PHYSICAL DEMANDS IN COMPETITIVE ULTIMATE
FRISBEE
PETER KRUSTRUP1,2 AND MAGNI MOHR3,4
1
Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Human Physiology, Copenhagen Center for Team Sport and Health,
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; 2Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St.
Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; 3Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of
Food and Nutrition, and Sport Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; and 4Faculty of Natural and Health
Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, To´rshavn, Faroe Islands
ABSTRACT
Downloaded from https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD33gDmupaxCIwyEJpJx6k1z26/vSR/k95ylzwwWhnUtz4= on 05/02/2018
Krustrup, P and Mohr, M. Physical demands in competitive
ultimate Frisbee. J Strength Cond Res 29(12): 3386–3391,
2015—The objective was to study game demands in compet-
itive ultimate Frisbee by performing match analysis during
a game. Thirteen moderately trained (Yo-Yo intermittent recov-
ery test levels 1 and 2 [Yo-Yo IR1 and IR2] performance: 1790
6 382 m and 657 6 225 m, respectively) competitive male
ultimate Frisbee athletes played a game in which activity profile
using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology and heart
rate (HR) were recorded. Game HRmean and HRpeak were 82
6 2% and 99 6 1% of maximum heart rate, respectively. Total
game distance was 4.70 6 0.47 km, of which 0.63 6 0.14 km
was high-intensity running and 0.21 6 0.11 km was sprinting.
In the second half, 10% less (p # 0.05) ground was covered
with high-intensity running compared with the first half (0.28 6
0.08 km vs. 0.31 6 0.07 km). Less (43–47%; p # 0.05) high-
intensity running was performed in the third 9-minute period of
each half compared with the first two 9-minute periods of the
same half. Players performed 17.4 6 5.7 sprints during the
match. Yo-Yo IR2 performance correlated to the amount of
high-intensity running in the last 9 minutes of both halves (r
= 0.69, p # 0.05), whereas Yo-Yo IR1 performance correlated
with total sprint distance (r = 0.74, p # 0.05). Ultimate Frisbee
is an intense intermittent team sport with high cardiovascular
loading and clear indications of fatigue toward the end of each
half. Yo-Yo IR test performances correlate with physical match
performance.
KEY WORDS GPS, heart rate, intermittent exercise, Yo-Yo IR
testing, high-intensity exercise
Address correspondence to Magni Mohr, magnim@setur.fo.
29(12)/3386–3391
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
Ó 2015 National Strength and Conditioning Association
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3386 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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INTRODUCTION
U
ltimate Frisbee is one of the fastest growing
sports in the world, with millions of players
across North America, Europe, and Asia (34).
The game is played on a soccer-sized pitch with
7 players on each team. To date, no scientific research has
been conducted on the physical demands of ultimate Frisbee
during match play. In other team sports, such as football (4),
team handball (27), basketball (30), rugby (11), field hockey
(21), and Australian football (3), detailed information has
been obtained from match analysis demonstrating that these
sports comprise intense intermittent activities.
In team sports, numerous activity changes take place
(4,27), including a high number of intense accelerations, de-
celerations, changes of direction, and jumps (11,21,29,33),
which are very energetically demanding. Thus, cardiovascu-
lar loading has been shown to be high in team sports
(4,7,15,25,27). Moreover, in comparable team sports, such
as soccer, fatigue has been shown to develop temporarily
both during (24) and in the final stages of a game because
both high-intensity running during the final 15-minute
period and postgame repeated sprint performance are com-
promised (20,24,25). In ultimate Frisbee, the pitch size is
similar to that of a soccer pitch, but the game is played by
7 vs. 7 players, compared with 11 vs. 11 in soccer, suggesting
a high level of physical demands. Indeed, studies have dem-
onstrated that large pitch size and small number of players
can increase the work rate (1). Ultimate Frisbee is suggested
to involve a large amount of high-intensity running, which
may induce fatigue during and after a game. Thus, the capac-
ity to perform high-intensity intermittent exercise may be
highly important for game performance in ultimate Frisbee.
The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test levels 1 and 2 (Yo-Yo
IR1 and IR2) have been demonstrated to predict high-
intensity running in total toward the end and during the
most intense periods of a soccer game (5,6,25), as well as
physical match performance in other team sports
(9,12,14,26) and physiological characteristics of team sport
athletes (13). Moreover, the Yo-Yo IR tests have been shown
to be sensitive for detecting effects of training (5,6).

