What is Durian?

Durian is often called the “king of fruits” in Southeast Asian nations, but is native to
Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei, and possibly the Philippines, but debates still continue on
that point. It is a large fruit, up to 1 foot long and 6 inches wide, with a hard, spiky exterior
and a range of yellow to red flesh. Out of the 30 species, 9 of them are commonly utilized for
cooking or consumption, and only one is found internationally, outside the local growing
areas. That particular species is called Durio zibethinus.

The reason this fruit is often considered controversial is that the smell has a divisive effect on
people. Your natural olfactory sense will either find it pleasant or absolutely revolting and
nauseating. This has led durian to be banned on public transportation in certain Asian
nations, and the avid fans of the health benefits of durian are balanced by those who are
repulsed by the sight and smell of this powerful fruit.
https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/fruit/health-benefits-of-durian.html

WHAT IS PLYWOOD?

Plywood is a sheet material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that are glued
together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another. It is an
engineered wood from the family of manufactured boards which includes medium-density fibreboard
(MDF) and particle board (chipboard).

All plywoods bind resin and wood fibre sheets (cellulose cells are long, strong and thin) to form a
composite material. This alternation of the grain is called cross-graining and has several important
benefits: it reduces the tendency of wood to split when nailed in at the edges; it reduces expansion and
shrinkage, providing improved dimensional stability; and it makes the strength of the panel consistent
across all directions. There is usually an odd number of plies, so that the sheet is balanced—this reduces
warping. Because plywood is bonded with grains running against one another and with an odd number of
composite parts, it has high stiffness perpendicular to the grain direction of the surface ply.

Smaller, thinner, and lower quality plywoods may only have their plies (layers) arranged at right angles to
each other. Some better quality plywood products will by design have five plies in steps of 45 degrees (0,
45, 90, 135, and 180 degrees), giving strength in multiple axes.

In 1797 Samuel Bentham applied for patents covering several machines to produce veneers. In his patent
applications, he described the concept of laminating several layers of veneer with glue to form a thicker
piece – the first description of what we now call plywood.[3] Bentham was a British naval engineer with
many shipbuilding inventions to his credit. Veneers at the time of Bentham were flat sawn, rift sawn or
quarter sawn; i.e. cut along or across the log manually in different angles to the grain and thus limited in
width and length.

About fifty years later Immanuel Nobel, father of Alfred Nobel, realized that several thinner layers of
wood bonded together would be stronger than a single thick layer of wood. Understanding the industrial
potential of laminated wood, he invented the rotary lathe. [4]

There is little record of the early implementation of the rotary lathe and the subsequent commercialization
of plywood as we know it today, but in its 1870 edition, the French dictionary Robert describes the
process of rotary lathe veneer manufacturing in its entry Déroulage.[5] One can thus presume that rotary
lathe plywood manufacture was an established process in France in the 1860s. Plywood was introduced
into the United States in 1865[6] and industrial production started shortly after. In 1928, the first standard-
sized 4 ft by 8 ft (1.2 m by 2.4 m) plywood sheets were introduced in the United States for use as a
general building material.[3]

Artists use plywood as a support for easel paintings to replace traditional canvas or cardboard. Ready-
made artist boards for oil painting in three-layered plywood (3-ply) were produced and sold in New York
as early as 1880.[7]

In India, plywood is more commonly called "Kitply" after a leading brand which pioneered the concept of
waterproof plywood in the early 1970s

Structural characteristics[edit]
A typical plywood panel has face veneers of a higher grade than the core veneers. The principal function
of the core layers is to increase the separation between the outer layers where the bending stresses are
highest, thus increasing the panel's resistance to bending. As a result, thicker panels can span greater
distances under the same loads. In bending, the maximum stress occurs in the outermost layers, one in
tension, the other in compression. Bending stress decreases from the maximum at the face layers to nearly
zero at the central layer. Shear stress, by contrast, is higher in the center of the panel, and at the outer
fibres.

Softwood plywood[edit]

Softwood plywood is usually made either of cedar, Douglas fir or spruce, pine, and fir (collectively
known as spruce-pine-fir or SPF) or redwood and is typically used for construction and industrial
purposes

Hardwood plywood[edit]

Hardwood plywood is made out of wood from angiosperm trees and used for demanding end uses.
Hardwood plywood is characterized by its excellent strength, stiffness and resistance to creep

Tropical plywood[edit]

Tropical plywood is made of mixed species of tropical timber. Originally from the Asian region, it is now
also manufactured in African and South American countries. Tropical plywood is superior to softwood
plywood due to its density, strength, evenness of layers, and high quality. It is usually sold at a premium
in many markets if manufactured with high standards

Aircraft plywood[edit]

High-strength plywood, also known as aircraft plywood, is made from mahogany, spruce and/or birch
using adhesives with an increased resistance to heat and humidity.

Decorative plywood (overlaid plywood)[edit]

Usually faced with hardwood, including ash, oak, red oak, birch, maple, mahogany, Philippine mahogany
(often called lauan, luan or meranti and having no relation to true mahogany), rosewood, teak and a large
number of other hardwoods
Flexible plywood[edit]

Flexible plywood is designed for making curved parts, a practice which dates back to the 1850s in
furniture making.

Marine plywood[edit]

Marine plywood is manufactured from durable face and core veneers, with few defects so it performs
longer in both humid and wet conditions and resists delaminating and fungal attack. Its construction is
such that it can be used in environments where it is exposed to moisture for long periods.

DURIAN

Durian is a famous and popular native fruit of Southeast Asia, known as the King of Fruit. It is considered
exceedingly delicious. Durian is a climacteric fruit that undergoes rapid postharvest changes resulting in a
short shelf life at ambient temperature. These changes are essential for a good quality for consumption.
The fruit is usually consumed fresh, but it can be processed into different products. Nowadays both fresh
and processed durians have become popular in both local and export market, possibly because new ways
of eating the fruit have been so well received

Durian peel fibers were used in this study and polymer of recycled yhigh density polyethylene (HDPE)
from bottles were employed as matrix into composites, which were produced from several durian peel
fiber contents (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) at different compression temperatures of 170, 180, 190 and
200 ̊C. This paper discusses the influence of durian fiber content and compressed temperature on the
mechanical properties of recycled HDPE/durian peel fiber composites. Composites of neat High Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) and durian peel fiber were prepared by successive twin screw extrusion blending.
The mechanical properties of the composites; elasticity modulus, tensile strength, impact strength and
hardness, were investigated. FT-IR spectra of durian peel fiber are reported. It was found that 10% durian
fiber content at compressed temperature of 180 ̊C is the optimized condition to produce recycled
HDPE/durian peel fiber composite. It was also found that the elasticity modulus of HDPE/durian peel
fibers is higher than the elasticity modulus of neat HDPE. These findings suggest that incorporating
durian peel fibers can be an alternative solution when trying to improve the elasticity modulus behavior of
recycled polyethylene

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610214010522