Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 5

Small-Signal Analysis of Boost Converter, including

Parasitics, operating in CCM


H. Abdel-Gawad V. K. Sood
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT),
Oshawa, Canada Oshawa, Canada
haytham.abdel-gawad@uoit.ca vijay.sood@uoit.ca

Abstract— This paper presents the various principles of state- in continuous and discontinuous conduction mode is modelled
space averaged modeling of DC-DC Boost converters operating and the effect of conduction resistances is included in [12] for
in the continuous conduction mode (CCM). The average model the same model. In [13], the average model of the PWM
technique, the time average algorithm, and the energy converter is demonstrated by considering the conduction
conservation laws are used. Also, the output transfer function of resistances and their voltage drop in discontinuous conduction
a Boost converter is derived which can be used for designing a
mode (DCM).
robust controller. Furthermore, the effects of parasitic elements
and losses are included based on the state-space averaging This paper presents dc and small-signal circuit models for
technique. The open loop transfer functions of the proposed the DC-DC Boost converters operating in CCM. The parasitic
models are derived and the behavior of the converter is verified components are included in these models to improve the
by the transient step responses. modeling accuracy. The dc model is used to extract the
Keywords—Boost converters; small signal analysis; parasitic equations for the dc voltage transfer function and the
elements; state space models efficiency. The small-signal model is used to extract the
equations for the open-loop small-signal transfer functions,
I. INTRODUCTION
such as control to output transfer function, input to output
Amongst the different topologies of DC-DC converters transfer function, and input impedance.
[1], the Boost converter with typical efficiencies of 70-95% Finally, the various transfer functions (Control, Output
[2] is the one where the output voltage is always greater than Impedance, etc.) and various Bode diagrams have been plotted
the input voltage. By comparing the Boost converter with the and compared with ideal cases.
Buck or Buck-Boost converters, it will be found that the
design of the Boost converter is more difficult where the II. SMALL SIGNAL AVERAGED MODEL
Boost converter is considered as a non-minimum phase system The small signal averaged state-space technique is a
and also has a zero root in the right half of the s-plane. In general analysis tool which can be applied to simple or
other words, as a result of the duty cycle which is considered complex circuits [14, 15]. The linear averaged time-invariant
as the control input for this converter and appears in the models created by using this technique are relatively simple,
current and voltage equations, the solution of the state-space but needed a lot of mathematical computational effort to find
equations of this converter will be more difficult [3]. the final results. To get such models, the detailed generalized
The structure of DC-DC converters consists of linear (i.e. procedure explained in [14, 15] is applied to our case.
resistor R, inductor L and capacitor C) and nonlinear (i.e. For modeling with the state-space technique, the desired
switch) components. Since these converters can be state variables for any electric circuit are the energy storing
characterized as nonlinear and time-variant system, then the elements (i.e. inductor current and capacitance voltage). To
small-signal model of the state-space average model is start applying the state-space technique in any complicated
required to design a linear controller. References [4-6] show circuit, it must be converted first into a simple circuit in which
examples of the small-signal analysis and design of a linear the circuit laws can be applied.
controller in the frequency domain for DC-DC converters.
Consideration of all of the system parameters (such as A. Case 1: Ideal Boost Converter
conduction resistances, switch conduction voltages, switching The Boost converter is a non-isolated power converter
times, and inductor and capacitor resistances) in the modelling topology, also known as a step-up power converter. Power
procedure is an essential step towards the designing of a electronics engineers choose the Boost converter when the
robust controller for Boost converters. In [7-9] Basso, required output voltage must be greater than the input voltage.
Tomescue and Towati considered the inductor and capacitor The output current for Boost converter is continuous because
resistances and the output current in the modelling procedure the output diode becomes forward biased only during a
of the Boost converter. In [10], Benyakov considered the portion of the switching cycle and the output capacitor gives
capacitor resistance and the output current in the modelling the whole load current during the other portion of the
procedure of the Boost converter. In [11], the Pulse Width switching cycle.
Modulator (PWM) converter with an ideal system parameters

      



In the Boost switching converter (Fig.1), there are two
modes; the on-mode and off-mode. The on-time (ton) is
defined by dTs, and the off-time (toff) is defined by (1-d)Ts,
where Ts is the total time period for one cycle and d is the duty
cycle which is defined as the ratio of the on-time period to the
total switching time period for one cycle i.e. d = ton / Ts.
The main switch S is turned on and off by a pulse with a
duty cycle equal to d. Therefore, the piece-wise linearized
equivalent circuit of the system in on and off modes with dTs
and (1-d)Ts seconds is represented by Figs. 2 and 3
respectively. Fig.3 Equivalent circuit of Boost converter during off-state

Fig.4 shows the steady-state waveforms for the CCM where


Fig.1 Boost converter circuit the inductor current flows continuously [iL(t) > 0].

