24/07/2018 Water gas - Wikipedia

Water gas
Water gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced from synthesis gas. Synthesis gas is a useful
product, but requires careful handling due to its flammability and the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. The water-
gas shift reaction can be used to reduce the carbon monoxide while producing additional hydrogen, resulting in water
gas.

Contents
Production
History
Lowe's gas process
Variations
Carburetted water gas
Semi-water gas
Water gas shift reaction
Uses
See also
References

Production
Synthesis gas is made by passing steam over a red-hot carbon fuel such as coke:

The reaction is endothermic, so the fuel must be continually re-heated to keep the reaction going. In order to do this,
an air stream, which alternates with the vapor stream, is introduced for the combustion of carbon to take place.

Theoretically, to make 6 L of water gas, 5 L of air is required.

Or, alternatively, to prevent contamination with nitrogen, energy can be provided by using pure oxygen to burn carbon
into carbon monoxide.

In this case 1 L of oxygen will create 5.3 L of pure water gas.

History
The water-gas shift reaction was discovered by Italian physicist Felice Fontana in 1780.

Water gas was made in England from 1828 by blowing steam through white-hot coke.[1]

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Lowe's gas process

In 1873, Thaddeus S. C. Lowe developed and patented the water gas process by which large amounts of hydrogen gas
could be generated for residential and commercial use in heating and lighting. This gas provided a more efficient
heating fuel than the common coal gas, or coke gas, which was used in municipal service. The process used the water-
gas shift reaction:

The process was discovered by passing high-pressure steam over hot coal, the major source of coke gas. Lowe's process
improved upon the chimney systems by which the coal could remain superheated, thereby maintaining a consistently
high supply of the gas. The reaction produced carbon dioxide and hydrogen, which, after a process of cooling and
"scrubbing", produced hydrogen gas.

The process spurred on the industry of gas manufacturing, and gasification plants were established quickly along the
Eastern seaboard of the United States. Similar processes, like the Haber–Bosch process, led to the manufacture of
ammonia (NH3) by the combining of nitrogen, found in air, with hydrogen. This spurred on the refrigeration industry,
which long used ammonia as its refrigerant. Prof. Lowe also held several patents on artificial ice making machines and
was able to run successful businesses in cold storage, as well as products which operated on hydrogen gas.

Variations

Carburetted water gas

Water gas has a lower heat of combustion than coal gas, so the calorific value was often boosted by passing the gas
through a heated retort, into which oil was sprayed. The resulting mixed gas was called carburetted water gas.

Semi-water gas
Semi-water gas is a mixture of water gas and producer gas made by passing a mixture of air and steam through heated
coke. The heat generated when producer gas is formed keeps the temperature of the coke high enough to allow water
gas to be formed.

Water gas shift reaction

Pure hydrogen can be obtained from water gas by using the water-gas shift reaction, after subsequent removal of the
carbon dioxide formed when carbon monoxide reacts with water.

Uses
Used to remove carbon monoxide from fuel cell applications
Used in Fischer–Tropsch process
Reaction with producer gas to produce fuel gas
Used to gain pure hydrogen for synthesis of ammonia

See also
Fluidized bed
Fluidized bed combustion
Gasification
Lane hydrogen producer

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Linde–Frank–Caro process
List of solid waste treatment technologies
Plasma gasification
Producer gas
Pyrolysis
Renewable natural gas
Wood gas

References
1. Singer, Charles; et al., eds. (1954–1978). A History of Technology. Clarendon Press.

Mellor, J.W., Intermediate Inorganic Chemistry, Longmans, Green and Co., 1941, pp. 210–211
Adlam, G.H.J. and Price, L.S., A Higher School Certificate Inorganic Chemistry, John Murray, 1944, page 309
History e-book project. ACLS Humanities E-book. Vol 5. "The use of mineral oil" p. 119
The chemistry of gas lighting (https://books.google.com/books?id=sac_AAAAYAAJ), 1850.

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