UNIVERSIDAD MARIANO GÁLVEZ DE GUATEMALA

CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO DE ESCUINTLA

CURSO: INGLES
CATEDRÁTICO: LICDA
SECCIÓN: “A”.
PLAN SABADO

TEMA

CALENTAMINETO GLOBAL

INTEGRANTES: CARNÈ:

ROLANDO AUDELIO MARTÍNEZ 2112-08-8887

X
X
X

04 DE AGOSTO 2,018.

1
 INDEX

Introduction……………………………………………………………….…………….3
Background..……………………………………………………………………….…..4
Objectives.……………………………………………….………………………….….4
Definition of the topic………………………………………………………………….4
Causes………………………………………………………………………………….5

Consequences of global warming

Variables

Weather…………………………………………………………………….…………. 5
Health…………………………………………………………………….……………..5
Superface wáter guality……….………………………………………………………5
Groundwater quality…………………………………………………….…………. 6
Terrestrial ecosystems.………………………………………………….……….…...6
Coastal ecosystems …………………………………………………….…………..6
Agriculture ………………………………………………………….……………....6

Flora and fauna………..………….……………………………….……………….…6

Temperature graph……..………….……………………………………………….…7

Recommendations…………………………………………………………………...13
Conclusion……..………………………………….………………………………… 14
Bibliography….……………………………………………………………………….15

2
 INTRODUCTION.

Through this document the reader will be able to know the main causes of
global warming, discover the severe effects of global warming; you will also be
able to identify different trends through graphs and articles which with a
thorough and well-documented research complement some research work for
the reader.

Below is this document that will be of excellent help to the reader for knowledge
of the subject.

3
 GLOBAL WARMING

BACKGROUND.

Since the end of the 19th century, scientists have observed a gradual increase
in the average temperature of the planet's surface. This increase is estimated to
have been between 0.5ºF and 1.0ºF.
OBJECTIVES.

The main objective of this research is to raise awareness of the problem, create
awareness as well as a culture of support for the environment, it is also good to
know how informed people are about the problem, if they recognize its causes,
know how to prevent the increase in temperature on the planet if they have
some measure.

DEFINITION OF THE THEME

Global warming is an increase, over time, in the average temperature of the
Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The theory of global warming postulates that
the temperature has risen since the end of the 19th century due to human
activity, mainly due to the CO2 emissions that increased the greenhouse effect.
The theory also predicts that temperatures will continue to rise in the future if
greenhouse gas emissions continue, predicted that the earth's temperature will
increase and cause severe environmental problems.

The term Global Warming refers to the observation that the atmosphere near
the surface of the planet is heating up, without any implication as to the cause
or magnitude. This warming is one of the many kinds of climate change that the
Earth has suffered in the past and will continue to experience in the future.

The warming has reduced snow-covered areas in the northern hemisphere, and
has caused many of the ice floes floating in the Arctic Ocean to melt. Recently it
has also been observed how, due to this increase in temperature, large portions
of Antarctic ice have separated from the rest of the polar mass, thus reducing
the size of the frozen continent.

It is expected that current sea level rise rates will increase as a result of the
thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of most glacial mountains and
the partial melting of ice caps in the western Antarctic and Greenland. The
consequences include the loss of swamps and barrier islands on the coasts,
and an increased risk of flooding in coastal communities. Low areas such as the
coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico and estuaries such as Chesapeake Bay are
particularly vulnerable,

4
As the planet heats up, the polar helmets melt. In addition, the heat
of the sun when it reaches the poles, is reflected back into space. As the polar
ice caps melt, the less heat will be reflected, which will make the earth hotter.
Global warming will also cause more water to evaporate from the oceans.
Water vapor acts as a greenhouse gas. So, there will be a greater warming.

CAUSES

Thanks to the presence in the atmosphere of CO2 and other gases responsible
for the greenhouse effect, part of the solar radiation that reaches the Earth is
retained in the atmosphere. As a result of this heat retention, the average
temperature above the Earth's surface reaches about 60ºF, which is conducive
to the development of life on the planet. However, as a result of the burning of
fossil fuels and other human activities associated with the industrialization
process, the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere has increased
considerably in recent years. This has caused the atmosphere to retain more
heat than it should, and is the cause of what we know today as global warming
or global climate change.

Consequences of global warming

Climate - Global warming has caused an increase in the average temperature

of the Earth's surface. Because of the melting of portions of polar ice, sea level
suffered a rise of 4-8 inches during the past century, and it is estimated that it
will continue to increase. The magnitude and frequency of rainfall has also
increased due to an increase in the evaporation of surface water bodies caused
by the increase in temperature.

Health - An increase in the surface temperature of the Earth will result in an

increase in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases caused
by mosquitoes and tropical pests, and prostration and dehydration due to heat.
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems are affected because, under heat
conditions, the person must exert a greater effort to perform any activity, putting
more pressure on these systems. On the other hand, as the tropics will spread
to higher latitudes, mosquitoes and other pests responsible for dengue, malaria,
cholera and yellow fever in the tropics will affect a larger portion of the world's
population, increasing the number of deaths because of these diseases.

Surface water quality - Although it will increase the magnitude and frequency
of rain events, the level of water in lakes and rivers will decrease
Due to the additional evaporation caused by the increase in temperature. Some
rivers of permanent flow could dry up during certain times of the year, and rivers
whose waters are used for the generation of electrical energy would suffer a
reduction in productivity. The increase in temperature will increase the demand
for potable water, but it will reduce the production levels of the reservoirs since
the water levels will fall.
By decreasing the level of water in lakes, reservoirs, rivers and streams, the
potential effect of the pollutants will be greater, since it will increase their

5
relative concentration to the water present in them. By increasing
the magnitude and frequency of rainfall, the incidence and intensity of floods will
also increase, as well as the sedimentation of bodies of water resulting from
high runoff and low soil moisture. Inland wetlands, shallow aquatic ecosystems,
will also be reduced in size due to evaporation

Groundwater quality - An aquifer is a source of underground water supplies.

The upper level of water in an aquifer is known as the water table. As a result of
the increase in temperature, the water table will fall due to evaporation, thus
decreasing the amount of water available in the aquifer. On the other hand,
when the sea level rises, the salt water could penetrate towards the coastal
aquifers, causing their waters to become salty and not suitable for human
consumption.

Terrestrial ecosystems - As a consequence of global warming, the tropical

region will extend to higher latitudes, and the pine forest region will extend into
regions that are now part of the tundra and taiga. If the soil loses its moisture
due to evaporation, many areas now covered with vegetation could dry out,
widening the desert region of the planet. In the continental plains, the scarcity of
water caused by the increase in temperature could convert these regions (such
as the Argentine pampas and the great plains of North America) into lands unfit
for livestock, the main line of the economy for the inhabitants of these regions.

Coastal ecosystems - Coastal ecosystems - mangroves, coral reefs, shore

systems, estuaries, and others - would be significantly affected,
since a rise in sea level would flood the coastal wetland areas, it would cause
an increase in coastal erosion and salinize the waters in the lower part of the
rivers and in the coastal aquifers. Buildings close to the coast could be affected
by wave action, which could undermine their foundations. The coral reefs,
whose function is to protect the mangroves and beaches from the waves and
coastal erosion, would be deeper under the sea. The entrance of sunlight to the
bottom of the reef would also be affected, thus affecting the processes of
photosynthesis of species essential for the life of the coral, as well as its ability
to stop the waves and prevent it from impacting the coast.

Agriculture - Due to the evaporation of water from the surface of the land and
the increase in the magnitude and frequency of rainfall and floods, soils will
become drier and nutrients will be more easily lost as they are removed by
runoff. This will change the characteristics of the soil, making it necessary for
farmers to adjust to the new conditions. The need to resort to irrigation will be
essential during times of drought, which due to evaporation will be more
common than at present. The higher temperatures will also encourage the
reproduction of some insects such as whiteflies and locusts (a type of hope),
which cause plant diseases and affect crop production.

Flora and fauna - Due to climate changes and changes in terrestrial

ecosystems, the vegetation characteristic of each region will be affected. The
pine forests will move to higher latitudes, the tropical vegetation will extend over

6
a wider strip of the earth's surface, and the flora typical of the
tundra and the taiga will occupy a smaller area. As a result, by altering the
vegetation characteristic of many natural reserves, so designated to protect the
habitat of threatened species, these reserves could cease to be the ideal
habitat for them, causing their extinction. In the same way, when the process of
desertification occurs in some areas, the habitat of many species will also be
destroyed, causing their extinction. As for the aquatic inhabitants, as the
temperature of the surface water bodies increases, the concentration of
dissolved oxygen present in them will be reduced. This will cause some of the
aquatic species can not survive under these conditions, causing their
elimination in these bodies of water. If estuaries and mangroves are affected by
excess salinization and waves, many species of animals that start their lives
there will not survive either.

Temperature graph.