Using iL and vC as the two state variables (x = [iL vC ]T),


and by writing the KVL and KCL for the loops of Figs. 2 and
3, the state-space equations can be derived:

dTS (1-d)TS
dTS TS
Fig.4 Steady-state waveforms for CCM

Thus,
‘ON’ Mode For t [0, dTS] (5)
Fig.2 Equivalent circuit of Boost converter during on-state
‘OFF’ Mode For t [dTS, TS] (6)
During the on-state, the state space (ss) form will be:-
where,
dTs = ON Period time
(1-d)Ts = OFF Period time
Ts = Total time period for one cycle
Vin = Input voltage

State space averaging techniques are employed to get a set


of equations that describe the system over one switching
cycle. After applying averaging technique to (5) and (6), the
During the off-state, in ss form:- following expression can be found:-
Thus with the help of state space equations, values of matrices lead to nonlinear current and voltage waveforms and hence
A1,B1,C1,D1 parameters of on-state and A2,B2,C2,D2 result in complications in the modelling development
parameters of off-state are extracted and A,B,C,D parameters procedure.
can be obtained as follows: Fig. 5 shows a simplified equivalent circuit of the DC-DC
. Similarly B, C and D Boost converter with parasitic elements. Inductor L and
parameters are also obtained. capacitor C can be considered as an output filter. The
capacitor equivalent series resistance (ESR), RC, and the
Thus state-space average model for DC-DC Boost inductor DC resistance, RL, are included in the analysis.
converter in CCM would be like below: Resistor R represents the load seen by the power supply.

Now applying standard linearization techniques and


applying perturbations as follows: Fig.5 Boost Converter Circuit with parasitic elements

In continuous conduction mode (CCM), the Boost


converter has two modes per switching cycle. In the on-mode,
(10) S is on and D is off. In the off-mode, S is off and D is on.
Therefore, the piece-wise linearized equivalent circuit of the
Boost converter in on and off modes with dTs and (1-d)Ts
seconds is represented by Figs. 6 and 7 respectively.
Using iL and vC as the two state variables (x = [iL vC ]T),
and by writing the KVL and KCL for the loops of Figs. 6 and
7, the state-space equations can be derived:

Separating terms of Hence, the small-signal


model for DC-DC Boost converter in CCM would be like
below:

Fig.6 Equivalent circuit of Boost converter during on-state

During the on-state, the state space (ss) form will be:-

B. Case 2: Parasitic Realisation in Boost Converter


Due to the different difficulties found during the
modeling procedure of the Boost converter systems, parasitic
elements such as conduction voltages, conduction resistances,
inductor dc resistance and equivalent series resistance’s (ESR)
of capacitors are ignored. The idea of considering
ideal/lossless components and leaving parasitic elements like
we have done earlier is to simplify model development
procedure and to understand the basic features of the During the off-state, in ss form:-
switching system. However, the effects of parasitic elements
and losses are important for improving model accuracy,
studying efficiency and dynamic performance of the system.
The problem with including the parasitic elements is that they
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulations were done by using the following model
parameters: L= 180ȝH, C= 4.7ȝF, Vin= 5V, D= 0.7, RC= 0.1
ȍ, RL= 0.8 ȍ, and FS= 350 kHz. The simulations were
performed for two different cases.
Figures 8 and 9 show the Bode diagrams for the transfer
function represented the relation between the output voltage
and duty ratio (d) (i.e. Control transfer function) for ideal and
non-ideal DC-DC Boost converters in CCM, respectively.
Fig.7 Equivalent circuit of Boost converter during off-state

Thus with the help of state space equations, values of matrices


A1,B1,C1,D1 parameters of on-state and A2,B2,C2,D2
parameters of off-state are extracted and A,B,C, D parameters
can be obtained as follows:

. Similarly B, C and D
parameters are also obtained. Fig.8 Bode diagram for ideal DC-DC Boost converter in CCM

Thus state-space average model for DC-DC Boost


converter with parasitic elements in CCM is shown below:

