Digestive System

1. Nutrients are the chemicals that must be obtained by an organism from its environment in order to survive,
nutrients provide raw materials for growth and repair and are often a source of energy
2. The factors that affect metabolic rate are: body size, physical activity, sex, and age and heredity factors.
3. The basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy required to keep you alive.
Female: [655+ (9.6* mass in kilograms)+ (1.8*height in centimeters)-(4.7*age in years)]*4.18
Male: [66+ (13.7*mass in kg)+ (5*height in centimeters)- (6.8*age in years)]*4.18
4. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the human body. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. There are three main types: monosaccharide, disaccharide (lactose and sucrose) and
polysaccharide (cellulose, starch).
5. Proteins are one of the key building blocks of cells and perform a wide range of functions and are involved
in all metabolic activities and are used to generate motion. Some proteins serve as hormones that influence
cellular activity. Proteins are the most complex (they are made of long chains of smaller molecules called
amino acids and are highly variable in size and shape).
6. There are 20 different types of amino acids that organisms use to build proteins. The human body can make
12 of them but 8 others are obtained from food sources- these are called amino acids.
7. Animal proteins include all 8 of those but plants lack at least one amino acid. 10-30% of diet should come
from protein.
8. Lipids provide a concentrated source of chemical energy for the body. They help in the absorption of
vitamins and are main components of membranes and serve as insulation for the body. Certain hormones
including the sex hormones are lipids.
9. Fats and oils are two familiar types of lipids. They are made up of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol
molecule (triglyceride). They can be saturated or unsaturated depending on the structure of fatty acid
chains. Fatty acids contain long chains of carbon and hydrogen.
10. Unsaturated triglycerides are called oils which are usually liquid at room temperature- good fats.
11. Omega 3: heart disease and arthritis. It is a fatty acid. Special group of lipids (steroids) include the sex
hormones- testosterone and estrogen and cholesterol (key component of membranes). Lipids should
constitute no more than 30% of the diet.
12. Vitamin is an organic molecule that the body requires in small amounts as an essential nutrient. Classified
as: fat soluble or water soluble. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat soluble proteins. Vitamins B and C are
examples of water soluble vitamins.
13. Beta carotene into vitamin A. Minerals are naturally occurring elements such as calcium or phosphorous
that the body uses to carry out metabolic processes. They are present in small amounts and play roles in cell
processes and repair.
14. Gastrovascular cavity- jellyfish and flatworms.
15. Absorption in the small intestine: active and passive transport
Passive transport: transport across the membrane without using cell energy. Includes diffusion, osmosis and
facilitated diffusion (molecules across the cell membrane by a protein).
Active Transport: the transportation of materials through a membrane using energy from the ell.

Respiratory System
1. Phosphorylation: the addition of the phosphate group to a molecule; in aerobic cellular respiration the
phosphate group is added to ADP to form ATP molecule in which energy is stored.
2. Human respiratory system has four main structural features: a thin permeable respiratory membrane
through which diffusion can occur, a large surface area for gas exchange, good supply of blood and a
breathing system to bring oxygen-rich air to the respiratory membrane.
3. Total lung capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from a single breath
4. Tidal volume: volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal respiration
5.