x   x 2  1 for x  1, 2
It is evident that f , being a polynomial function, is a continuous in 1, 2  and is differentiable in
1, 2 
Top tutor.
It is observed that f satisfies all the conditions of the hypothesis of Mean Value Theorem.
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is applicable for f  x   x 2  1 for x  1, 2
It can be proved as follows.
f 1  12  1  0, f  2   22  1  3
f  b   f  a  f  2   f 1 3  0
   3
ba 2 1 1
f '  x  2x
 f ' c  3
 2c  3
3
 c   1.5, where 1.5  1, 2 
2
Miscellaneous Exercise
Question 1:
 3x  9 x  5
2 9
Solution 1:
 
9
Let y  3x2  9 x  5
  3x 2  9 x  5
dy d 9

dx dx
 9  3x 2  9 x  5  3x 2  9 x  5
8 d
dx
 9  3x 2  9 x  5 6x  9
8
 9  3x 2  9 x  5  3  2 x  3
8
 27  3 x 2  9 x  5   2 x  3 
8
Top tutor.
Question 2:
sin 3 x  cos 6 x
Solution 2:
Let y  sin 3 x  cos6 x
  sin 3 x    cos6 x 
dy d d

dx dx dx
d d
 3sin 2 x  sin x   6 cos5 x  cos x 
dx dx
 3sin x cos x  6co x   sin x 
2 5
 3sin x cos x  sin x  2 cos 4 x 
Question 3:
5x 
3cos 2 x
Solution 3:
Let y   5 x 
3cos 2 x

log y  3cos 2 x log 5 x

 cos 2 x   cos 2 x  log 5 x  
1 dy d d
 3 log 5 x
y dx  dx dx 

 5 x  
dy d 1 d
  3 y log 5 x   sin 2 x   2 x   cos 2 x
dx  dx 5 x dx 
dy  cos 2 x 
  3 y  2sin 2 x log 5 x 
dx  x 
dy  3cos 2 x 
  3y   6sin 2 x log 5 x 
dx  x 
dy 3cos 2 x  3cos 2 x 
  5x    6sin 2 x log 5 x 
dx  x 
Question 4:
 
sin 1 x x ,0  x  1
Solution 4:
Let y  sin 1 x x  
Top tutor.

dy d
 sin 1 x x
dx dx
 

1
x
d
x x  
 dx

3
1 x x
1 d  32 
 x 
1  x 3 dx  
1 3 12
 x x
1  x3 2
3 x
 .
2 1  x3
3 x

2 1  x3
Question 5:
x
cos 1
2 , 2  x  2
2  7'
Solution 5:
x
cos 1
Let y  2
2  7'
By quotient rule, we obtain
dy
d  x  x d
2 x  7  cos 1    cos 1 
dx  2  2  dx
 2x  7 

 
2
dx 2x  7
 
 
 1 d  x    1 x  1 d
2x  7       cos  2x  7
2 dx 2
   2  2 2 x  7 dx
 1   x 
   
2

2x  7
1  x 2
2x  7   cos 1 
4 x 
2 2  2 2x  7

2x  7
Top tutor.
x
cos 1
 2x  7 2
 
4  x2 x  2 x  7   
2x  7  2x  7
 x 
 cos 1 
1 2
   3 
 4  x 2x  7  2x  72 
2
 
Question 6:
 1  sin x  1  sin x 
cot 1  ,0  x 
 1  sin x  1  sin x  2
Solution 6:
 1  sin x  1  sin x 
Let y  cot 1   …….(1)
 1  sin x  1  sin x 
 1  sin x  1  sin x 
Then ,  
 1  sin x  1  sin x 
 
2
1  sin x  1  sin x

 1  sin x  1  sin x  1  sin x  1  sin x
1  sin x   1  sin x   2 1  sin x   1  sin x 