Now, apply perturbations, this will result in the small


signal model as:-

Fig.9 Bode diagram for non-ideal DC-DC Boost converter in CCM

In Fig.8, a resonant peak occurs when the load resistance


value becomes large. To explain this phenomenon, when the
diode becomes reverse biased during the on-mode, the output
capacitor becomes responsible to supply the load current.
Since the value of the load resistance is large, then the value
of the load current must be small which results in increasing
the discharging time for the energy stored in the capacitor.
Then, when the switch becomes open during the off-mode and
the diode becomes forward biased, the load current starts to
flow through the inductor which results in energy stored in the
inductor and there is still an amount of energy stored in the IV. CONCLUSION
capacitor which results in the resonance at a certain switching This paper presented the Small Signal Averaged State-
frequency. As seen from Fig.8, the switching frequency results Space modeling technique for DC-DC Boost converters, with
in the resonance point for the ideal DC-DC Boost converter at and without parasitic elements, operating in continuous
2.2 kHz. Also, as seen from Fig.9, the switching frequency conduction mode (CCM). First, the small signal analysis of
results in the resonance point for the non-ideal DC-DC Boost DC-DC Boost converters with ideal/lossless components
converter at less than the switching frequency in the ideal operating in CCM was explored in order to develop a
case. This is due to the losses in the inductor and capacitor simplified model that helps to understand the basic features of
resistances. the switching system. Second, the small-signal analysis of
Figures 10 and 11 show the transient step responses for DC-DC Boost converters with the effects of parasitic elements
ideal and non-ideal DC-DC Boost converters in CCM, and losses operating in CCM was investigated in order to
respectively. As seen from Fig.10 and Fig.11, the non-ideal improve the model accuracy, study the efficiency and the
DC-DC Boost converter is faster to reach the steady state dynamic performance of the system. Finally, the system
condition than the ideal DC-DC Boost converter at any value dynamic behaviour for the DC-DC Boost converter with ideal
of the load resistance. Also, as seen from Figs.10 and 11, that components and DC-DC Boost converter with non-ideal
as the value of the load resistance is small and hence the value components operating in CCM are compared via Bode plots
of the load current is high, it results in decreasing the and transient step responses under different values for the load
discharging time of the energy stored in the capacitor and resistance in order to help in designing a robust controller for
hence makes the system reach the steady state condition faster. DC-DC Boost converters operating in continuous conduction
Moreover, by comparing Figs.10 and 11 for the same value of mode (CCM).
the load resistance, it is easy to note that the steady state value
for the non-ideal DC-DC Boost converter is less than the REFERENCES
steady state value for the ideal DC-DC Boost converter and [1] N.Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, “Power Electronics,
the reason behind that is the result of the inductor and Converters, Applications, and Design,” John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
capacitor resistance losses in the non-ideal DC-DC Boost [2] R. Erickson, “DC-DC Converter,” Article in Wiley Encyclopedia of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
converter case. [3] V. I. Utkin, “Sliding Mode Control Design Principles and Applications
to Electric Drives,” IEEE Trans. On Industrial Applications, Vol. 40, pp.
23-36.
[4] J.H. Su, J.J. Chen, and D. S. Wu, “Learning Feedback Controller Design
of Switching Converters via MATLAB/SIMULINK,” IEEE Trans. On
Education, Vol.45, pp. 307-315, 2002.
[5] J R. B. Ridley, “A New Continuous-Time Model for Current –Mode
Control,” IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol. 6, No. 2, PP. 271-
280, 1991.
[6] P. Li, and B. Lehman, “A Design Method for Paralleling Current Mode
Controlled DC-DC Converters,” IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics,
Vol. 19, PP. 748-756, May 2004.
[7] F. Alonge, F. D’Ippolito, and T. Gangemi, “Identification and Robust
Control of DC/DC Convertor Hammerstein Model”, IEEE Transaction
on Power Electronics, Vol. 23(Issue6), November 2008.
[8] B. Tamescu, “On the Use of Fuzzy Logic to control Paralleled DC-DC
Converters,” Ph.D. Thesis, Blackbury, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
Fig.10 Transient step response for ideal DC-DC Boost converter in CCM State University, October 2001.
[9] A.Towati, “Dynamic Control Design of Switched Mode Power
Converters,” Doctoral Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, 2008.
[10] R. Naim, G. Weiss, and S. Ben-Yaakov, ̌Hп Control Applied to
boost Power Converters,̍ IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, vol. 12,
no. 4, pp. 677-683, July 1997.
[11] V. Vorperian, “Simplified Analysis of PWM Converters Using the
Model of the PWM Switch, Parts I (CCM) and II (DCM),” Trans. On
Aerospace and Electronics systems, vol. 26, no. 3 May 1990.
[12] V. Vorperian, “Fast analytical techniques for Electrical and Electronics
Circuits,” Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521- 62442-8.
[13] C. M. Ivan, D. Lascu, and V. Popescu, “A New Averaged Switch
Model Including Conduction Losses PWM Converters Operating in
Discontinuous Inductor Current Mode,” SER.: ELEC. ENERG. Vol. 19,
No. 2, PP 219-230, August 2006.
[14] R. W. Erickson, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, 1st ed., New York:
Chapman and Hall, 1997.
[15] J. G. Kassakian, M. F. Schlecht, and G. C. Verghese, Principles of
Power Electronics, 1st ed., Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley,
Fig.11 Transient step response for non-ideal DC-DC Boost converter 1991.
in CCM

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi