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All content following this page was uploaded by Bin-Chen Benson Hsiung on 08 January 2016.
Discussed by
Hsiung, Bin- Chen, Benson, postgraduate student, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
Nash, D. F. T., senior lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol,
Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
Lings, M. L., senior lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol,
Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
Hsieh, H. S., associate professor, Department of Construction Engineering, National
YunLin University of Technology and Science, YunLin, 640, Taiwan
grouting reinforced deep excavations in soft clay. The discussers share similar research
interests and are now studying several excavation cases in Taipei, Taiwan. In the paper
the authors describe how large cantilever-shaped lateral wall deflections were observed
Figure 1a and 1b show the observed behaviour of diaphragm walls after jet grouting as
well as a typical undrained shear strength profile of clay in Taipei. At two sites, 3-4m-
thickness high pressure jet grouting had been carried out to replace the soil beneath the
final excavation level completely. At the first site (CN257), double- tube jet grouting
(JSG system) was used to form a grout zone from 18.8m to 22.8m below ground level,
and the maximum lateral wall deflection (nearly 60mm) is comparable to that observed
by the authors. However, the lateral deflection profile was characterised by bulging, quite
different from the cantilever shape reported by the authors, with very small movements at
the top of the wall. The difference may partly be explained by the greater undrained
strength of Taipei clay, and partly by the greater depth of the grout zone. At the second
site (CN258), double- tube jet grouting with a rotating blade (SWING system) was used
to form a grout zone from 16.7m to 19.7m in depth in very similar ground conditions.
Here the lateral movements were much smaller, presumably because of the different technique
used, but again the lateral deflection profile was characterised by bulging. At this site, the top of
the diaphragm wall may have been restrained by the presence of adjacent buildings on raft
foundations.
It is not uncommon for jet grouting to result in considerable ground heave, although
large lateral movements appear to be less common. Such movements result from high
grouting pressures developed at depth due to restriction of the return flow. Under these
circumstances, particularly in clays, it is likely that the ground will fracture preferentially
perpendicular to the smallest total stress. Thus, in normally consolidated clays where
Ko<1, one would expect the initial formation of fractures filled with grout which would
result in lateral displacement of the ground and walls. Subsequently, as the lateral stresses
build up to exceed the vertical stresses, the fracturing would be horizontal, and the
would always be horizontal and the associated movements vertical. The data presented by
the authors suggests that at their site there was insufficient lateral resistance for the lateral
After such large lateral movements during jet grouting it might be expected that the jet
grout slab would be very effective in reducing the inward movement of the wall during
main excavation. Are the authors able to present data to show how effective the jet
moment and shear force distribution on the wall are calculated without taking into
account the effects of soil improvement. The discussers would be most interested to hear
the authors' opinion on the need to include such effects as well as wall installation in the
design procedures.
Reference:
Chang, C. J., Wang, F. G. and Huang, C. C., (1998), Soil Improvement of Deep
Excavation in Soft Ground, Construction News, No. 189, pp. 34- 49, Taipei, Taiwan
(In Chinese)
Moh and Associates Inc., (1995) Final Report for the Ground Monitoring Data for
Lot CN257 in Nankang Line, Taipei MRT System, Moh and Associates Inc., Taipei,
Moh and Associates Inc., (1998) Final Report for the Ground Monitoring Data for
Lot CN258 in Nankang Line, Taipei MRT System, Moh and Associates Inc., Taipei,
10 10
Soft to Firm Silty
Clay
20 20
SID7 in lot CN257,
treated soil at
SID2 in lot
CN258,Ttreated Clayey Silt
40 soil at 16.7m bgl to 40
19.7m bgl
Sand
50 50
SID4 in lot
CN258,Treated soil
at 16.7m bgl to
19.7m bgl Gravel
60 60
Figure 1a: Lateral wall movements Figure 1b: Typical design profile of
observed after jet grouting at two sites undrained shear strength in Eastern
on the Nankang Line of Taipei MRT Taipei
System