R o lNl o O7A z e 518

R o lNl o C ? O L e 5 1 9
G r o u pN o wr7
RollNo C Ts 'ze 5'28

Departmentof Electronics& CommunicationEngineering

EC102: Basic ElectronicsLaboratory

E X P T .N o . 1 : F A M I L I A R I Z A T I OWNI T H T H E L A B O R A T O R YE Q U I P M E N T

In the first laboratoryyou will get familiarized with the rnstruments and basic componentsusuallyused in the
l a b o r a t o rS
y o m eo f t h e i n s t r u m e nat sr e :
1 MultioutpP u to w e rS u p p l yM , o d eA l P L A BL Q 6 3 2 4
2 S w e e p / F u n c t iG o ne n e r a t oMr , o d e l sA P L A B2 0 0 4a n d 2 1 0 4
3 2 5 M H zD u a lT r a c eO s c i l l o s c o pM e ,o d eA
l P L A B3 3 0 4 M
4 D i g i t aMl u l t i m e t (eDr M M )M o d e l S s C I E N T I F IHCM 5 0 1 1 -a3n dA P L A B1 0 0 3

All of you are requiredto get iniroduced in the firstlaboratoryIn addition,you shouldwork
to all theseinstruments
withdifferentmodelsrnthe cominglabsessionsso thatyou get usedto all the instruments in the laboratory

You have to understandthe speciflcatrons. operationprecautions.and limitationsof the instrumentsby studying

t h em a n u aol f t h e i n s t r u m e n tTsh e b a s i ci n f o r m a t i oann dg u i d e l i n et so s t u d yt h e i n s t r u m e nmt a n u a l g
s i v e ni n t h i s
handoutare onlyto help you gathercompleteinformatron aboutthe instrumentLearninghow to reada manual
and find requiredinformation rs alsoa partof the lab Do not hesitateto contactyour instructor, lab assistant, or
teachingassistants for clarification andadditional information

In additionto understanding you will learnhow to identifyvariouscomponents

the instruments, oftenusedin the
laboratoryTheseincluderesistance, capacitor,
diode,transistor (BJT),potentiometer,
transformer,and others lf
requiredyou willalsobe informedaboutthe useof the breadboard, oscilloscopeprobes,and otheraccessories

1 . 1 P O W E RS U P P L Y
Any electrical or electronic equipmentneedspowersupplyfor its operationDifferentelectronic components
have
differentrequirements of power supply One has to use differentvoltagesourcesfor poweringup different
c o m p o n e n it ns t h e s a m ec i r c u r e t, g
D l g i t allC s r e q u r r +
e 5 Vs u p p l y
O p e r a t i o na m l p l i f i e rrse q u i r eb o t h+ v ea n d- v e s u p p l i e(se g t 1 2 V )
Otherhneardevicesliketransistors needdifferent voltagesdependingon the application

1.1.1 MultioutputPower Supply,Model APLABLQ6324:

l f t h e i n s t r u m e nat ,n d r e a dC h a p t e r 2( S P E C I F I C A T I O NaSn)d C h a p t e r 3( O P E R A T I O N )
R e f e rt o t h e m a n u a o
carefullyStudythe frontpaneland identifythe powersupplypoints Understand the procedure of usingthe power
su p p l y

1.2 FUNCTION/PULS
GEENERATOR
A functiongeneratoris a versatrleinstrumentessentialin electroniclaboratories
used for testingapplicationslt
generatesvariouswaveformsoverwrderangeof frequencyand amplitudeStudythe functiongenerators given
belowbeforeyou carryout the exercisegivenat the end of the handout However,the featuresof the function
generatorswillbe clearerto you duringthe exercise

1.2.1 Sweep/FunctionGenerator,Model APLAB2004:

Readthe specifications can performStudy
givenin the manual Sectionll givesvariousfunctionsthe instrument
the frontpaneland learnhow to operatevariousknobsto obtaindesiredoutputwaveform

1.2.2 Function/PulseGenerator,ModelAPLAB 2104:

Thismodelcontarnsalmostall the functionsof ModelAPLAB2004,plusa pulscgencratorAfterstudyingAPLAB
Model2004givenin section1 2 I , you needto studyonly the pulsegeneratorpartof the instrument

1.3 OSCILLOSCOPE
An oscilloscopeis an essentialequipment of any electronicslab,mostwidelyusedfor observing electrical
signals
and for measurement duringtesting lt is advisablethat you spendsufficienttime to learnthe operationof the
oscilloscopein detail Give specialattentionto the sectionon triggering,as thoroughunderstanding of the
triggeringprocessis essentialfor trouble-free performanceStudythe oscilloscope beforeyou carry out the
exercisegivenat the end of the handoutHowever, the featureswillbe clearerto you duringthe exercise

1.3.1 25MHzDual Trace Oscilloscope,Model APLAB 3304M:

Understand the specifications givenin the manual Referto the frontpaneldiagramand identifythe knobsand
t h e i rf u n c t i o n sG, o i n gt h r o u g ht h e O p e r a t i n ign s t r u c t r o n( S
s e c t i o nl l l ) w i l l h e l pu n d e r s t a ntdh e f u n c t i o n os f t h e
knobsand operationof the oscilloscopeNotethat understanding the triggeringprocessis the key to masterthe
o s c i l l o s c o p- et h e m o s ti m p o r t a ni nt s t r u m e ni nt a n e l e c t r o n il ca b
PT.O.
 1
l u l t i m e t e(rD M M ) :
1.4 DigitaM
A digitalmultimeteris a handy instrumentfor quick measurement of commonelectricalquantitieslikedc voltage,
dc current,ac voltage,ac currentand resistance with high precisionand a digitalreadout Get familiarwith the
connection pointsfor the measurement of thesequantities, is not autoranging
lf the multimeter type,choosethe
smallestpossiblerangethatgivesvalidreading,in orderto obtainmaximumprecisionHoweverif the magnitude
to startwiththe greatestrangeand changeto smallerrangesstepby steptillthe range
is unknown,it is advisable
givingmaximumprecisionis reached

1.4.'l Digital Multimeter,Model APLAB 1003:

n isv e no n p a g e s3 - 7 i n t h e m a n u a lT h e o p e r a t i n ign s t r u c t i o nasr e g i v e no n
R e a dt h e t e c h n i c aslp e c i f i c a t i o g
pagesT-11

1.4.2 Digital Multimeter,Model sclENTlFlc HM5011-3:

pointsfromthe frontpaneldiagramgivenon page5 The technicalspecifications
ldentifythe keysand connection
aregivenon page4, The operatinginstructionsarefoundon pages7 -10

EXERCISE

Performthe followingexerciseand write the observations on this sheet Demonstrateyour result to the
and
Tfuinstructor get the signed
observations it
Submit in the next lab sessionalongwith the answersto the
questionsgivenat the end

waveformof 2 3 rHz C:-re;: i^e c-iput of the functiongenerator

Set a functiongeneratorto outputa triangular
to Channel 2 of an Adjust
oscilloscope knobsof the osc roscooetc get a stabledrsplayof the
appropriate
wave Measurethe perrodof the waveformby countrng
triangular the nurroercf dtvtstcns per cycieon the time
axis(x-axis)ofthedisplayandcalculatethefrequencyofthewavefo.'r i n y ' ' : e t H e o c s e n ' atronsbelorv
T i m es c a l e= t = 0 - t n s fd r v
N u m b e or f d i v i s i o n=s n: 41 drvreions
Period= c = O . t * a n ' (' 5= t x n )
=
Frequency
Y = . I = 2 ' ? 2 6U n
connected,
Withthe oscilloscope adjustthe knobsof the functiongeneratorto obtaina sguarewaveof frequency
5 kHz and amplitude 5 V p - p b y d o i n gm e a s u r e m e notn t h e o s c i l l o s c o psec r e e n( i g n o r et h e i n d i c a t oor n t h e
functiongenerator)Writethe followingparameters you haveset on the oscilloscope
Selectedtimescale= t - so-flctd\v
Requirednumberof divisions on x-axis= fl = h d\uittoos
S e l e c t eadm p l i t u dsec a l e= I vott I div
Requirednumberof divisions on y-axis= $ d\./isrons

(in Q, ko, or
Q1 Writethe valuesof the resistances
a) green B\.re Red GolAen
O) $i{ve- R<J- 6'eJ Red Oranl
c) Oruge OranSe Browo 6
d) B.o^. G*J $ro*'n Go\l