1  sin x   1  sin x 
2  2 1  sin 2 x

2sin x
1  cos x

sin x
x
2 cos 2
 2
x x
2sin cos
2 2
x
 cot
2
Therefore, equation (1) becomes
Top tutor.
 2x 
1
y  cot  cot 
 
x
y
2
dy 1 d
   x
dx 2 dx
dy 1
 
dx 2
Question 7:
 log x  , x 1
log x
Solution 7:
Let y   log x 
log x

log y  log x log  log x 
1 dy d
 log x log  log x  
y dx dx 
1 dy d d
  log  log x   log x   log x log  log x 
y dx dx dx
dy  1 1 d 
  y log  log x   log x  log x  
dx  x log x dx 
dy 1 1
  y  log  log x   
dx x x
dy log x  1 log  log x  
   log x    
dx x x 
Question 8:
cos  a cos x  b sin x  , for some constant a and b .
Solution 8:
Let y  cos  a cos x  b sin x 
By Using chain rule, we obtain
Top tutor.
dy d
 cos  a cos x  b sin x 
dx dx
dy d
   sin  a cos x  b sin x   a cos x  b sin x 
dx dx
  sin  a cos x  b sin x   a   sin x   b cos x 
  a sin x  b cos x  sin  a cos x  b sin x 
Question 9:
 3
 sin x  cos x 
sin x  cos x 
, x
4 4
Solution 9:
 sin x cos x 
Let y   sin x  cos x 
 sin x  cos x  
log y  log  sin x  cos x 
 
 log y   sin x  cos x  log  sin x  cos x 
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
1 dy d
  sin x  cos x  log  sin x  cos x  
y dx dx 
1 dy d d
  log  sin x  cos x   sin x  cos x    sin x  cos x  log  sin x  cos x 
y dx dx dx
1 dy 1 d
  log  sin x  cos x   cos x  sin x    sin x  cos x   sin x  cos x 
y dx  sin x  cos x  dx
dy  sin x cos x 
   sin x  cos x   cos x  sin x  log  sin x  cos x    cos x  sin x  
dx
dy  sin x cos x 
   sin x  cos x   cos x  sin x  1  log sin x  cos x 
dx
Question 10:
x x  x a  a x  a a , for some fixed a  0 and x  0
Solution 10:
Let y  x x  x a  a x  a a
Also, let x  u , x  v , a  w and a  s
x a x a
Top tutor.
 y  u  v  w s
dy du dv dw ds
    …….(1)
dx dx dx dx dx
u  xx
 log u  log x x
 log u  x log x
1 du d d
 log x  x   x  log x 
u dx dx dx
du  1
  u log x 1  x 
dx  x
du
  x x  log x  1  x x 1  log x  ….(2)
dx
v  xa
 x 
dv d a

dx dx
dv
  ax a 1 …..(3)
dx
w  ax
 log w  log a x
 log w  x log a
1 dw d
 log a  x
w dx dx
dw
  w log a
dx
dw
  a x log a ……(4)
dx
s  aa
a
Since a is constant, a is also a constant.
ds
 0 …….(5)
dx
From (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) , we obtain
dy
 x 2 1  log x   ax a 1  a x log a  0
dx
 x 2 1  log x   ax a 1  a x log a
Top tutor.
Question 11:
  x  3 , for x  3
2
3 x2
xx
Solution 11:
  x  3
3 x2
Let y  x x
2
and v   x  3
3 x2
Also, let u  x x
2
y uv
dy du dv
  …….(1)
dx dx dx
3
u  xx
2
 log u  log x x  2
3

log u   x 2  3 log x
1 du
u dx
 log x
d 2
dx
 x  3   x 2  3
d
dx
 log x 
 log x 2 x   x 2  3 
1 du 1

u dx x
du  x2  3 
  x x 3   2x log x 
2
dx  x 
Also,
v   x  3
x2
 log v  log  x  3
x2
 log v  x 2 log  x  3
1 dv
v dx
 log  x  3
d 2
dx
 x   x2
d
log  x  3 
dx 
1 dv 1 d
  log  x  3 2 x  x 2  x  3
v dx x  3 dx
dv  x2 
  v  2 x log  x  3 
x  3 
1
dx 
dv  x2 
  x  3  x  3  2 x log  x  3 
x2

dx  
Top tutor.
du dv
Substituting the expressions of and in equation (1), we obtain
dx dx
dy  x2  3   x2 
 2 x log x    x  3  x  3  2 x log  x  3 
x2
 x x 3 
2
dx  x   
Question 12:
dy  
Find , if y  12 1  cos t  , x  10  t  sin t  ,  t 
dx 2 2
Solution 12:
Question 13:
dy 1 1
, if y  sin x  sin 1  x , 1  x  1
2
Find
dx
Solution 13:
1 1
It is given that y  sin x  sin 1  x
2
Top tutor.
Question 14:
dy 1
If x 1  y  y 1  x  0 , for 1  x  1 , prove that 
1  x 
2
dx
Solution 14:
It is given that,
x 1 y  y 1 x  0
 x 1 y  y 1 x
Squaring both sides, we obtain
  x  y  x  y   xy  y  x 

