Filtra'on
–
Lecture
1


CH
2040
–
Mechanical
Opera'ons

Basavaraj
M.
Gurappa

Department
of
chemical
engineering

IIT‐Madras

Filtra'on

Filtra'on
is
a
process
of
removal
of
solid
par'cles
from
a
fluid

by
passing
the
fluid
through
a
filtering
medium,
or
septum,
on

which
the
solids
are
deposited.

Industrial
 filtra'on
 range
 from
 simple
 straining
 to
 highly

complex
separa'ons

Solid

Fluid
 Think
 of
 examples
 for

Valuable
product
 each

of
filtra'on
 Both

Neither

Classifica'on
of
filters

In
any
filter,
fluids
flow
through
a
filter
medium
by
virtue
of
a

pressure
differen'al
across
the
medium.

Upstream
–
Pressure
>
atm



Upstream

Filter
Medium


Down‐stream
–
Pressure
=
atm

Filter
Medium


Down‐stream

Upstream
–
Pressure
=
atm



Pressure
 above
 atmosphere
 is
 developed
 by


several
 means
 –
 by
 a
 pump
 or
 blower,
 Filter
Medium

centrifugal
force
or
by
gravity
force
ac'ng
on
a

column
of
liquid

Down‐stream
–
Vacuum


Mechanisms
of
filtra'on

Cake
filters


Clarifying


Cross
flow
filters

Mechanisms
of
filtra'on

Cake
 filters
 –
 separate
 rela'vely
 large
 amounts

of
solids
as
cake
of
crystals
or
sludge.
OVen
they

have
 provisions
 for
 washing
 cake
 or
 removing

some
 of
 the
 liquid
 from
 the
 solids
 before

discharge.





Clarifying
filters
–
these
filters
remove
small
amounts

of
 solids
 to
 produce
 a
 clean
 gas
 or
 sparkling
 clear

liquids.
 Most
 solids
 are
 trapped
 inside
 filter
 medium.

Such
filters
differ
from
screens
in
that
the
pores
of
the

filter
 medium
 are
 much
 larger
 than
 size
 of
 the

par'cles
to
be
removed






Cross
 flow
 filters
 –
 feed
 suspension
 flows
 under


pressure
 at
 a
 fairly
 high
 velocity
 across
 the
 filter

medium.
High
liquid
velocity
keeps
the
layer
of
solids

from
 building
 up.
 Filter
 medium
 used
 generally
 is
 –

ceramic,
polymer
or
metal
with
pores
small
enough
to

exclude
most
of
the
suspended
par'cles.
Some
of
the

liquid
passes
through
the
filter
medium,
leaving
more

concentrated
suspension
behind

Filter
Media

The
filter
medium
or
membrane
in
any
filter
must
meet
the
following

requirements

1.  It
 must
 retain
 the
 solids
 to
 be
 filtered,
 giving
 a
 reasonably
 clear

filtrate.

2.  It
must
not
plug
or
blind

3.  It
 must
 be
 resistant
 chemically
 and
 strong
 enough
 physically
 to

withstand
process
condi'ons

4.  It
must
permit
the
cake
formed
to
discharge
cleanly
and
completely

5.  It
must
not
be
prohibi'vely
expensive


Filter
Aids

Slimy
or
very
fine
solids
that
form
a
dense
impermeable
cake
quickly
plug
any
filter
medium
that

is
 fine
 enough
 to
 retain
 them.
 In
 prac'ce,
 to
 filter
 such
 materials,
 porosity
 of
 the
 cake
 is

increased
to
permit
the
passage
of
the
liquid
at
a
reasonable
rate.
This
is
done
by
adding
filter

aids
such
as
purified
wood
cellulose,
inert
porous
solids,
diatomaceous
silica
to
the
slurry
before

filtra'on.

Another
 way
 of
 using
 a
 filter
 aid
 is
 by
 precoaCng,
 that
 is,
 deposi'ng
 a
 layer
 of
 it
 on
 the
 filter

medium
before
filtra'on.






Principles
of
cake
filtra'on

Filtra'on
is
a
special
case
of
flow
through
packed
beds.



In
conven'onal
packed
beds,
resistance
to
flow
are
constant.



In
filtra'on
the
flow
resistances
increase
with
'me
as
the
filter
medium

becomes
clogged
or
a
filter
cake
builds
up.
Therefore
equa'ons
rela'ng

flow
 rates
 and
 pressure
 drops
 in
 packed
 beds
 have
 to
 be
 modified
 to

allow
for
this
change.



Ergun
Equa'on

ΔP 150V0 µ (1 − ε ) 1.75 ρV (1 − ε )
2 2
= 2 2 + 0

L Φs Dp ε 3
Φs Dp ε3
Kozeny‐Carman
 Burke‐Plummer

Principles
of
cake
filtra'on

Filtra'on
is
a
special
case
of
flow
through
packed
beds.