Q 2 W h a ti s t h ev a l u eo f a c a p a c i t oorn w h i c hl $ $ i s w r i t t e n ? 0 ' @ I J I F

questionson a separatesheetand attachit to thissheet

Answerthe following

Q3 \Are tE cobur code used to specify the value of a resistance

Q4 How ae catfnde and anode generally indicated on a diode?
Q5 \Mrat ctes the notch on a tl'ans stcr rndicate?
Q6 Drawaqr€urtCll4famto generateavariablevoltagefrom 0 t o 5 V u s i n g a p o t e n t i o m e t e r a n da f i x e dp o w e r
supply of S V Fnd out B|€l-symboiof a potentiometer in your text book and use it in the circuit diagram
 trAMILIAEIZATION WITH THI
L ABDRATOBY TSTS
LXPLBITV

t'TniA '-
tX vES't)oNS
Axtsv{EKs I tr Q utz

COLOUE CDDE USED TD sPEclF) vpt-ug

03.}
OF A FIESISTAT-ICE

Co\oL^rCodu- First Ba.d 5econd t.rd Third Bo-'d

B\qc\< D o fDo

Srouon I t' tO'

Ke"] 2 2 ID2
Orcrnge 3 los
Tellori.r + + l04
Gvrsn 5 5 rot
{3lue 6 6 to"
\iolcb .T
7 toT
Groo 8
I
J l08
\Nhi)-e 5 G
J
ros

F6ut tr^, Bq',J f -r i

I tDle^a- n|e- B^^dl
G"t"l t s'/
5i lver t 1D/

N o co'louu, _t 2c/
a+) I N Dl CATI o l'.$ OF CATI-IoDE & FNoDE oN A
DIODE

Band s i de mi .l+r b".-r.l inol"ic q4e=a

calh odt-
x-cr-lhocle L th e_ o)tlre^ s icta
ind i cotea an ocb

q5J NOrCu o N A TnqNSrsroK tNDtcRTEs

THT

q6J C 16CU1T DINGRAF1 TO qu NetsATZ A VAKIABLE

\oLTAqZ FRrrnr o .rD 5 V ustNcr A
?or tx r lor,lET€R_tNtTH Flx cD po\NE( supply 5V.
:f p-q'r xr Y )
V. ' Vs,,ftr,
/\

Vs = 5V
Rr ' l'JL
L 2 ln1

9 E LL/m
/
ctRcutT
SYprBoL o F
P oIeN rto r.4ET€(
 _ PNECAUTIONS:-
')
P" noF connec-i- *J t ri -ue: e-l e cF.i c.rl
devi cer dflo"e *J FYn Vuidance

devic a:

:.eodn5-r

C.P',.,nn el C&O '"ourt b< s,<_F.

-^i CONCLUSIONSi-
---+ Ca+n-ap- Dsr,tllo.s@?e_
U -_ beol {/lst}11 ,rvnf
J
vis t toJ; 96 ^"''d ffr"
d--

&q^foo;ir:n
a tD et-pt-t &

& pecr,l'rar c-ho-tcr.h te,is lrc-s

X
 INDIANINSTITUTECF TEGHilOLOGYGUWAHATI
Department of Electronics & Gommunication Engineefing
EC102 : Basic Elecbonks laboratory

E X P T .N o . 2 : D T O D E
CtRcUtTS

OBJECTIVES
: D e s i g na n d a n a l y s i so f h a l fw a v er e c t i f i ear n d c l i p p i n gc i r c u t t s .

M A T E R I A L SR E Q U I R E D
. Breadbcard
. Equipment _FunctionGenerator,Oscilloscope
. Comoonents
Diode . Cne. Type 1N4CC7rDiodevottagedrop V; = 0.7 \1
Zener Diode : One: {Zenervottage{/z = 3.g Vi
Resistance . Four:56 a. i ke" Z.2ldl. 1.7 l\g
Capacitor . One 22 uF.
G E N E R A LG U I D E L I N E/SP R E Q U A T I O N S
1 Connectthe capacitorwith correctpolarity.The capacitorbeing of electrolytictype. d is
polarized,and will be damagedif connectedwith incorreclpotaiity Similarly,conhrmttre
p o l a r i t yo f t h e d i o d e sb e f o r ec o n n e c t i n g
2 Keep ground terminalsof oscilloscopeprobes and functiongeneratoroutputconnected
t o g e t h etrh r o u g h o ut h
t ee x p e r i m e n t
3 In an oscilloscope,for higher precision,increaseverticalsensitivity(i.e lower value of
v o l V d i v )e, s p e c i a l lw
y h i l em e a s u r i n g
s m a l la m p l i t u d el e v e l s( e g r i p p l ev o l t a g e )y-o u m a y
n e e dt o s w i t c ht o a c c o u p l i n gw h i l ed o i n gs o .
P A R TA : H A L F - W A V E R E C T I F I E RW I T H O U TF I L T E R
1 Set the functiongeneratorto obtain 10 V peak{o-peaksine wave at 500 Hz frequencyDo not
connectany circuitto the functiongenerator Keep dc offsetequal to 0 Observethe function
g e n e r a t oor u t p u to n t h e o s c i l l o s c o paen d v e r i f ys i n ew a v eg e n e r a t i o n .

- r ?.€gt up-lhggrcuitas shc',vnin Fig 2 1(a) withoutthe capacitorC, takingRt = 2.2 kQ.
3 . N o w ,c o n n e c t h e f u n c t i o ng e n e r a t otro t h e c i r c u iat t p o i n t sF 1& F 2a s s h o w ni n F i g .2 1 ( a ) .
4 DisplayV, and Vo simultaneously on the oscilloscopeSkefch V, and Vo one belowthe other
w i t hi d e n t i c at li m ea n d a m p l i t u d e
axes

\d/ (b)
Fig 2 1 Half-waverectifier

P A R TB : H A L F- W A V E R E C T | F | E R
W | T H C A P A C | T O RF T L T E R
1 N o w c o n n e c t a c a p a c i t o r C = 2 2i nptFh e c r r c u i t w i t h c o r r e c t p o l a r i t y a s s h o w2n1i(naF) i g
2 D i s p l a yV ' a n d V us i m u l t a n e o u sol yn t h e o s c i l l o s c o p eS k e t c h V a n d V oo v e r l a p p i n gw,i t h t h e
s a n r et i m ea n d a m p l i t u d e
axes
3 M e a s u r ep e a k - t o - p e arki p p l ev o l t a g eo n o s c i l l o s c o pbey e n l a r g i n gV ot o t h e r n a x i m u me x t e n t .
Y o u m a y h a v e t o p u t t h e i n p u tc o u p l i n gi n a c m o d e w h i l e d o i n g t h i s m e a s u r e m e n S t ee the
g u i d e l i n egsi v e na t t h e e n d
R e p e a ts t e p s2 a n d 3 f o r R . = 1 r Q a n d 4 . 7 k Q . C o m m e n fo n t h e o u t p u tw a v e f o r m sa n d i . i p p r e
voltages
4 C o n n e c at 5 6 Q r e s i s t a n cien s e r i e sw i t h C o f F i g 2 1 ( a ) a s s h o w ni n F t g 2 1 ( b ) T h e p o i n t s
a c r o s st h i s5 6 Qr e s i s t oar r e n r a r . k eacsj p a n d q .
 P l e a s en o t e t h a t : T h e r e s i s t a n c5e6 Qi s c h o s e ns m a l le n o u g hn o t t o a f f e c t h e o v e r a l pl e r f o r m a n c e
o f t h e c i r c u i ta n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e t o e n s L r r ea n a p p r e c i a b l e v o l t a g ea c r o s s i t T h i s v o l t a g e
represents the currentflowingthroughthe capacitor.
'p'
5 Displayand sketch Voand Vso(i.e voltageacross56Q between and'q') one belowthe other
with identicaltime axes.Markthe ground reference line

A.,F;|UnV is /c (=Voo/ 56 ), the currentthroughthe capacitor,negativefor some portionof a cycle?

n/t' Estimat€/s,,qe(positivepeak of /6).

P A R TC : C L I P P I N GC I R C U I T- P O S I T I V EC L I P P E R

1 . C o n n e c tt h e c i r c u i ta s s h o w n i n F i g 2 2 w i t h
R=22kQ
2 S e t t h e f u n c t i o ng e n e r a t otro g e t 2 0 V p e a k { o - .1 I

peak sine wave at 500 Hz frequency Observe

the function generator output on the
oscilloscope and verifysinewave generation
V.
3 C o n n e c tt h e f u n c t i o ng e n e r a t o ro u t p u tt o t h e
c i r c u iat s s h o w ni n F i g 2 2
4. Displayand skefch V, and Vo one below the
o t h e rw i t hi d e n t i c at li m e a n d a m p l i t u d a
ex e s .
5. Superimposethe two waveformsV, and V. and F i g 2 . 2 P o s i t i v ec l i p p e r
observe.
6. Set the oscilloscopein X-Y mode (V,to Ch2 : X-
input and % to Chl : Y-input)and sketch Vo
versus V, with equal x and y scales Label the
g r a p ha n d t i c k so n t h e a x e s .
\- __
,ffi - Drawthe circuitdiagramsfor : (a)-ve clipper
'6 ,/
(b) +ve and -ve cliPPer
V
--!,*,

Pre observation readinq:

(a) Drawthe expectedwaveformsat - (i) Stepno 4 of PARTA
( i i )S t e pn o 2 o f P A R TB a n d
( i i i )S t e pn o 4 o f P A R TC

!_\;

,{

)7
 I

, DIODE
C\RCUI-TS
/
FIEI{
H/\LFWAVERECTI
f

oF l=
Durgnond ane\ysts ha\F u.rOVere<*ifiec ard chpptng c,rcrrits.