x
y
1  x 
d d
dy 
1  x   x   x 1  x  1  x  x
 dx dx 
   1
1  x  1  x  1  x 
2 2 2
dx
Hence , proved.
Top tutor.
Question 15:
3
  dy  2  2
1    
If  x  a    y  b   c 2 , for some c  0 , prove that   dx   is a constant independent of
2 2
d2y
dx 2
a and b
Solution 15:
It is given that,  x  a    y  b   c 2
2 2
3 3
  x  a  2   2
3
  y  b 2   x  a 2  2
  dy   2

2
   
1    
1  
  y  b     y  b
2 2
  dx    
 

  
 d y 2
 y  b   x  a 
2 2
  y  b    x  a 2 
2
 dx 2      
   y  b  y  b
3 3
   
Top tutor.
=-c, which is constant and is independent of a and b

Hence, proved.
Question 16:
dy cos  a  y 
2
If cos y  x cos  a  y  with cos a  1 ,prove that 

dx sin a
Solution 16:
It is given that, cos y  x cos  a  y 
dy
  x sin  a  y   sin y   cos  a  y  ……..(1)
dx
cos y
Since cos y  x cos  a  y  , x 
cos  a  y 
Then, equation (1) reduces to
dy
 cos y.sin  a  y   sin y.cos  a  y   .  cos 2  a  y 
dx
Hence, proved.
Top tutor.
Question 17:
d2y
If x  a  cos t  t sin t  and y  a  sin t  t cos t  ,find
dx 2
Solution 17:
It is given that, x  a  cos t  t sin t  and y  a  sin t  t cos t 
dx d
  a  cos t  t sin t 
dt dt

 t   t.  sin t 
d d
 a   sin t  sin t
 dx dt 
 a   sin t  sin t  t cos t   at cos t
dy d
 a  sin t  t cos t 
dt dt
  d d 
 a cos t  cos t  t   t  cos t  
  dt dt 
 a  cos t  cos t  t sin t  at sin t
 dy 
dy  dt  at sin t
    tan t
dx  dx  at cos t
 
 dx 
d 2 y d  dy  d dt
Then, 2      tan t   sec 2 t
dx dx  dx  dx dx
 sec 2 t
1  dx dt 1 
at cos t  dt  at cos t  dx  at cos t 
sec3 t 
 ,0  t 
at 2
Question 18:
If f  x   x , show that f " x  exists for all real x ,and find it.
3
Solution 18:
 x, if x  0
It is known that, x  
 x, if x  0
Therefore, when x  0 , f  x   x  x
3 3
In this case, f '  x   3 x 2 and hence, f "  x   6 x

When x  0, f  x   x    x 3   x 3
3
Top tutor.
in this case, f '  x   3 x 2 and hence, f "  x   6 x

Thus, for f  x   x , f " x  exists for all real x and is given by,
3
 6 x, if x  0
f "  x  
6 x, ifx  0
Question 19:
Using mathematical induction prove that
d n
dx
 x   nx x 1 for all positive integers n .
Solution 19:
To prove: P  n  :
d n
dx
 x   nx n1 for all positive integers n
For n  1,
d
P 1 :  x   1  1 x11
dx
 p  n  is true for n  1
Let p  k  is true for some positive integer k .
That is , p  k  :
d k
dx
 x   kx k 1
It is to be proved that p  k  1 is also true.
Consider
dx
 x    x xk 
d k 1 d
dx
Thus, P  k  1 is true whenever P  k  is true.