Looking at the graph of the temperatures of the earth's surface of the last 100
years, an increase of approximately 0.8ºC is observed, and that most of this
increase has been in the last 30 years.
The projections based on climate models were summarized in the Fourth
Report of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2007.
They indicate that the global temperature will probably continue to increase
during the 21st century, the increase would be between 1.1 and 2.9ºC in the
lower emissions scenario and between 2.4 and 6.4ºC in the highest emissions.

7
 CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL

ANTECEDENTES.

Desde fines del siglo XIX, los científicos han observado un aumento gradual en
la temperatura promedio de la superficie del planeta. Este aumento se estima
que ha sido de entre 0.5ºF y 1.0ºF.
OBJETIVOS.

El objetivo primordial de esta investigación es dar a conocer el problema, crear

conciencia así como una cultura de apoyo al medio ambiente, también es
bueno saber que tan informada esta la gente acerca del problema, si reconoce
sus causas, sabe cómo prevenir el aumento de temperatura en el planeta si
cuentan con alguna medida.

DEFINICIÓN DEL TEMA

El calentamiento global es un incremento, en el tiempo, de la temperatura

media de la atmósfera terrestre y de los océanos. La teoría del calentamiento
global postula que la temperatura se ha elevado desde finales del siglo XIX
debido a la actividad humana, principalmente por las emisiones de CO2 que
incrementaron el efecto invernadero. La teoría predice, además, que las
temperaturas continuarán subiendo en el futuro si continúan las emisiones de
gases invernadero se predice que la temperatura de la tierra aumentara y
ocasionara severos problemas ambientales.

El término Calentamiento Global se refiere a la observación acerca de que la

atmósfera cercana a la superficie del planeta se está calentando, sin ninguna
implicación en lo referente a la causa o magnitud. Este calentamiento es una
de las muchas clases de cambio climático que la Tierra ha sufrido en el pasado
y que continuará experimentando en el futuro.

El calentamiento ha reducido las áreas cubiertas de nieve en el hemisferio

norte, y ha ocasionado que muchos de los témpanos de hielo que flotaban en
el Océano Ártico se hayan derretido. Recientemente también se ha observado
cómo, debido a este aumento en temperatura, grandes porciones de hielo de
Antártica se han separado del resto de la masa polar, reduciendo así el tamaño
del continente helado.

Se espera que los índices actuales de elevación del nivel del mar aumenten
como resultado de la expansión térmica de los océanos y el derretimiento de la
mayoría de las montañas glaciares y el derretimiento parcial de los casquetes
de hielo en el oeste del Antártico y Groenlandia. Las consecuencias incluyen la
pérdida de pantanos e islas barrera en las costas, y un mayor riesgo de
inundaciones en las comunidades costeras. Las áreas bajas, como la región
costera del Golfo de México y los estuarios como la Bahía Chesapeake son
particularmente vulnerables.

8
A medida que el planeta se calienta, los cascos polares se
derriten. Además el calor del sol cuando llega a los polos, es reflejado de nuevo
hacia el espacio. Al derretirse los casquetes polares, menor será la cantidad de
calor que se refleje, lo que hará que la tierra se caliente aún más. El
calentamiento global también ocasionará que se evapore más agua de los
océanos. El vapor de agua actúa como un gas invernadero. Así pues, habrá un
mayor calentamiento.

CAUSAS

Gracias a la presencia en la atmósfera de CO2 y de otros gases responsables

del efecto invernadero, parte de la radiación solar que llega hasta la Tierra es
retenida en la atmósfera. Como resultado de esta retención de calor, la
temperatura promedio sobre la superficie de la Tierra alcanza unos 60ºF, lo que
es propicio para el desarrollo de la vida en el planeta. No obstante, como
consecuencia de la quema de combustibles fósiles y de otras actividades
humanas asociadas al proceso de industrialización, la concentración de estos
gases en la atmósfera ha aumentado de forma considerable en los últimos
años. Esto ha ocasionado que la atmósfera retenga más calor de lo debido, y
es la causa de lo que hoy conocemos como el calentamiento o cambio
climático global.

Consecuencias del calentamiento global

Clima - El calentamiento global ha ocasionado un aumento en la temperatura

promedio de la superficie de la Tierra. A causa de la fusión de porciones del
hielo polar, el nivel del mar sufrió un alza de 4-8 pulgadas durante el pasado
siglo, y se estima que habrá de continuar aumentando. La magnitud y
frecuencia de las lluvias también ha aumentado debido a un incremento en la
evaporación de los cuerpos de agua superficiales ocasionado por el aumento
en temperatura.