Cir.uil: \N \00-l Hatf W ave

Re.ln 6 q1 ,p,tho, t
d'\ter

22krl

H,f P \d &ve
Re.hftnr
r,.rrVhr
Gp* t'r,
.r \l
n lt.er

C=22-Ul.F
,Rr= 2zksr-, lkrr,\?ktL

lN\oo-1 L r\
-T-
 EXPT
NO2

CtippigG.',t 'Por,hu"Ct,pp.,
R=2Zks

t N\001
vr forih*
\JE Cl:grtr
=3.clV

i nI ^ Al
l{ = ) .'l l<fr.

N eguhr.
Cligl,er
\N\ 001

NOI
OUFSTI()N
Arrtrptt

Wtrl h.e -- )-, se-c Vi = o''( & Vo c t?

+v"^ +r,p- tafac;h r ,,hrh hu bee., il-a*sed u"TY

n c)L^L tnvrse *rLu ,a+q/)eJ Ar'rha-t|:^, '

I
tlenra- +r- dxa WDeriO J .
tov<s-.tz
6 f
do .c*(aL\or ,,riU d'soVary a p-u./
F
4 h,,^n 'nH L ;h (v,)
vol+a6e- L r, t n*7
{ ff.,,
a dif-d*." ol
fl
/

U '4 aed *f* h"na ' to seci "

\"1U" )o\to
Clsop)
-
u
l/ '
lot *ttt
,t"y QL
flt'o> ?*

Q uzsrroN 2'
8.2 lq.L

& -... Jf f.
 PRL OtssEBVATIDN RenprN65

fiect; 2i e.r w itfi o *f a

0
i,ne{Q

\f.

@ .f,-%$

f irn"(t)
-+
fne

\nlo.u" RecH

tJriFpa

+ 4.BV

p,f r : s,F75 \/

6r S's *
 r) ( LIPl)iNl C Ilfi(t]rl - I ' t , ' ' l-i i\t Lr If'P['rt,
/1;

! i

,l

i.)
i
".1'

'l

i ! .-\
 OB5t RVATION
*.72 sz)o t-(2-
"4 On
th'
lq V peah * 7e"^k
.a,r'e wa,< J
osciLLoscepe-d^fY su ob .s^haraoidnJ,-oa^tzfa--n
W"
w fl
en sc-recn ( Ft6 *j O)

pl 1-^ nt a,reM€- -t-ec-[fer r,ryitrrott] q. j;ttu vee

f
h s€e q. 6rvra-,s,rr"lJ tpa,.ve C"'b 4@)
F.,,"
aobere i n tt^,. rvc n td .9 .L j^ d i' p tv.d

bY o'rT V i'e' i^ spe-n| Ca^f)

r,oiHo empl; h-rd--a lesse,t

+h. 6ern'r conctuch:. dio a"- JF)4 Do?

in

vo 14-rL _v<_ ^ud \A ze-48

a lLte_ d Tu\.-
s;hriqv^ 'hrnz-
& Y-. 4 *tt@ ;i'rb€ ^
T"f P
inletva) .syec; . \
(e4

d L, l-ldld. !r-ta-t,e Ke-ch-djr^ @i+b q cq-Ta-dtor l*

d
t,-,f^ff? V; o)
$e see {rr*i o., Liu vD P"}
fl
\-ae a'e eulT "c|-
A* 7
tlap< t'^'tg sharP
Y

Vyr,. = V.-t -- "J15 = o'dT

22
f,a-tcuutct-ht'd t'rrt Lv)_ & +."1W4_
P
V'-?PL' O.L
coe Lk-,.-'
f
V",?r\"
,
z a'6t
4.rT k{
tl f
-l-n
C-ttpf ;21 crYCr^r'I
{ Lo'}t, rloc di
to (_ 7 7n^}
a bserve +n*+ o,
G S'\rr-tscz dJ
ttc-l-r/e \1r_-5v
f,"., A ci; pper cl ,'spla_,7s
G ''rrru eeicla, uDa-n'< rn.rXirncr.l
fr- a,-1
tr {,ve cr-1
c\e_ O",T 4'6v i VztVp C S . g + or)
fl)'l-.r.1o

f" q 6Pt. td\'ed h>na x te-r'q]

\0 .J @
( Fi .

\\
 l-e '1.,
( -+r r":l:

-u
F\I
?

,I
YX

{-6Y

4v
 l('

i----:::-------:--..-.

t
 5
PR'CAUTIO\I
E G.,r,c".l- +1-- vuih C-orrecf po\o.ri!'' .
Tt-,e cag ecil-or decltoVn
Ir,itio
d
yo\crn'ze & a",'tyd C-nnr>Zc]tr-.l
{
,rih r*"b ,*'tl .
/t".ilo'l .t'.- 4tu ?d"^\ dnrdp-"
fl Y
c-on
nochrg +t*-, .

W Kur+ fe-r.n\nel ssci\tos6o9e Dn &

3*u"d fl
ch-u' enaabr o,^tylf cornecleJ lDALfuzL\
lfun 3
tU'"rtya^l +vw e xrya;r-uzn;
U

rTr I. e-n o sci [los cop€ bt;f. Is r]ro inctec.-a<

l4l Ao.. ?nr
uu
v<,f,cJ .swsihviFy Ciu. lope, vc.Lr-r-e- vt I L/"1'" )
d
esy.cr.dLy whnle rta-st
le"ub C" ri1f l" vo
3.
s ciii+rb .l'o AC *"fr7
kc,-[*

'Lf (-L--
z'
 -b

4-{

t.
1l rnr

t i.r ..-.t
 Department of Electronics & Comrnunacafiion Engmeering
EC102 : Easic Eiectrcnics Laborarory

EXPT No. 3 : DIODE CIRCUITS - il

,Smoum
ltr,e

O B J E C T I V E S: D e s i g na n d a n a l y s i so f f u l l - w a v e: = c : : i e rz ' i ! 2 ' t E " - 3 3 - a u L r

M A T E R I A L SR E Q U I R E D
. Breadboard
n EqutPment Oscilloscope
n Conrponents
Transformer O n e .2 3 0 V t o 1 2 - 0 - 1 2 V
DrOeG T w o : T y p e 1 N 4 0 0 7( F o r w a r dv o l t a g ed r a a v . = ! i , . ,
ZenerDiode O n e { Z e n e rv o l t a g eV : = 6 2 Y )
Resrstance 'l
Five 0 O, 220 Q,470 O, 560 Q, 1 xf)
CaPacrtor O n e .1 0 0p F

G E I . I E R A LG U I D E L I N E S
1 Switch on the marns supply to the iransformer-only after you have made all c:tel-:cn-'eihcrs ,r
order to avotd electricshock)
2 Aiso, whrle making any changes In ihs 6i16ri1,
switch off the mains supply to the rans;ci'ir-:ier
3 Connect the capacitor with correct polanty The capacitorbeing of elecirolytictype. t ,s ci,3rz3c
a n d w i l lb e d a m a g e d i f c o n n e c t e d w i t h i n c o r r e c t p o l aSr iitm
y ilarly,confirmthepolarTtyci::e:::es
before connecting
4 U s e " l l r l e " a s t h e s o u r c e o f t r i g g e r i n g i n t h e o s c i l l o s cPouptet h e o s c i l l o s c o p e r n C H G P n c c e

PARTA : FULL- WAVE RECTIFIER(F\ruR)WITH CAPACITORFILTER

i ) Full-waverectifier (FWR)

Set up the circuitas shownin Fig 3 1 withoutthe capacitorC and resistance

Rcr The transformer
TX
has ratingol 230V Io 12-0-12V, 1A Take Rr = 1 kQ Connecttransfci-mer primaD^t6the mainsanil
switchon the mains Disptaythe secondaryvoltagesVqoand Vac(Vrc to Ch-1, Vs6to Ch-2)on the
oscilloscope.Make sure that boththe "probegrounds"are connectedto the circuitground-Sketchthe
waveforms overlapping,withthe sametimeandamplitude axes Theyshouldbe l8C" out of phase
and sketchthe full-wavereciifiedoutputVoacrossR1 Measurethe peakvoltagerin bothhalves
Drsplay