However, the relationship between Yo-Yo IR scores and ulti-
mate Frisbee physical match performance is currently
unknown.
Thus, the aims of the study were to assess activity profiles,
fatigue patterns, and cardiovascular loading during an
ultimate Frisbee game, as well as to examine the relationship
between training status and physical match performance. We
hypothesized that (a) ultimate Frisbee match play is a highly
intermittent sport with high cardiovascular loading and
multiple repetitions of high-intensity running; (b) high-
intensity running is lowered toward the end of a game;
and (c) physical match performance is associated with the
capacity to perform intense intermittent exercise as evalu-
ated by the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery tests.
METHODS
Experimental Approach to the Problem
Activity pattern and heart rate (HR) were assessed during an
official ultimate Frisbee game. The training status of the
players was determined using the Yo-Yo intermittent recov-
ery test levels 1 and 2 (Yo-Yo IR1 and IR2, respectively)
performed in a recovered state on separate days.
Subjects
Fifteen members of the University of Exeter Ultimate Frisbee
Club volunteered to take part in the study (age: 20.5 6 0.8
[range, 19–22] years; height: 176.0 6 3.9 cm; body mass 70.4 6
5.6 kg). The sample size was chosen based on power calcu-
lation from the primary end point (distance covered in dif-
ferent speed thresholds and time spent in different HR
zones) using similar parameters from comparable studies in
other team and racquet sports (7,8,10,12,14,24,25,32). The
study was conducted half-way through the season. Before
commencement of the study, the participants gave their
written informed consent. The study conforms to the code
of ethics of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved
and performed in compliance with the human subject guide-
lines of the Ethics Committee at the University of Exeter.
Because of injuries that occurred during the game, analysis
was conducted using data from 13 participants.
Procedures
The game was played at 1800 hours at 188 C. The rules of
the sport state that when the clock reaches full time, play
continues until one of the team’s scores. The first half there-
fore lasted 28 minutes and the second half 27 minutes and 13
seconds. The two-halves were separated by an 8-minute
half-time period. This is the standard length of a university-
level game. The participants completed a 10-minute
warm-up consisting of jogging, high-intensity running, and
dynamic stretches. A week before the match, the partici-
pants performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery tests,
Yo-Yo IR1 (17) and Yo-Yo IR2 (19), according to standard
procedures (6). Both tests are intermittent shuttle run (2 3
20 m) test, where the running intervals are interspersed by
a 10-second active recovery period (6). Heart rate was
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recorded during the Yo-Yo IR1 and IR2 tests to determine
maximum heart rate (HRmax) (5). All testing took place on
the rubber crumb pitch. The players were familiarized with
all testing procedures before the study (5).
Heart rate was used to measure and evaluate the
cardiovascular loading during the game. The participants
wore HR monitors (Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland) during
the match. Five intensity zones were defined: ,75% (low),
75–80% (moderate), 80–85% (moderate-high), 85–90%
(high), and .90% (very high) of individual HRmax (4), as
determined from the Yo-Yo IR tests.
The players’ movements during the match were recorded
using portable GPS devices (SPI PRO X II; GPSports,
Canberra, Australia; see Ref. 28). The devices receive signals
from at least 3 satellites, which allows the receiver to calcu-
late and record data on position and speed with a time res-
olution of 15 Hz. Five speed zones were established:
stationary walking (0–3.9 km$h21), jogging (4.0–7.9
km$h21), quick running (8.0–13.9 km$h21), high-intensity
running (14.0–22.0 km$h21), and sprinting ($22 km$h21).
The speed zones and categories are comparable with those
used in previous studies in other sports (8,28).
Statistical Analyses
Standard statistical methods were used to find the mean
values and SDs. Repeated-measures analyses of variance
were used to evaluate differences in total game distance trav-
eled, high-intensity running, and sprinting between the six 9-
minute game periods, as well as selected 5-minute periods.
Regression analyses were performed to study the relation-
ship between test scores in Yo-Yo IR1 and Yo-Yo IR2 and
match running performance. All statistical analyses were
conducted using SPSS (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The
statistical significance was set at p # 0.05.
RESULTS
Match Running Performance
The total match distance covered was 4.70 6 0.47 km
(range, 3.85–5.22), of which low-intensity running, high-
intensity running, and sprinting accounted for 3.49 6 0.35
km, 0.63 6 0.14 km, and 0.21 6 0.11 km, respectively. Dur-
ing the 54-minute match, players were active for 26.4 6
4.9 minutes, and the remaining 27.6 6 4.9 minutes was ac-
counted for by breaks (no activity) between points (24.7 mi-
nutes) and substitutions (2.9 6 4.9 minutes).
In the second half, 15% less distance was covered by low-
intensity running and 10% less distance by high-intensity
running compared with the first half (p # 0.05; Figure 1). No
difference was observed between the first and second halves
in terms of distance sprinted (Figure 1). The distance cov-
ered by high-intensity running was 43–47% less in the last
9 minutes of each half compared with the other two
9-minute periods of the respective half (Figure 2). Similarly,
the distance covered by sprinting was 50–61% less in the last
9 minutes of each half compared with the other two
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 Game Demands in Ultimate Frisbee

