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SUMMARY

The purpose of this experiment was to study the temperature effect on the extent of the
conversion and to measure the activation energy value in the reaction. According to the result, it
shows the conversion decrease as the temperature increase which is at 40 the conversion was
93.08% at minute 60 while at the 50 was 77.31% at minute 50. This is because the retention
time of both experiments is not constant during the experiment. The theory stated that, the
increasing of the temperature will increase the reaction rate. Based on the graph ln k against 1/T,
the constant rate shows it was inversely proportional to the 1/T because of the temperature
increase the constant rate decrease. The rate constant at 50 was 13.571 M-1S-1, meanwhile for
40 was 191.0346 M-1S-1. Based on studies, the rate constant also can be affected by the
activation energy. The slope of the graph will sheer as the activation energy is increasing. (David
Johns, 2017). It can be concluded that, the temperature can affect the rate of reaction in the
reactor based on the theory stated.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1)

Appendix A

Result of preparation of calibration curve

Concentration of NaOH (M) Conductivity (mS/cm)

0.0500 10.7

0.0375 9.7

0.0250 7.5

0.0125 5.6

0.0000 4.0

2)

Concentration of Naoh vs Conductivity


12 y = 140x + 4
10
Conductivity (mS/cm)

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Concentration of Naoh (M)

Figure 1: Graph of calibration curve

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Appendix B

Result for Experiments

Reactor Volume: 10 L Flow Rate: 200 ml/min

Temperature: 50

Total flow rate


Flow rate of Concentration of
Flow rate of of solutions, Residence Conversion,
Temperature NaOH, Conductivity NaOH,
Time Et (Ac), FEt F0 (ml/min), time, τ (min) X (%)
(°C) FNAOH (mS/cm) CNaOH (M)
(ml/min) = FNAOH + FEt
(ml/min)
0 39.0 200 200 400 25.00 10.17 0.044 0
5 39.3 199 201 400 25.00 10.00 0.043 2.76
10 39.9 200 198 398 25.13 9.50 0.039 10.86
15 39.9 197 199 396 25.25 8.68 0.033 24.15
20 40.3 200 199 399 25.06 8.00 0.029 35.17
25 40.7 200 200 400 25.00 7.31 0.024 46.35
30 40.9 199 198 397 25.19 6.85 0.020 53.81
35 41.2 201 202 403 24.81 6.30 0.016 62.72
40 41.3 200 199 399 25.06 5.81 0.013 70.66
45 41.5 200 201 401 24.94 5.40 0.010 77.31
50 41.5 200 198 398 25.13 5.40 0.010 77.31
55
60
τavg = 25.05

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Reactor volume: 10 L Flow Rate: 200 ml/min
Temperature: 40

Total flow rate


Flow rate of Concentration of
Flow rate of of solutions, Residence Conversion,
Temperature NaOH, Conductivity NaOH,
Time Et (Ac), FEt F0 (ml/min), time, τ (min) X (%)
(°C) FNAOH (mS/cm) CNaOH (M)
(ml/min) = FNAOH + FEt
(ml/min)
0 33.8 199 200 399 25.06 10.5 0.046 0
5 34.2 201 199 400 25.00 9.61 0.040 13.69
10 34.5 200 201 401 24.94 8.73 0.034 27.23
15 34.6 200 200 400 25.00 8.01 0.029 38.31
20 34.7 199 198 397 25.19 7.40 0.024 47.69
25 34.7 202 201 403 24.81 6.74 0.020 57.85
30 34.8 198 197 395 25.32 6.20 0.016 66.15
35 34.8 201 200 401 24.94 5.73 0.012 73.38
40 34.9 199 201 400 25.00 5.32 0.009 79.69
45 34.9 200 202 402 24.88 5.00 0.007 84.62
50 34.9 199 199 398 25.13 4.78 0.006 88.00
55 34.9 200 203 403 24.81 4.61 0.004 90.62
60 35.0 200 200 400 25.00 4.45 0.003 93.08
τavg = 25.01

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3) Graph of conversion, X vs. reaction time t at 2 different temperatures

 The highest conversion at 40oC is 93.08% at minutes 60


 The highest conversion at 50oC is 77.31% at minutes 50

Conversion X(%) Vs Reaction Time,(t)


100

95
93.08
Conversion X(%)

90

85
Conversion X
80
77.31
75

70
50 60
Reaction Time(t)

Figure 2 : Conversion X vs Reaction Time, t

4) Comparison Of Conversion X at 40oC and 50oC.