In
conven'onal
packed
beds,
resistance
to
flow
are
constant.



In
filtra'on
the
flow
resistances
increase
with
'me
as
the
filter
medium

becomes
clogged
or
a
filter
cake
builds
up.
Therefore
equa'ons
rela'ng

flow
 rates
 and
 pressure
 drops
 in
 packed
 beds
 have
 to
 be
 modified
 to

allow
for
this
change.


Ergun
Equa'on

Laminar
Flow
 Turbulent
Flow


ΔP 150V0 µ (1 − ε ) 1.75 ρV (1 − ε )
2 2
= 2 2 + 0

L Φs Dp ε 3
Φs Dp ε3
Kozeny‐Carman
 Burke‐Plummer

Flow
 through
 packed
 beds
 –
 laminar
 flow

condi'ons


ΔP 150V0 µ (1 − ε )2 Kozeny‐Carman
 for
 PACKED

= 2 2
L Φs Dp ε3 BEDS


ΔP 32V0 µ Hagen‐Poiseuille
for
Pressure

= driven
flow
though
pipes

L D2

Solids/Par'cles


Channels
for
liquid
flow

Flow
 through
 packed
 beds
 –
 laminar
 flow

condi'ons


Solids/Par'cles


Channels
for
liquid
flow


Deq

Total
surface
area
of
n
parallel
channels

 nπ Deq L

L
 Total
volume
of
solids
(or
par'cles)
 S0 L(1 − ε )

Number
of
par'cles

 S0 L(1 − ε )
Volume
of
one
par'cle
 vp
Flow
 through
 packed
 beds
 –
 laminar
 flow

condi'ons


Deq

Total
surface
area
of
n
parallel
channels

 nπ Deq L

L
 Total
volume
of
solids
(or
par'cles)
 S0 L(1 − ε )

Number
of
par'cles

 S0 L(1 − ε )
Volume
of
one
par'cle
 vp

⎛ S0 L(1 − ε ) ⎞
Total
surface
area
available
for
n
channels
 ⎜ ⎟ sp
⎝ vp ⎠
Flow
 through
 packed
 beds
 –
 laminar
 flow

condi'ons


Deq

Total
surface
area
of
n
parallel
channels

 nπ Deq L

L
 ⎛ S0 L(1 − ε ) ⎞
Total
 surface
 area
 available
 for
 n
 ⎜ ⎟ sp
channels
 ⎝ vp ⎠
sp 6
=
vp Φs Dp

6
nπ Deq L = S0 L(1 − ε )
Φs Dp
Flow
 through
 packed
 beds
 –
 laminar
 flow

condi'ons


Deq
 nπ Deq L = S0 L(1 − ε )
6
ΦD (1)

s p

Void
Volume
in
the
bed
=
Total
volume
of
n
channels


L

⎛ π D 2eq ⎞
S0 Lε = n ⎜ ⎟ L
⎝ 4 ⎠ (2)


Using
(1)
and
(2)


2 ε
Deq = Φ s D p
3 (1 − ε )
Flow
 through
 packed
 beds
 –
 laminar
 flow

condi'ons

 2 ε
Deq = Φs Dp
3 (1 − ε )

ΔP 32V µ
=
L Deq2

Hagen‐Poiseuille
for
Pressure
driven
flow

though
pipes


V0
The
pressure
drop
depends
on
average
velocity
 V=
ε
V0 is
the
empty
tower
or
superficial
velocity

Flow
 through
 packed
 beds
 –
 laminar
 flow

condi'ons


ΔP 32V µ
= 2
L Deq
ΔP 32V0 µ (1 − ε )2
=
L 4 2 2 ε3
Φs Dp
Pipes
are
not
straight
–
but
tortuous

 9
⎛ ⎞
ΔP ⎜ 32V0 µ (1 − ε )2 ⎟
=⎜ ⎟ λ1
L 4 2 2 ε 3
⎜⎝ Φ s D p ⎟⎠
9
Flow
 through
 packed
 beds
 –
 laminar
 flow

condi'ons



⎛ ⎞
ΔP ⎜ 32V0 µ (1 − ε ) ⎟
2
=⎜ ⎟ λ1
L 4 2 2 ε 3
⎜⎝ Φ s D p ⎟⎠
9

ΔP 72 λ1V0 µ (1 − ε )2
=
L Φ 2s D p2 ε3

ΔP 150V0 µ (1 − ε ) 2
= 2 2 λ1 = 2.1
L Φs Dp ε3
Flow
 through
 packed
 beds
 –
 Turbulent
 flow

condi'ons


ΔP 1.75 ρV (1 − ε )
2
Burke
–
Plummer
for
PACKED

= 0
BEDS

L Φs Dp ε3
ΔP 2 f ρV 02 Pressure
drop
–
flow
though

= pipes
–
turbulent
flow

L Deq