TABLE 1. Mean, range, and percentage time

spent within each heart rate zone during the
match.*

% Time (min) Range % of match

HRmax (6SD) (min) time

,75 6.4 (65.0) 0.6–14.3 11.9

75–80 9.8 (61.7) 7.2–12.1 15.4
80–85 9.5 (62.6) 5.6–14.3 14.9
85–90 10.4 (61.6) 8.4–14.0 16.3
.90 26.6 (63.8) 17.8–33.5 41.6

*HRmax = maximum heart rate.

Figure 1. Distance covered by low-intensity running, high-intensity

running, and sprinting during the first half (black) and second half (white)
(mean 6 sx). *Significant difference (p # 0.05) between the first and
Cardiovasular Loading
second half. Average and peak HR reached during the game were 160 6
6 b$min21 and 192 6 6 b$min21, respectively, correspond-
ing to 82 6 2% and 99 6 1% of HRmax, respectively. Of the
54 minutes of game time, 26.6 6 5.0 minutes was spent
9-minute periods (0.02 6 0.02 km vs. 0.04 6 0.04 km to
0.05 6 0.03 km and 0.02 6 0.02 km vs. 0.04 6 0.03 km to
0.04 6 0.03 km). The peak distance covered by high-
intensity running in a 5-minute period was 93 6 16 m (65–
113). There was no difference between the next 5-minute
period and the average of the remaining 5-minute intervals
(51 6 19 m vs. 52 6 13 m). Players performed 17.4 6 5.7
sprints during the match, with an average recovery time of
226 6 113 seconds between sprints. The peak sprinting
distance was 32.2 6 8.2 m (21.1–44.7), corresponding to
5.5 6 1.2 seconds (4.3–7.3). Peak sprinting speed was 28.1 6
2.2 km$h21 (23.1–30.5 km$h21). Average sprint distance was
12.0 6 3.1 m (9.2–15.2), corresponding to an average duration
of 2.1 6 0.5 seconds, respectively.

Figure 3. Relationship between the amount of high-intensity running in

the final 9 minutes of both halves (x-axis) and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery
Figure 2. Distance covered in 9-minute periods by high-intensity level 2 test performance (Yo-Yo IR2, y-axis) (p # 0.05) (A). Relationship
running (mean 6 sx). *Significant difference (p # 0.05) from the two first between the distance sprinted in a full match (x-axis) and Yo-Yo
9-minute period of that half. intermittent recovery test performance (Yo-Yo IR1, y-axis) (p # 0.05) (B).