In this experiment there are two different temperatures, which are 40oC conversion at
93.08% at minutes 60 meanwhile The highest conversion at 50oC is 77.31% at minutes 55. The
highest of conversion is 40oC. Based on the theory, the rate of reaction can be affected by
temperature. The higher the temperature, the higher of reaction rate. This is because higher
temperature can cause molecules to move freer and faster. Besides, it also increases in the
number of particles that have the minimum energy required. (Boundless,2017) But unfortunately
in this experiment temperature at 40oC had the highest conversion compare to the 50oC. Which is
the result does not follow the theory. This is because at temperature 50oC the run time of the
experiment was not complete which is did not achieve until 60 minutes. Besides, the
conductivity for conversion X for 40 had result which is 4.45(mS/cm) meanwhile the conversion
X for 50 had result about 5.40 (mS/cm). Based on the theory the conversion at 40oC had good
conductivity because it had nearest lowest conductivity of graph which is 4.0. The value of

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conductivity which is 4.0 is converted to 100% of water, which is there is no Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) in the solution.

5) Calculate the reaction rate constant, k.at 40oC and 50oC

C A0  C A 
Reaction rate constant, k 
 avg C 2A
τ = Average residence time from 1 flow rate (min) / 25.01 / 25.052

CA = Exit concentration of reactant NaOH (M) (Note: Concentration of


NaOH at the highest conversion, X) / 0.003 / 0.010

CA0 = Inlet concentration of reactant NaOH (M) (Concentration at t=0) / 0.046 /


0.044

40oC =

k= = 191.0346

k = 191.0346 M-1S-1 T = 40

ln k = 5.252 1/T = 1/40 = 0.025

50oC =

k= = 13.571

k = 13.571 M-1S-1 T = 50

ln k = 2.607 1/T = 1/50 = 0.02

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6)

ln k vs 1/T
6
5.252
5

4
2.607
ln k

3
ln k
y = -2.645x + 7.897
2 Linear (ln k)

0
0.025 0.02
1/T

Figure 3 : ln k VS 1/T

7) Calculate activation energy, Ea and frequency factor, A

Activation Energy, Ea

Formula Slope =

Slope = = 529 R = 8.314 J/mol.K

Slope = -

529 = -

Ea = - R x Slope = - 8.314 x 529 = - 4398.106 J/mol = - 4.3981 kj/mol

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Frequency Factor A

40

191.0346 M-1S-1 = A exp (


( )

A = 35.24623 M1S-1

50

13.571 M-1S-1 = A exp ( )


( )

A = 2.6383 M1S-1

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DISCUSSION

The title of this experiment is to study the effect of temperature on the reaction in a
CSTR .There are two additional objectives of this experiment. First is to determine the effect of
temperature on the extent of conversion and lastly to determine the value of the reaction’s
activation energy. There were 2 chemicals that used which is sodium hydroxide, NaOH and ethyl
acetate ET (Ac).

Based on the result for highest conversion x, for 40C the highest conversion is 93.08% at
minutes 60, meanwhile the highest conversion at 50oC is 77.31% at minutes 50. After that the
graph is plotted in figure 2 : conversion x vs time reaction. Based on the theory the higher the
temperature the higher the rate of reaction. This is because higher temperature can cause
molecules to move become freer and faster. Besides, it also increases the number of particles
that have the minimum energy required. (Boundless,2017) But unfortunately in this experiment
temperature at 40oC had the highest conversion compare to the 50oC. Which is the result does
not follow the theory. This is because at temperature 50oC the run time of the experiment was not
complete which is did not achieve until 60 minutes.

After that, the result has been recorded from the experiment the calculation was made in
order to fill up the table. For example, to determine the parameter like conversion, residence time
and the total flow rate of the solution. It also were used to calculate rate of constant. The first
calculation is to find rate constant k. Rate constant has quantified the rate of a chemical reaction
to form a product. Based on the calculation of a reaction rate constant for 40oC is 191.0346 M-1S-
1
meanwhile for 50oC is 13.571 M-1S-1. For ln k of 40oC was 5.252 meanwhile at 50oC was
2.607. Next, ln k is used to plot the graph ln k vs 1/t.