2 3 0V
( rr n s )
Rr
AC
narits

T,___l
iNl.rccT

'i
Fig 3 Full-waverecriiierwrth capacitorfilter

Q. 1 i f r f e p e a x a r r p l r t r - i d easr e n o t e q u a l w h a t c o u l db e l h e r e a s o n ?

I NorvJJrlrr€ctC='OOpFandR.::'ilassncwnrnFrg3lReaCthegurdeline3 NoretnatR.:rs
p r e s e r r t ' sy r o r r e d S h e t c n V , a n d m e a s u r eV . l p e e k - t c - p e a kr p p t e v o r t a g e )S e t r h e c s c r l l o s c o o ce h a n n e l
c rde a s ev e r t r c . rsi e n s r t i v i t' yO e c r e ? S V
t D ; t : e L ) L t L , ! t , L j .,3r 1 e e a s u r r n gy ,
e / d i v \r ^ / l t i im

4 Remove the shotl acr-Lrss

Rc- ano sk3tch 16b'i observ,ncV". Esiimate /r,ro"(positivepeak of /;)
iii Cofnparison with half-wave rectifier (HWR)
; Peilove ciiooeD2 The circr.rit
rs now a H\l/R wtth C-fiiter o"l,,lli,iii,,,,
ffi*',
2 Sketch /1 arrd estimate i",,,uu

3 Norn;put lhe shof across Rcr Sketch V'".and treasure its amplitude
r! Conrparey/ val,-restn FWR and H\A/R
Q 2 ' , / J h aat r e t h e f r p p l ei r e q u e n c i e si n F W R a n d H W R ?
Q. 3 i l w l r r c hc i r c u r t/ r , , , 0r"s m o r e s e v e T e ?

P A R TB : F U L L- W A V E R E C T I F I E R
( F W R )W I T H Z E N E RR E G U L A T O R

Rerirove Ri from Frg 3 1 Connect a zener diode Dz with series resistance R = 56C O as shcwn in
Fig 3 2, (RL.rremains shorted) The voltage across D7 will now be the desired (regulated)output voltage
V o pw h r c hw i l l s u p p l yc u r r e n t/ . t o a n e x t e r n a l o i d R r

W i t h R . = { l r e a s L l T eV r , r u ,&, V a t 1 : o i n i ' 1( u n r e g u l a t e o
i u t p u i ) ,a n d V r a , a a&, V n a t p c r , t - l ' i : - e g u t a t e d
or,rtput)(You wrll finq y,n lo De',/erysrnall.lrencerncreaseoscilloscocesensitivttysuitably;

230 V
(fms)
AC
matns V (rrfis
B

' : '
- Fiq 3 2 lvtthzener reoulator.
Full-wavei-ectifrer

= ' ' / 1 .- . 2 ,- ' " ' = 2 = , r t a ,

C a l e u l a t e. V o a u =V o , r u-, . V , l 2 , a n 1 y ' a q : u

H e n c e d e t e r m i n e l q ,1 2 ,a n d / r ( a l l a v e r a g e v a i u e s ;a n o ' f i e p o v u e - d t s s m a i o n s P : ' = i . ' : - - . v : = . . F . , :

and P6= Vn ld.',r'n = voltage across R = V33,- Vaa2it
.1 : 3
Repeat siefj 2 and 3 for Rr = k!) 47C (l. ani 220,) ?r,,.e.5e rneasu:redar ;arcJl,a@drE,rr.ritss
shownbelow

'r t=it,tE-::i'- S -:etinei aS

*, fr8q = -- - ,. , --- r - .'./',pt,'tL,);.i-.)l (V',,nr,)r.to-1,t"D

jX 100

@-{: FC }],; :l::e-,,e !::r .sguralicn ior Scme l,_?V'hy cices ii ocCur?

{ ! . , 6 : , r r r $ l l i n asf;.r E - - i . : - r i - lai: .L,r:;nt ihe zener reguialor(Jnoer iest) can suppiy? Grven that
- : - B- : , : - - -
E nm,=illlila i i ri 4a,j t : i , a : l i s s i c a t l c nt n l h e z e n e r i s l l W

f ; l i m m - u r y i 1 d' i i ; , - q : r : ' . " = - - - : : t p ' a y c e a n e v L - n : r i g h e r?l lW h a t j s i h r s , ' n a x r r n u m v a l u e ?

:9 -leqil i[h$r L ,=
f t r u m F u @ . 3 s c j e l . ] S J i l - = ; ; - : - : i a : l c e S . l c u w t i | u s'et zt n
u [\ lh1eVmVo, 2
difiedclicLritiorihernaXIm!m1.
, ' 91, . ; f r l a l 6 ; p ; 1 4 ; f f 1 , $ G q e , a :u 3 : : . = - : : : g s W 5Wetc i
" ti
 INDIAN TNSTITUTEOF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
EC102 : BASIC ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

Expt. No. 4 : Study of Common-emitter Amplifier

OBJECTIVES:

l. To carryout an approximateDC andAC-analysis of the givenCE amplifier.

2. To determinethe voltagegain, the "maximum undistoftedpeak-to-peak output voltage
swing"(MUOVS)andthemaximuminputvoltagefor undistorted output.
3. To studytheeffectof emitterbypasscapacitoron voltagegain.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
. Breadboard
. Equipnrentand parts Multi-output PowerSupply,FunctionGenerator, Oscilloscope.
Digitai
Multimeter
Tlansistor One-NPN type2N2222A.
,Resistor F i v e- 4 7 0 O , 1 K O , 2 . 2 K O . 2 2 K O . 1 0 0 K O .
V a r i a b l er e s i s t o r One - lKCl Pot.(Potentiometer).
Capacitor Tlrree - 1 0p F . l 0 1 t F , 2 2
pF

Vc-l2V

l0prF

-->t-

ZJN
R;:1 K
r Rol
vl*.
470
o

Fig. | : Common-emitter amplifier

Importanr: You are expected to complete Part I at hnme and come to the Lab with a neat
report shuwing all calculations. You will be allowed to continue with the rest of the experiment
only after the instructor has checked the report.

Part-I. Pre-erperimentpreparation

ApprorircateDC and AC-analvsis:

Carry out an approxirnateDC-analysisby usingthe valuesgivenin Fig. I andby rnakinguse
o f ,t h e f b l l o w i n ga s s u m p t i o n s :
(a) /u, , L,, u) /r, so that 1,,,-- l t ! t 2
(b) Vn,,= 0.65 V
[-.lnderthe'seassumptions,you should be able to estimatethe
. DC qr-rantities (quriescent
values)Vt1,V-,,,1',,,1,,{x
Iu)

-l-
 -'( ---1- 1
. Voltage gain A, = -r = -+;v
rh ,, i 0 r" V.,.it
I ,,.

(4.1)
Vl I/l
t,T
rvhereV, =T:the constant=1.38x 10-23
thermalvoltage; k: Boltzffrann's J/l(.

in oKelvin.
q: 1 ; x 10-leCouiornb,
T is temperature

Take tr',= 25mV(at a roomtempof 20oC)

-
4 (p +1\r"= pr"
In (J.1).w'ehaveusedtheapproxirnation
doesnot requirethe knowledgeof p
\ote: Theapproximation

. MUO\'S:2 + Min{Vgs-Vc. Vc -Ve i

Q: lconnectingan electrobrticcapacitor) How'do 1'oudecidethat the + terminal of Cr
shouldbe connectedto the Rr-Ru nodeand the - terminal to the sourcev; ? Likewise,
for C: and Ce..

2.1Experimentaldeterminationof the quiescentvoltagesand currents:

a) Beforeassembling the circLrit,rneasurethe actualvaluesof the resistorsby rneansof a
Digital Multi lvleter (DNIM). fRememberyou are using resistorswith l07o tolerance].
Theactualvaluesareto be useCin determining the currents.
b) Now assemble applyVsc andnotethe following:
the circr-rit,
- rneasure Vss usingDVIM; it shouldbe around0.6 - 0.7 V indicatingthatBE-jLrnction
is tbrwardbiased.
- MeasureV6 ahdcheckif VE < Vc < Vcc.A valueof Vg midwaybetween Vs andV66
(Q:
is preferable Why such is a value preferable?).

agree,you are alongthe right path.

, Af your measurements
\/
c) Now neasure Vs, VE , V6 and \,'r-g: then using the measuredresistancevalues,determine
Is, is, 16and hence F (F:lc/Ie).
d) Compare the experimentally determinedvalues of the currents and voitages with those
you obtainedthroLrghapproximateanaiysis.
e) Comparethe experimentallycieteiminedvalue of p with tl-reapproximatevalue statedin
the manuralor given by the La'oInstructor.
t ) C o m p u t eA y ( e q u a t i o n . l . 1 )u s i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l ldy e t e r m i n e dv a l u e so f R r . a n d [ g .
Use V1:25mV.