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3388 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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above 90% HRmax and 6.6 6 3.8 minutes below 75%
HRmax (Table 1).
Correlations
A strong correlation was observed between the Yo-Yo IR2
performance of 657 6 225 m (360–1080) and the amount of
high-intensity running in the last 9 minutes of both halves
(r = 0.69, p # 0.05; Figure 3A). The correlation between
Yo-Yo IR2 performances and high-intensity running in the
initial two 9-minute periods was weak and nonsignificant
(r = 0.31). No correlation was observed between Yo-Yo
IR2 performance and peak high-intensity running in a 5-
minute period (r = 0.04). There was a strong correlation
between the Yo-Yo IR1 performance of 1790 6 382 m
(1200–2520) and the total distance sprinted (r = 0.74, p #
0.05; Figure 3B). The correlation between Yo-Yo IR1 perfor-
mance and total distance, low-intensity distance, and high-
intensity distance covered was moderate but nonsignificant
(r = 0.40, 0.41, and 0.43, respectively). No significant corre-
lation was observed between HR and match activity profile
parameters (r = 0.07–0.12).
DISCUSSION
This study is the first to examine the activity profile and
cardiovascular loading during a competitive game of ulti-
mate Frisbee. The study verifies the hypotheses that (a)
ultimate Frisbee is a high-intensity intermittent sport with
large amounts of high-intensity running and sprinting and
a high cardiovascular loading with HRs .90 of HRmax for
more than half of the game; (b) work rate was compromised
during the last part of each half, indicating fatigue develop-
ment; and (c) physical fitness, determined by an intermittent
running test, was associated with the ability to perform
intense work during a game.
This study showed that total distance covered, high-
intensity running distance, and sprint distance were approx-
imately 4.7, 0.6, and 0.2 km, respectively, during a full ultimate
Frisbee game, which is less than reported during high-level
football games using GPS technology (25,28). However, the
duration of a football game is almost twice that of an ultimate
Frisbee game, which gives only slightly less distance covered
per time unit. Indeed, the players covered 95 m$min21 during
the ultimate Frisbee game (excluding time spent as substi-
tutes), compared with 105–110 m$min21 during a football
match (24,25). Similar differences exist between ultimate
Frisbee and competitive hockey (21). However, the distance
covered in total by high-intensity running and sprinting is
greater during an ultimate Frisbee game than, for example,
during a team handball game (22,27), despite quite similar
playing time and ;20 m$min21 more than data reported
from rugby match play (29). As in other team sports, multiple
and very short sprints and high-intensity runs were performed
(2.1 for 2.4 seconds on average), interspersed with periods of
little or no activity. Thus, ultimate Frisbee has a basic move-
ment profile similar to that of other team sports.
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In this study, the ultimate Frisbee athletes had an average
HR of 82% of maximum and spent more than 40% of the
playing time with an HR higher than 90% of maximum. In
addition, the players reached a peak HR during the game of
99% of the maximum measured during the 2 Yo-Yo IR tests.
Thus, the cardiovascular loading of an ultimate Frisbee game
is very high and at a similar or even higher level to that
found in other team sports, such as football (4,18,25), futsal
(7), beach football (15), and team handball (27), as well as
racquet sports (10). An interesting finding in this study was
that the range of cardiovascular loading was surprisingly
small. For example, the range of average and peak HR load-
ing was only 79–85% and 98–100%, respectively, which
seems smaller than in other team sports, such as football
(18,25). The large field relative to the number of players
may partly force all players to maintain continuously high
exercise intensity, but the nature of the game may also play
a role. For example, there are few stoppages related to free
kicks/throw-ins and penalties as in football, team handball,
and basketball, and the success rate for passes is markedly
higher (88%). In addition, 11 of the 13 players either scored
goals or provided assists. A game of ultimate Frisbee there-
fore has a high level of involvement of all players in the team,
which apparently reduces the interplayer variability in aero-
bic loading.
Fatigue patterns in team sport have received special
attention in recent years. In this study, 15 and 10% less
distance was covered in the second half by low- and high-
intensity running, respectively. This is in line with findings
for other team sports, such as football (24,25), Australian
football (2,3), and team handball (22). In this study, the
two-halves were separated into one-third periods lasting
approximately 9 minutes. This demonstrated that high-
intensity running and sprinting were lowered by 43–47%
and 50–61%, respectively, in the last 9-minute period of each
half compared with the previous 2 periods. Thus, the low-
ered amount of high-intensity running and sprinting could
indicate fatigue development at the end of each half, which