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Based on the graph 3 ln k vs 1/T, rate constant is inversely proportional to the 1/time. The
equation of this slope is -Ea/R or y = -2.645x + 7.897. Meanwhile extrapolation of the Arrhenius
plot back to the y-intercept gives lnk. This graph is following the theory that is Arrhenius
plots show that reaction rates are inversely proportional to temperature changes. This is because
as the temperature increases, the rate constant decreases. The same is true when the temperature
decreases, the rate constant increases. From this connection, the rate constant is inversely
proportional to temperature. Besides, the activation energy also can affect the rate constant. This
is because the higher the activation energy, it will cause a slope of graph become steeper
compare to lower activation energy.( David Johns,2017).

Few errors contributed to the experiment. The conductivity of the machine always higher
than 10 mS/cm during the experiments. This is because based on the scale of the appendix 1, the
highest conductivity must be 10.7mS/cm and the lowest the conductivity is 4 mS/cm.It will cause
the experiment cannot run both temperatures which is 40C and 50C run until done 60 minutes.
As effect, the graph1, which is conversion x vs reaction time can, achieved as the theory because
of not enough time. For human errors, the inlet flowrate of NaOH and Et(Ac) must be recorded
for every each 5 minutes. The time taken must be accurate during taking the result to achieve a
good result. This is because students who runs the experiment, did not focus during the time
taken.

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the temperature on the extent of
conversion and value of the activation energy of reaction. Ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide
were the chemical that used in the experiment. The temperature that used in this experiment were
40oC and 50oC. From the experiment, it can be concluded that temperature affected the result
which the conversion become decrease with the increment of the temperature. It was prove after
50oC showed that the conversion was 77.31% at 50 minutes only while at 40oC still give the high
conversion of 93.08% when the time was 60 minutes. So, when the temperature goes high, the
conversion goes low in the experiment result. It should be directly proportional according to the
theory. However, the temperature give an advantages to the rate of reaction because the
molecules are freely moves and make the reaction quick. It also because the particles number
increase which made less necessary energy needed. At temperature 50oC, the reaction rate
constant was 13.571 M-1S-1 and ln k was 2.607. Meanwhile, at 40oC the reaction rate constant
value was 191.0346 M-1S-1 and ln K was 5.252. From graph 3, it can be said that the rate constant
was inversely proportional to the 1/time and it can be relates to the temperature. If the
temperature increase, the rate constant will decreases.

It is recommend to ensure when preparing chemical must be carefully diluted in order to


avoid the conductivity or conversion get wrong scale or molarity. Moreover, the experimental
procedure should be read it first especially when set the flow rate and ensure the initial
conductivity is between 10.7mS/cm and 4 mS/cm so that the machine error can be prevented.
The reading of inlet flow rate for both sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate should be take it every
5 minutes on time so the result can be more accurate.

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TUTORIAL

1. The advantages of Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) are it have a continuous
operation. Other than that, CSTR also have a good temperature control and easily runs to
two phases. CSTR may also have a low operating cost of construction itself and this type
of reactor are easy to clean up. Meanwhile, the disadvantages of CSTR are it have a
lowest conversion per unit volume and CSTR’s by-pass is possibly connected with a poor
agitation. One of the example of industrial applications that make practical and effective
use of CSTR in its process is used wastewater treatment units for activated sludge
reactors.

2. The journal is to determine the effect of the H2 addition on AD process performance. The
setup was connected by two serial continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTR). The first
reactor was the main biogas producer, meanwhile, the second one is to inject and the
purpose is to treat the effluent from the first one and a conversion of CO2 to CH4. These
primary and secondary reactors are filled with inoculum. Magnetic stirrers were put and
mixed well for each reactor. Primary reactors were fed two time per day with cattle
manure, while the secondary were fed with the effluent from the primary. Moreover, the
produce of biogas in the primary reactors was transferred to the secondary reactor. The
samples were taken during the reactor reach the steady state to make sure that those
process are run precisely.

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