2.2 Voltage gain without load resistenceR1 :

. DisconnectCr.
. Adjust FG to get approximatel.v i0-20 mV peak-to-peak sinusoidat 1 kHz (displayin Ch-
at arnplifierinput(v;).
I). Appty'thisvolta-ee
. Displa-vcollector voltage irr Ch-il of CRO(use DC-cor"rpling). Note the 180' phase
differencebetweenthe input and the output. Adjust vin amplitudeto get a cortvenient
value for peak-to-peal<collector voltage vc,pp ( say 2 V). Use appropriate vertical
sensi:iviry(Vidiv). Note the correspondiflg vi,pp(rnV). Experirnentallyobtainedvolta-ee
gain is therefore:
_'y'1..!,t,
-_ 2V = jeo
A, =-
v t-j'P 20 co(

.)
 . Comparethis valuewith the computedvaluesobtainedin step2.1(f).Also comparethis
valuewith thevalueestimatedin your pre-reading
assignment-

3. Maximum undistortedoutput voltageswing(MUOVS)

. lncreasev; slowly till you observea slight flatteningof vg waveformat irs peaks(either
positivepeaksor negativepeaks).The peak-to-peak valueof the outputsignalfiust at the
onsetof distortion/clipping)is the MUOVS. Measurethe correspondi.gr; pp,the peak-
to-peakinputvoltage.

This information is useful in an amplifien it rclls the userthat fte iryIt shouldnot exceed
this value for faithful amplificationof the signal,elsedigrtbns sts in-
r Now increasev; beyond this point and observethe orryn uraveform-The sinusoidgets
increasinglyflattenedand becomesmore like a squarcwave-
(overdrivingan amplifier leadsto heavydistortion)

from a sine-wave
[ !! Square-wave ]

4. Voltage-gainwith load resistanceR1:

The output of an amplifier normally drives a load resistanceR1 which may representan
actual load Iike an ear-phoneor a loudspeaker, or the input impedanceof anotherstateof
amplifier.
. ConnectRs (seecircuit)to the collectorthrough the couplingcapacitorCz(Czblocksthe
DC voltage at the collector
and allows only the AC i.e. the signalcomponentto pass
thrcugh).
. MeasureAv with R1 connected. (youwouldobservea reducedAu since&,."r = & lln, I.

5. Effect of Ce on A" :
. Get back to the conditionsin PartZ-Zi.e.v; at I kHz, its amplitudeadjustedto getvc,ppr
2V.
r Now, remoyeCe (with ckt. powered)and note the drastic reduction in vg,pp.You have to
changeto approgriateV/div in your CRO. Determinethe gain of the CE amplifier with
unbypaSsed Rs.
. Compareyour observationwith the theoreticalvalue
=- oR, = - &,
,4,.
"
(4.2)
(R,, +r") RE
. Display and sketch v; and vE waveforms.Note the arnplitudesand thephase-relationship
between them.
. Displayandsketchv6 andv6.Note the amplitudes andthe phaserelationship.Pleasenote
thatyou are in DC couplingmodeof the CRO, Pleaseensurethat whenyou pressed the
groundoptionsin CHl and CHZ, both the horizontaltraces(of CHl and CH2) are
Also ensurethatthe V/div of CHI is equalto V/div of CH2.
c_oinciding.
r Increasev; graduallyandobservehow vs and vq change.Continueto increase v; till you
observethe -fve peakof vE (almost)touching the negative peak of vc. Whenthis occurs,
we saythattheBJT hasgoneinto saturation (vgg= 0).

Q: What do you observeif v; is increasedbeyondthis point ?

F
-3-
t

I
t

I
,t
l*r:::::::=

STUDY OF COMMON-ETqITTIR AN PLINEP\

OB][CT)VE :-
-21

,) G o"rJ. an opptoximo.le
-lr DC & kt oralolsfs 6) qNen
J J v 0

t'
irn , t!'La T'l *^. undr:hurtecl
- Pq*K-Fo-peaK orrlpwl r,ol[1e " ( nl U 0VS) su,3irLrr'i & liu
0
ot hrcl o.l,f p#
^t cr,crlo r
c-o-p o n woI ha;
Jl ,f T"'
All:]ll|l1oNs K. v'lcfr,r{
ryc FoKmuLA
t:-
Ior,lqr))Js 3o ,hc.i JB,QJRz
")
b) Vst t O'5ryv

v"\tryf
() Qo," [n") : -J& --
-- P"-
'r
4> --K. - - R"
Ye
\p r- q[
: -alr - R.1. A"
vT vr
14hr-u Vr= I] k= Bo llzrncnn c-onillo^nl

qT
x1.6 t.38Xr5'3.1\
ftt <)
V r Zs,nN.tA'zo"L)
-a'

Aff^ri r"cJeJ !,,=(,pr)r.^_L"

4 P'tUDVJ v.-vef
 PART 7
?RE - ExP EEI u ENT PRTzA RATI DN :

hyu,*fu -b-c ^T

K= D'zk-

+$o b
nE
P.
22-t4* '- 4zo a

["' f* *'J
T

A B
#?*T'I ,,tj-p^x-tinZ &,2-'5>-X-t'1^- L/ U

, V, lg
, /Lv, lL = g,tLV
l/L2
(-r^ , c. tg ltst
, ?r^loo
-29 t to-D

){c, = lo'v

'- 2'2
i- , Q,

Rn'-Q*=B*=

TD

9^ = 2't6v
L = QxD*-

Yut x 0,69{
T€
arrTn
t^-t i
k_vt I^ O 1,.C,

q
2D
),lL- %r 8 -- D'6{
,/,
TElo,rt)
L- "/

=--

V6 T, Au
7,zlz x D'47 2 t,stV
) I'u :LRu'
t&o : (r-u,
D , L9V

Vc L f, Q" vo-
V>
lt tn- - 2,21ry Y2,L
(-

V. lr.5\ \/-

Ue"t, ff*" , A,.:* (\P.

L
rb Y.

8. T, P.r.
v/t, r
v7 vr
V kr
T Y Qe ,^^.v (r* 7 *-^'.)
a
r

An: F 2gl"L
N4ttov9
-vL, V.-'', I
(*

VV v'T
(t L I

V, V-
LI:

-'. M0ovl -: 2 x t'(L

t,gqt/
 O,r^enfS i

+ Usip ?nr nr t,le y€-t Vu. = 0'65 V

+t.',l-" irrd i tsE jun clron Ja
dr,.ne.A
- biarud.

& VC I . T L t ' lV

0
A Ve= t.2_5

vg r l'83 V 18 3 o -v€ O,o7

{ "f}
a lnle re-e-
VE = I.25V 1e V e< V u ( V t '
= 5,38V busntt- ar ;.
v1 7. NPN *rans rslor
CL = [Z.DV i
W*t *t-o*.,
)pt 00
ccr\.lecl-or io e-mth<x
.'. V. c - I,Rc = \ c
Sl"r2 A., = '240'? 68
rte
3'r &Vs = tJe

\cc )Vc ) Vg

oitt ro,^,|. rcr Bfia-nee R,_:

-P' , Thao"d2fjounrc ; Tf
v(/

- Vc Ce,pl 5xD'Z -zto

vi cp,p) 2 ><2.o x lD*3

rcIu.l a.led alco,K-'

 U0 v5
1''1
Crr"
I
Vi g-rr = lgo ,-nv

A Squo*re n)attefrrn apf"ri4 ,

2.4

R,
''-
e)t R, ltKt
0d
uoe- obse'tno -D, pJnrc" J 4",
Ce oo A"i
f ,rrn chqph
\l , p-p) = 6+-v (r
Vor 69-y

-6+
z --o'33ds+ V; .lXO"rV
 '!
F i
i 3

I ---r
I -- \

,i

r '.\\
Y
I . i \!
 /NJwEn,To cluZ CjuEsnoNs
q H or^ io ol,ezclL lAe^t +ve 4u,n; n ol C .shDJ d' b<-
A
cpnne.cFe-d l- K,- K" rno d.e- *v. 4et n;n J 4\t
'l
<frtrac e V;

4"1 Be-"^^*de . btaty , +hz Totr-.IioJ "-t R,- K-

I
nod-e- wi Ll be h'6hu fhc"q +hL s,-ta)J AC
"'TU
f v; I thuct + vc *e,^-nrnd rnutl- bt c'ofrlecjle"-l- tD

R' - 4- ,n ode- ,

for C" t

u)e- see- Vc 7 Ve )O L, 6ecct^ue- tf )^

,4d ,

G NPN *roruls l-o' I, u.^;*ettl C +' F .