has been shown in, for example, elite football (18,33). Also,
the fact that there is no difference in sprinting distance
between halves but a significant decrement during the final
third of each half suggests that the 8-minute half-time period
was sufficient to recover for the first part of the second half.
No difference was found in high-intensity running
between the 5-minute period after the peak 5-minute period
and the 5-minute average high-intensity running, indicating
no temporary fatigue in contrast to other team sports, such
as football (24,25). However, the vast majority of the players
had their most intense 5-minute period (with most high-
intensity running) during the first two-thirds of each half
and their least intense 5-minute period (with least high-
intensity running) of the game during the final third of each
half (data not shown), which also is supported by findings in
elite football players (24). Thus, it seems that ultimate Fris-
bee players are unable to maintain the high work rate, and
VOLUME 29 | NUMBER 12 | DECEMBER 2015 | 3389
 Game Demands in Ultimate Frisbee
especially the most intense game sequences, during the final
periods of each half. The observation that the players seem
to be able to recover during the half-time rest indicates that
the physiological mechanisms provoking fatigue during the
last part of at least the first half are related to systems with
a fast recovery. Disturbances in the muscle resting mem-
brane potential induced by changes in muscle ion fluxes
may therefore be proposed as a potential cause of fatigue,
as suggested for other intense intermittent activities
(17,19,20,23).
It was demonstrated that Yo-Yo IR2 test performance
correlated with high-intensity running during the final third
of each half. Thus, the ability to perform intense intermittent
exercise during the last stage of each half is highly related to
training status. In previous work on elite footballers, we have
shown that Yo-Yo IR performance correlated with high-
intensity running distance during the last part of a game in
women (18) and men (25). The Yo-Yo IR2 test has a markedly
anaerobic component (19), and hence, the above-mentioned
relationship indicates that anaerobic capacity is crucial for re-
sisting fatigue in the last part of each half. Moreover, Yo-Yo IR1
test scores also correlated with total sprint distance, as also
confirmed by studies on football match play (17) and team
handball games (31). The Yo-Yo IR1 test has a more aerobic
nature than the Yo-Yo IR2 test, and this finding indicates and
confirms findings by others on the importance of aerobic
capacity for the ability to perform repeated sprints (16).
This is the first study addressing the physical demands in
ultimate Frisbee. The main limitation of the study is the
relativity low sample size because normally, there is interplayer
variability in physical capacity and playing position, as well as
variations related to time in the season and level of compe-
tition in similar team sports (24). In addition, only 1 game was
studied and the effect of intergame variability may have
affected the results. Moreover, HR is the only physiological
measurement, and therefore, limited information is obtained
on the loading of the anaerobic energy systems. Thus, future
studies should focus on match analysis on more players rep-
resenting different standards of play and different playing posi-
tions. Moreover, invasive measurements should be obtained to
investigate the anaerobic contribution and potential mecha-
nisms provoking the fatigue described in this study.
In conclusion, the hypotheses were verified that ultimate
Frisbee match play involves many intense running activities
and results in high aerobic loading. Furthermore, it was
verified that the amount of high-intensity running is
decreased toward the end of each half, indicating fatigue
development and that intermittent exercise capacity corre-
lates with the running performance of the players during
ultimate Frisbee match play.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Ultimate Frisbee is an intense intermittent noncontact sport
with a very high loading of the aerobic system. The activity
pattern has numerous similarities with other team sports.
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3390 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Thus, the game can also be used as an off-season training
method in team sports and as a recreational fitness activity for
the general population. Fatigue occurs toward the end of each
half, and intense intermittent exercise performance correlates
with match performance. High-intensity intermittent training
regimes, such as aerobic high-intensity training and speed
endurance training, should therefore be given high priority in
the physical preparation of ultimate Frisbee athletes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank the participants and their club for their
participation, committed effort, and professional attitude.
The technical assistance of Joe Moriarty, Daniel Speller, and
Sarah Jackman is also greatly appreciated. Moreover, the
grammatical advice from Henrik Holm Andersen, Copen-
hagen Translation, is acknowledged. No external funding
was received for the study.
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