Therefore, by the principal of mathematical induction, the statement P  n  is true for every
positive integer n .
Hence, proved.
Top tutor.
Question 20:
Using the fact that sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B ant the differentiation, obtain the sum
formula for cosines.
Solution 20:
sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B
d d d
sin  A  B     sin A cos B    cos A sin B 
dx dx dx
d d d
 cos  A  B   A  B   cos B  sin A  sin A  cos B 
dx dx dx
d d
 sin B  cos A   cos A  sin B 
dx dx
d d dB
 cos  A  B   A  B   cos B cos A  sin A   sin B 
dx dx dx
dA dB
 sin B   sin A   cos A cos B
dx dx
 dA dB   dA dB 
 cos  A  B       cos A cos B  sin A sin B   
 dx dx   dx dx 
 cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B
Question 21:
f  x g  x h  x f '  x  g '  x  h'  x 
dy
If y  l m n , prove that  l m n
dx
a b c a b c
Solution 21:
f  x g  x h  x
y l m n
a b c
 y   mc  nb  f  x    lc  na  g  x    lb  ma  h  x 
dy d d d
Then,   mc  nb  f  x     lc  na  g  x     lb  ma  h  x  
dx dx dx dx
  mc  nb  f  x    lc  na  g  x    lb  ma  h '  x 
' '
Top tutor.
f '  x g '  x  h'  x 

 l m n
a b c
f '  x  g '  x  h'  x 

dy
Thus,  l m n
dx
a b c
Question 22:
d2y
, 1  x  1 , show that 1  x 2 
1 dy
If y  e a cos x
2
 x  a2 y  0
dx dx
Solution 22:
1
It is given that, y  e a cos x
log y  a cos 1 x log e
log y  a cos 1 x
1 dy 1
 ax
y dx 1  x2
dy  ay
 
dx 1  x2
By squaring both the sides, we obtain
2
 dy  a2 y2
  
 dx  1  x
2
2
 dy 
 1  x     a 2 y 2
2
 dx 
2
1  x2   dy 
 a y
dx 
2 2
Again, differentiating both sides with respect to x , we obtain
Top tutor.
d2y  dy 
 1  x 2  2  a 2 y
dy
x  dx  0 
dx dx
d2y
 1  x  2  x  a 2 y  0
2 dy
dx dx
Hence, proved.
Top tutor.

Solution of Maths 12 Cbse

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Solution of Maths 12 Cbse

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Class XII Chapter 5 – Continuity and Differentiability Maths

Book Name: NCERT Solutions

lim f  x   lim  2 x 1  2 x 3  1  17

Hence, f is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a continuous function.

Hence, f is continuous at every point in the domain of f and therefore, it is a continuous

Therefore, f is continuous at all real numbers less than 5.

Therefore, f is continuous at real numbers greater than 5.

Therefore, f is continuous at n , where n is a positive integer.

The right hand limit of f at x  1 is,

Therefore, f is not continuous at x  1

Therefore, f is continuous at all points, x , such that x  2

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  2

The right hand limit of f at x  2 is,

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  3

lim f  x   lim   x  3  (3)  3  6

 lim f  x   lim f  2 x   2x  -3  6

Therefore, f is continuous in  3,3 .

The right hand limit of f at x  3 is,

If c  3 , then f  c   6c  2 and lim f  x   lim  6 x  2  =6c+2

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  3

lim f  x   lim  1  1

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x  0

The right hand limit of f at x  0 is,

lim f  x   lim 1  1

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  0

Therefore, the given function is continuous function.

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  2

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  2

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

lim f  x   lim  x  1  1010  1  1  1  0

The right hand limit of f at x  1 is,

Therefore, f is continuous at all pints x , such that x  1

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

The right hand limit of f at x  1 is,

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

Therefore, f is continuous in the interval [0,1).

The right hand limit of f at x  1 is ,

Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval 1, 3  .

The right hand limit of f at x  3 is,

Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval  3,10.

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  0

The right hand limit of f at x  0 is,

Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval  0,1 .

The right hand limit of f at x  1 is,

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

Therefore, f is continuous at all points x , such that x  1

The right hand limit of f at x  1 is,

Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval  1,1 .

The right hand limit of f at x  1 is,

Therefore, f is continuous at all points, x , such that x  1

 0=1=0, which is not possible

Therefore, for any values of  , f is continuous at x  1

The right hand limit of f at x  n is,

 lim   h   sin   h   5

   0   lim sin  cosh  cos   sinh   5

   lim sin  cosh  lim cos  sinh  5

   sin  cos 0  cos  sin 0  5

Therefore, the given function f is continuous at x  n

 lim sin c cosh  cos c sinh 

 lim  sin c cosh   lim  cos c sinh 

 sin c cos0  cos c sin 0

Therefore , g is a continuous function.

 lim  cos c cosh  sin c sinh 