&*t P-

Vn= Vc & V*' 'T :Q

fv<- CL wtu'tV b' ^j P1

X
U Vc --ll-'

vn, V^l

l-lPN 4ray.-t.ulo, , le >O

I

i
leKe i
i
I
I

I
Ve )o I
I
I
I
*v4 tUvn;naj ntt*
I

tcuCY b. c-o'lneLFeu) fo I
F I
I

-ve I
L Je"m;^a.l (l ^t ol be dLe)_ fI .

r 0-,-,

I
I
I
I
t
I
-l
 a7 'lnlhal
el
t-J Lt obs<rved uJ herr Vl b Lnere*ocd b"yon.l
1l'v poin)- tnh'u."* tw
I ty< Vg \oudv) -v(
vc t i'u' f"-,.' ry-_tu
4 tst7 into snruKArr.oN
0o- C v.* "O)T f
M
(Anu
f""ey
a Vi

i"
)) lncre*.tenl

T\-l U 0 VS ,
E1 on{

+rw
ttw- vdt^-p-

out-pul- ,,.t";rdu*ns
U
dnl-o'+e*-l & unn J"t lt^ un a-"7t; e_"1
ft f f--
hPt *T '| I^..1;+fi luL+vLaL ,nz+e-+u i- V;
t U)
'sqDftR
+h. Nar.re bun^- € NAv E^
f*
 o+ lorl^o r

V
0 , 8 r n5
5v

Jtq"-
$1
rt'r I
 ?R€ CAUTION-S
8 Act-.tJ vctL-tzt 4 LLsB Fovs {a-1.LL4} b" rne431aa atl bJ
{
D rlrn b<lp-e .zlcc c},v:_r .. r. plf ,
fl 6
fv.,^ec,nA bia_r2 B€ jur-ncl ,-'t,-t.t\ b< cJ-v,.quo, b e/;.re
A
y*, e <zc\r:.6 +rre < * ?t. 6 rl_cu,t f ,
-fu"c
V, \,(L+it ..-l S<'silr*J c(o ft'L.Lu) lre of f,r-c p.-rcnf e
?
4 Cv.r c,'t, +t',<- c.orlne cFmrur .le . |e-o CvCt-n-iI
0
XL C f rrlrcr I te .re cl u)'t (h c-i-ccti I 1't <-,--t J
".e<',., " F"

x- ]vre-
€nsrr^z torv-laA<nc<- C lt, R. CVz -0,-,er
d
LDV{'n otael.
": ff-*
A Iso trt3utr t *'r"--r v a.,- cHt- = V/d,- tt z-
f A d .r

CONCLUSIoN
-ffr"
nrcr->cirn u.urn u-ndis t-e.'-Fed 6-.t-p..f- Vc ttA-

s'cnys I T--Iu O vsJ )' ]Qc .nV

Co )-L'r-tor? Ct a .su*uolrt 'v c{crchcn Jn t. ar,o,

LD( pe "-r-r f+ve)

f t
W C.") ytu v6
A
Tf'rs "D *\o- scr-fr.ctolh'o poio | ts U f (V.e R O) .
?
 TITUTEOF
of Electronics & C
',
EC1O2:Basic EleEtroniEbLi$erdory.-

E X P TN ALM P L I F I E -R|
. o .5 : O P E R A T I O N A

: Realizatron
OBJECTIVE wrihOp-Amp(Operational
of arroi,fercircuits Amplifter)

MATERIALSREGIUIRED
. Breadboard
. Equipment : iftfitiouFut DC Power$.rpply,Functron€enerator,Oscilloseope,
. Gomponenb
OPAmP : Ore: LM741
Resistance: Firre:1 kA (1 no),10 kf) (1 no),12kO (2 nos),100lql no).

PRECAUTIOIISAND GUtrIEUNES
1, The op-ampgpnerallyrrcrks on spllt powersupply(eg r12V). Both positiveand negativeporver
suppliesnpustbe presentntrenenerop-ampis powered The range of power supply is fiom t5 V to
t15V.*do not brget to conned the common terminal of the power supply to the ground on the
breadboard
2.t6nnecting only orre srde of pou,er supply cr intercfrangingpcitive and negativepower spolies
damagesthe oFarp.
3, For connectingpowersupply,you haveb followthe procedureas givenbelow,
,- J I a. Disconnectthe porer supplyto cFamps.
,.\y 1-r-f b. Swi@r-antheporersr.pp!
#'
- fi i c. Set rre outsutvolt€geas required(e g- t12 V)
S *'; d S$dtdroffthe poler supply. ::
e. Connectthe poner stpply b op-arps-
f. Switch on the pouer s.p:!
.{ For any lC, neverexceedthe inputvoltage@old tfie porer sr4piy hnils
5. Use the herizontal stnps of the breadbod &r pos s.Fply- T+ te pouer gpply hr eadl |G fro.n
/these su#Iines.
,t: i.l:. ] ,
6. Keep ffid terminalsof the oscilloecopeprdrs and functi:n generatorouput and porrer supply
,€omrRotrconnectedtogetherthrbughoutthe e$eriment

Pre-experimentReadinq:
QbEia.heoreiical values of VoI Vi for s@ 5 d F.rt A tlo thb for Part B also.

P A R T A : I N V E R T I N GA M P L I F I E R
. -- : 'l ''i a:c
1 A s s e n r b i et h e c i r c u i ts h o w n t n F r g :
= ",:-
R: 1 kQ Makesurethe p o l v e rslcl . : : - , - : s :a'--c:-::
to the circuitground
200 mVp-p, 1 kHz sine wave at V from the function
atorandseethe outout.
bbserve Vo and.M-1i"anddetermine voltage gain A = VoI V; t\ct--tl
Aiso obtainA for Vi = 199..nVp-pand 300 mVp-p ,q1

ChangeRr & Rzto 1C0kQ & 10 kO and determineA for V' =

'i,4r' trin O "l Inverting:'nplifier
100mVp-p,200 mVp-r and 300 mVp-p
5 Nowapplya fractionof the voltageV,(keeoingV, at 200 mVp-
p) to the pcint X' throughthepoientral
dllde!'qrcuitas shown
in Fig 9 2 and notethevaluesof Volor

l 0 0 ko To pointX
R ,/
--',/',,
=-__. ?fld
'
li)
/^t l0kQ

R,/ l 0 ka
(rl)
/n_-- I kr) F i g 9 2 VoltageDivider

Compute Vo/ V for (i) and (ii)

P A R TB : N O N - i N V E R T i N G
AlvlPLlFlER
' 1I Acco*lilo t h a r r r - r , i S h O . " r i r -' n F i C ? - ' : , ' . ^ = . = 'an6
a iC
-. _ ' .^ \4- -
r'- ^\i lt4tc :-.: - -_ = : - - _. :

-
?\ A n n l v 2 O Om \ / n - r < 1 , , ;s - = , ' , ? , a z - .

), A^^^- ^ 'a --Z:= ^ - =

:-l l=.=-- .: i2 t , V,
-,5u -L.= - , --- =. - -, -

t v'o',uE r\' r - ^-: - - -C.= C A IUI

.. .:^ ..
, , , -- . , \ i 1 ' n \ / ^ -
^^^ - - - - : - _ - \ - -
V . U V r l v J - v 4 - ! r , - - = - e , -

5) N o w a p p l y a i r e c i i o no i t n e , / o i i a 3 e' r L k e e c. r , ' a t 2 0 0
m v' Yn -Yn/ ) t o t h e n n r n : X : i r a " c r - l - e : c t e i i a : . : e : c i r c u i t F i g 9 3 i ' J o n - i n v e d i nac- . '-'
"
a s s h o w ni n F i q 9 2 a n d i c t e i l e J a , u e so f t - ' : '

-R
' t / i- . i00kll
\i) =-;ic
4 /17 l0kO

R, r0ka
It D
l ld)
C o m p u t e\ " i o iv , i o t ( i ) a n c i i i )

Q 1 F o r a s o u r c e w i t h h i g h i n t e r n a li m p e d a n c ew h i c h c o n f i g u r a t i o (nr n v e r t i n go r n c n - i n , r : r " - :
suitableforlesigning a good amplifier?
Q2 Designan Amplifiersysiem to obtain a gain rJf -50'for a sourcewith high internalresisiar.- ':,
use combinationsof invertingand non-inverting:
corrfigurations
 5 : OPL
EXPT AL AltlPLIFIER- I
RATI()NI
/

A"6C-)
oP f,mplifiq, Grcuib wiFh 0p-hry [Opornhonet

Fu, a s0urcewith hUh inln6sl impedence con8guratioowif h

,1nihi6,h
sui\able for a utrl [n"".t rg ;t Pon-\n.rrtrqf
arnplifr
"Ieriqn,n( $ood

Anrr,' , t{ on- lnverhng A*plif,edr-

2
Qrn.h'on

- Desitnan ornplifi er- SgstamFo ohtaind g J,h fot o soune

nt.rnel E€IEg; You *.g u.seIh* oP

tn(ertn and fion-tnv{ r\d contiguratioos-

3

[ntw *

Rs

R
Rz is very srna\\ R.7qrE
R is the s ' a r n e v a l u e as t\re \oterna\ i r n p e d e n c eo F V i
-Taking
Ra:and R3 , so that R+ -50
R3
 f xptain
etrons
r
imp.J** I
h., h,ghinte.nel
Lhlh* source.
I
(o) lnvnrHng Arnp\ifiet

-0 -* - Vq
hove \'
t1,1e 0 Vi
(vith .r)
ffi-r.
a
Vo -R, A - _ Rr.
= ,'. t1V -
V; Rf,a Rn*z 9z+ I
buL Zt>Ri,i=1,2 Av-)o ([o 's verysmall)

VU = t2V
th, Non-lnverh
ng A*pl,'fi'u

V=V'- t Z
Wher- i = cvrrentlshou,n)
--'l
=Q

.'- lt doct not m6tter , whtlivo the

Gain A"-- l* Rr/ff,

r Gdn(non-i.,") 6$n 1,rrrt
L' J

6l
d'(
?

N6h.
t\^w
i*0
; EXPT.5. PRE-EXFERIMENT
RE\DING
PART t l2v
ftMruHEE.
\NVERTTNCI
lNVERrrnraAHpLlFt€.R

/-
vo
V=V,lt t-Mltll

du.tu
volt,lq* -leV
d;viloT V0LTA6EDarER
u.lrrrnI

V 6 t t a g I vrd er fnekes Vo\tage a t X : Vr/Z

(ir
Ro lo kru Y,

t,,l \?t
: loklr .:) Vo - $
=
Rz I tt-n V''

PI\RTI] :
Nthl-rrrlrrpp,rruqANtLtrlEq

Lfvl?+t

-tzv

NoN-l^,VtRl!ArGi
 q:I& V,/z - Vo
h

R}' K,

_\ .: V' - Vo_
2Rz 2Rr R,

Vo
1>-
r\r
yIt-.+.1
y" |
[ R , + R r J-
2Rz
o
rir t\r Iook-n- 5s
r'\ 2 lu t_c

(ll ) l0 k_n- ! =-:

ll
!-5
V, 1
I k-n-
 ots.tlz

I-ABOBSERVATIONS
NVTRIHIr ANIP Nos,-tt rvgRllhlGN{t\P
# \ tfii= \okrt Re= lldt
Lgo.sll Ll l4{g 2OO roV
0J. [npr,+hIf,\e : VL(p-p)=
flutg,rWave:
'Vo
(e-p) = 2Vt' 't 2 -ls v

A - -[o A= ffig
,\ \o-"5

(zt
-ll F= 5trE
s
r
C' \nputwave Vi cp-pl lOOrnV 100rnv
Outg,tWave Vote -p) lqo nnv 1.08 v
A= Ar -q'1 fi = l0.g

(el hf* Wwe, V,[p-rt 3oomV 3 ooffr V

L.\6rl
0.r$* Wrvc : Votp1') T .ZV

9-e+ A = l0'6n
 [NVI&T[NC'Anqr. 6\or.t'INVERT

Rr= (ooksr Rt= 1okr

(lt [np"t Wwe ' Vi[p-\o)= I O0 rnv( \ kr+o \00 coV

=
Ooif"t Wrve t., Vocp-p 1.02v : I t6 v

fir \b-u, A=\\ A

I
lnguf W?ve , \l r'[p-pr= 2Oo"nV 2O0 r"V
0,rlpf W.-v. , \o[P-l')= 2V 2.jv

A= I" = A= lO A= llE
., V;
I'
(a lng"f Wavt, \/, Ir"-p)= $oo rnv * Pn i (),OmV
0+put VtJ.,r,,. !" t e-p) -- 3\ j lsv

"4iry" ro A = 1I .t6+
=
.. ,- Vi
 bBs' zlz

r A$.,- applv;ngVoltno.Diu,4..

N V'R1\NC AM?. NdNl-tNVrRr lxro, P.r.te.

. Rr= \00 Rz = lO

I
lntt W av. '. Viq,-pr 2OO"V

A 6gcl'r',V
Uul-g,utW avr : Vo,p-p,

A,- \o , 3'1-S
v,'

R,,= l0 R" =

lnp+ W uv" Vitp-f,) = 200 mV

0utpur W*. Vo(Plr)=

A=

-rS$ ,
 Crrpht

Inv.,ling ,
A*pl;{,,,

8r t0ks
--T;=16
+lOu+--
mV
vit
Y

- \oo
ftrV

Y
+lv
(p-pl= t v
Vot
T
0

fi*. -o
Irntl

N,rn-llvnrt'nq Amplifre.:

X
{rrte
-H0
thv t rnr)r

t 1.0?ES
V trtY-
Y,:ir-qli-

Vrf
K
trme
(ms)+
 fnve'hlq Arnplifie.

ft
\loltaXeGain A= b :
V;
-
, A = 1-95+
Fu' & =l_0r,rr
R. {h
Fo' fu r lookn , A =-l(t-06l
R lol<Ir
"
AFt..a p p \ yi n 1 | V o t la g e D i v i do . 2

t:
l0r & lo0 krL l\
/-l :
-'l ar
l- 15
R, lo t'n
,\
fo' [, lok^ l
l\ =-0 1l
n
r.i2
I t(rL

P,,.r
B: Non- Inv.rhnj Arnpl;Fie,

F
I-.rr Hr
= l0 ko I A : t0.1r+
|?" lk*
r | -422
1-n
l-,rr l{r - [Otlho '
|l" tokn
A nr-
A Hl a r o p p \ y i n g \ o l t a

For l{'
-
l0Oksr ' A= 5-5
(l" r,t.t
Fo, \ = lOt,' A= F-s
D rt
l\a I K-n-
 VOLfA6= T0 fREQutNCy coNvEBrER
UbJECTIVE I- Eu'g''^5 s- **ff
V\/VU/\.\,.\^ /t\.t I' @-twaJer
l*r*^j

'+7zv
ClRculT DIaEKAM
C ,=O.o tr r F
&
V;
2?-r2!22
Rt ,!ii, {
L r,17+l
!r,2.2r3g,
-l2v
s'6 k a_

f
:
rh l? € 6 R n ro q

1'

WoRv<rN
G :- lnih e"ya&or C c.l^,.'g"d *l
* f"
a conaktnl- vc^l,- Lvr/grJ an4p . Thu oq,d volh..1eV.
tr
(vottt. *j ph.s)

Th e corlporcrlo r o.rh" ul V. is d-t

olnf-r' -LZV .)hen Vc ',n

ir
"%{" a}o}e'
TV." *"e)y \ncve..z;,rj
---0 vo'llc,ge Vo
J
J
. a @ r Y ) e A, t e a s ' f n o . -BV r
,|fu

V" increoreJ + u ct - t l k ll
-J

,aJ Vc t".o -.^ - 12 V &

I
 OESIRVAIIONS
R, I Lt,t>- V. =- -fsv to - Sv
L-Lt )L

3.3 k)L
5 'e KA-

- 4'sv

Re,rBtq.ncc-

I k-t-
2.zkn_
3-3 Kx
5 -6 k.L

0"., *u"rV tb e Tener d"o"le

Z.Lk A- . .r€-trsl-or @L

TP-xi.*t 5v

, L%sla1ca Lecfr;vsel jr 1.'1lkl-lc

f
?e
5.o V

/'
 -+ 4^Ag

ll ,'. Yt

3V

Liwls

- 4v
 -,€' *2 2^2KL

:l;i& *r:S. *. $w*:

 PRICATJII
ON5 IN LXPT
4 F Tcr.h
e Su-re +haj o.e,e,- tY?\ d r-D cannec-lad
f Vt "n
4D clvctrib yr^d,
ftoh *vc & -ve p utDer j *p p [;er rarruI, be yruenl
r)be-ne.ver- O?- Aryl? -L4 ,
poraera-el

1 1)o"'l ,Xuf lx ({rnnssg

f he C',mmw1 l-er.nlncrl

f*a *"?Pq {_o th" rou''cJ bre-adboard,

+ 'J)o
3 fl
r^,.1- in \erch on c1€ * vc _\e
J
& poo er -r qr plra o4
"t.F rr>ou-lcl elounge ttta op-ornp,

r be o r&ra cl;_

f LU
Ll'1> @ Ft-mchbn G e-nr-tr,.lt-

Sco;f<-ll* r"rc.rt be Fe.ueue orc-ls{a; 3,2,1

%
UUt frocext
O
F* tC .J"'p r,ever e xrea d Vi beyon c) oci>er-
|

St"Tp! !r'rih.

Ku? 'o.t', c) f,grrni '.''OJa *hu oscillascope

3 fl
p -be, beluncI & chbo encea'For ouiT*+
d* J
& g"oe,' t"??! eoryrrnon connacl-ed fo3eFt'rr
f
fu"Pu.rf.rotJ &rn exper;rnenl-'
a
 ?RE- Ex PEc-tMErur R€*atNq
\Pou?- tT

+ r2v
1i"t.
lg
I
t tLv
7
\e
741 B. .12
7
+Y'
-/2 \
Ir

INr eqRAroR a ,Zr.-r,-i

l Zouzt'6,2 v

-IDV

,Uzvu';L , 1
9,.- Dh-z' A'b o'r,,u
T^; ,, V^to'
>h
Vn = 'l2V t
k "rt- c
(LA'
wt
Al* "u4AQ^^t( Ar^A LA
thl L*P e-* t'a"'t^-'tz-

t^>L KAD<'| |
 t7
QRooP-

', B

Vb= -S,bt4g{V.

wAL;/bL a/^e.aa2-t' fut V,-- -5,D+zsv

0
(e. ,t'qs)(o,ot) =(4 Dp.*), r

f = l,LL A.wr(zc-

lrvhe*- Vo

V : -tLv
No *:* /7":o-1fu e-
',i-bu'-s a
Vn : = q
r/\ lzTo):
LE 5'€

IE- = l+' S? g 'wnA

q":
d_o
l.E

L ,t* au^*"f
T
 6RaiP-W

fr I
i

vh

f\/)

r ( v"e)

- 5,04
|

tI
vta)
) , r .r ).^o
v -{*:- *---- -**-"-?--}) / 6
I
: I Lt '.\
I f iv''"i.)
,j
J
I
I
;
i
-'-1
 - I : Group
Expe.imen{No.6 : Otsretiona\Amp\ifierApp\'cotions lT

> OBJECTIVE
Io desfgnd pre<,'or'on frr e srno\lAc signo\.
rech'fr'er

P OBS
"PRE-EX
(Annn*na)

"08SERVATIONS
R"=ll,n .i, V'lln cepodfor I
(ll) \nl,lhout
Capaofu'
= l0kn

WithoutR2 (u with coptdlo',c iir hl,lhouL

Copacito'

(Att- anneocb,d)

,. Qair'r'. Vi,o-r, = lo0rnv ., Vt (b.low)= 50 *V € belo*th. y=o Q.rrs

W,lh Capaqtor W i+ho* Cape.rtc,r

J;- Gan= u%, \lo telovu G a i 6=
Vo
/u;

19. - r t
lkn 50mv 50 *v 50 \t 5 rnV *=o.q
J0 ko tr)rnv h5o*v htOmv
!
100ko 0{5 v 2-6v 2 js v

--to4 q[
ftmovta) v
0'0s 5.2 V
ffi \ +V
l ffiu=
 t Li*--&(e)

.,
vy

h hrth f o+a**tur
V
R.=\\<r'

/E

_ hE"$_
{,r

R t =\ o k c -
-
Wilh capa'iltr
(eDacr\-of femov<d
V 'v 'a.
(6ho&ed)
tluov
+€?(n!

L -->
- t\Onv
*\5omv

- v{tVhcuFutiio'
q-
VY R" = toot<c Clp.' "rAmoved
( Jh o/l-el)

,)
l-+
-2-1r!
-1.6v
- CAp . r-emoVedLShoft-ea)
\ Yr \ o R1 rwov eJ
I

-t{-?V
*5'2v
 8y connerhngthn components 'rn.lhe
Ct furm an tc os shou:n ciro,b
diagran$ , wc ob{aio d\1on-\nvertrng
scoplifiqgar stago I ond, a
h$9-u,a{e pre<rsion (ur g"g"tE) garn {or o smolr sc s(1ns\.
rectrfier

-
Tbu op-Ampgenere\lywotKson a iptll-go^iersspp\y (ot +12y) .
both -tve and -{e F,$€r srpplies frtush be presentwhenever\5g
Hanoe.
Op-Rrnpis purrered 5donot <r:crnect
cle sd€, ocro{echange +ve/-va.
- \Nhi\e e*lrttFrrng
oo the pallcr t^+p\
suiKh oo tns oso\loscc?efrrs\, hen \hB po.Jar .Wy f"iha.
circptL,Md ffnalty r-tha $nchronqeneralof.
Fo\\ourths rc)tLrse ordef tnord.. tL surt\fi off -lhepor,u supily
For €n \C, f\erlersxceedthe r$pot vo\lage beyood*he pouts sUpp}
\rrniFt(o{ irz v)
-I!re
ovt\\os.cpeprobQ,to $roood,ffrndrongenco]a ootpu] gru,.:n&
term',nalend itre po$er 6oppy gvtooc} {ercn,no\ fn"xt be, cr:nrpsed.
to a carnmon gruuncland rennilncrsnne.ledthrougbo$tYre exgL-
 ' QUESTION9

lh. nuw circuitwith changedpo\arifies

oPthn Jioaerb:
I
I
lzv
o
f
rNhrq€
l1
loOr*V
P-I'
'/wlro
J

t t . t4 t { f

T'

\, = I00 m{ (p+)
ln the +ve ha\f Scle , * 5r{)*'J
v;-v = v' =+v, -_v'r r+
. -l

,rIq,-/\ t')
Now, 9_-J = V'- v* Vr' =
f=]"=+

..'V). = ll v,' ., Vo - t-4v

( r* 'Hl
- ln 1ne-ve IhelF qgclo
-lto
Vr-O = O --V" :l V o= V;
lo (t+ff) .r
2I;
I

Thrr, whentha diodesore connecledwt\h chrilgeapolarities,

V* and Vo wi\l
'lhe
heve4ha VvrvaRrrns ds ehourn. r^ra,vefrrcn
of \=- r6rlhrx,'yy\qpendent
cF-t}.)e
oP 5s iiodes, ba.lr Vo ir ima6e.J ahout the.F-
poloritr'es y:o ex.i: (*irre)
snd there*m.is oleo e Phesedifferenco of(7I) v{tEn corngared
t"*n'e €€s€',
(r,tn*t rrF# chenging diodepolantres)ioitia qrcuib .
 TX?ERI|/INTNO: 5 qr-n
OPLRATIONAL FIER
AMPLI 5 -T-

Obiective r-
\- -{-^----

fr,li Qni n4 o nrrr recfi{ ien

9re-cis
0o
{o. o srnoU' ftC s ig nctl '
0c C--rouF

CIRCUIT Drn6Rnr'r

l o or n \p - p
Lm 74t Lmn4t
ttzv

tN'.+t+€

Non . Inve.r
trrp I OK A

A*ptifier Hnlfl Naua Frceisionrccfificr wifh gaio

D-a*o ncuX-Utw 'vv^ c*'l' X ".^-o'l y,

Ar_ Y
/v7>xtD
f-f
//D

D/ - a"t+a
f>

\_u" V

lo

\r\A
rI
-
)1-
? ll

.t. V* r-

orr'r/+' b/n

-/e 4 VK

fo (t,^,r')'Vy

-fo : l a-z'
l roo - /*j,
ti'9 Y
 I
tuo (<D- D,&6>s j) u,,aU
-+ -lDOb n,,.r\,/

T^ ar *f , , {7e--<4u h4*-on /A *rt

:f^"d,)( 7A*
I Fo ltrt ill fr,L (a.,.--z

1(

co
Pt - I o3

(^;
W{/uLonk 1 , l

V) : lo u'tu : V. foro-Rl u7- "4

P-lD L

V* - vr-
:L :) v\
, ltO u-,t/
lo l t-p
v, ("*) @f
3-'-',
Vr
t t@ tra / /-//- o,0rrei)
L
e -lloV,
.t

4e_U-
(

u, =O
 5L: rn V

v
vrt

.t- d,T!
\ V"ll in l1-
.,"+ 1*

i_rl
\r 'r 'h
:,4

* 5c rr

\1
vx

r .' .r ;+hn
rJ

r1

' , l ; , : ' n" , , , , t-

 CT\JECTIV E
-TrL
ry /e^x-L .<;y-a-tx
W .oi""'t,-<'e'rob-L .a-tfl-t4a-(A,
/0

CIP.CUIT D tA h B-AM

Vr'
hL
D'
7r

Lon'
cooNT

I
.-F-;-^Gple 1
I

i
i

I
lll
 OflsrRvATtoxl
lo o o
Do o I
Ir o I
o 0 0 t
0 to I
lo o t
lo 0 D
o oo t
I r o I
I oo (
Io t0

5v

JV

-3v
- 5v

I
I
il

- to lir

T<oo
 F
''r
r

o -c
qd

o
o

fi
Ft

I
o

LJ

o €
(.LJ
t-

o
p Z
)
o o
q)

- t-
f,

p
C
\o
o
H

o
fr

o
i{

o
s
c
o
Fi

o
fi

o
a')
O

o
IJ

(
L
(-

^d ^d
 2*

-{
 PKtrC-AtJ'TtO NS

/C-D-^r"o
61.va- /{^d-* 4

,2x C-n-zol .Cl'r-- .z'*-P+-t

I

4-^-^-A#.*: '''-t-'--'-'-4'
'a
It .4

>e; P/ i/' t {*n'zL' 46 f-

\/ %.+::1--*'- C'-t t o*t ' V

f
a ./: ,j f/;, 't<g,/w.c