Salud - Un aumento en la temperatura de la superficie de la Tierra traerá como

consecuencia un aumento en las enfermedades respiratorias y
cardiovasculares, las enfermedades infecciosas causadas por mosquitos y
plagas tropicales, y en la postración y deshidratación debida al calor. Los
sistemas cardiovascular y respiratorio se afectan debido a que, bajo
condiciones de calor, la persona debe ejercer un esfuerzo mayor para realizar
cualquier actividad, poniendo mayor presión sobre dichos sistemas. Por otra
parte, como las zonas tropicales se extenderán hacia latitudes más altas, los
mosquitos y otras plagas responsables del dengue, la malaria, el cólera y la
fiebre amarilla en los trópicos afectarán a una porción mayor de la población
del mundo, aumentando el número de muertes a causa de estas
enfermedades.

9
Calidad de aguas superficiales - A pesar de que incrementará la
magnitud y frecuencia de eventos de lluvia, el nivel de agua en los lagos y ríos
disminuirá
Debido a la evaporación adicional causada por el aumento en la temperatura.
Algunos ríos de flujo permanente podrían secarse durante algunas épocas del
año, y ríos cuyas aguas se utilizan para la generación de energía eléctrica
sufrirían una reducción en productividad. El aumento en temperatura
aumentará la demanda por agua potable, pero reducirá los niveles de
producción de los embalses ya que los niveles de agua bajarán. Al disminuir el
nivel de agua en lagos, embalses, ríos y quebradas, el efecto potencial de los
contaminantes será mayor, ya que aumentará su concentración relativa al agua
presente en los mismos. Al aumentar la magnitud y frecuencia de las lluvias,
aumentará también la incidencia e intensidad de inundaciones, así como la
sedimentación de cuerpos de agua producto de la alta escorrentía y la baja
humedad del terreno. Los humedales de tierra adentro, ecosistemas acuáticos
poco profundos, también se reducirán de tamaño debido a la evaporación

Calidad de aguas subterráneas - Un acuífero es una fuente de abastos de

agua subterránea. El nivel superior del agua en un acuífero se conoce como el
nivel freático. Como consecuencia del aumento en temperatura, el nivel freático
bajará debido a la evaporación, disminuyendo así la cantidad de agua
disponible en el acuífero. Por otra parte, al aumentar el nivel del mar el agua
salada podría penetrar hacia los acuíferos costeros, haciendo que sus aguas
se salinicen y no sean aptas para consumo humano.

Ecosistemas terrestres - Como consecuencia del calentamiento global, la

región tropical se extenderá hacia latitudes más altas, y la región de bosques
de pinos se extenderá hacia regiones que hoy forman parte de la tundra y la
taiga. De perder los suelos su humedad por efecto de la evaporación, muchas
áreas ahora cubiertas de vegetación podrían quedar secas, ensanchándose la
región desértica del planeta. En las llanuras continentales, la escasez de agua
causada por el aumento en temperatura podría convertir estas regiones (como
la pampa argentina y las grandes llanuras de Norte América) en terrenos no
aptos para la ganadería, principal renglón de la economía para los habitantes
de estas regiones.

Ecosistemas costeros - Los ecosistemas costeros —manglares, arrecifes de

coral, sistemas playeros, estuarios, y otros— se afectarían significativamente,
ya que un alza en el nivel del mar inundaría las áreas de humedales costeros,
causaría un aumento en la erosión costera y salinizaría las aguas en la parte
baja de los ríos y en los acuíferos costeros. Las edificaciones muy cercanas a
la costa podrían verse afectadas por la acción del oleaje, que podría socavar
sus cimientos. Los arrecifes de coral, cuya función es la de proteger a los
manglares y playas del oleaje y la erosión costera, quedarían a mayor
profundidad bajo el mar. También se afectaría la entrada de luz solar hasta el
fondo del arrecife, afectando así los procesos de fotosíntesis de especies
esenciales para la vida del coral, así como su capacidad para detener el oleaje
y evitar que impacte la costa.

10
La agricultura - Debido a la evaporación de agua de la superficie del terreno y
al aumento en la magnitud y frecuencia de lluvias e inundaciones, los suelos se
tornarán más secos y perderán nutrientes con mayor facilidad al éstos ser
removidos por la escorrentía. Esto cambiará las características del suelo,
haciendo necesario que los agricultores se ajusten a las nuevas condiciones.
La necesidad de recurrir a la irrigación será esencial durante las épocas de
sequía, que debido a la evaporación serán más comunes que al presente. Las
temperaturas más elevadas también propiciarán la reproducción de algunos
insectos como la mosca blanca y las langostas (un tipo de esperanza), que
causan enfermedades de plantas y afectan la producción de cultivos.

La flora y la fauna - Debido a los cambios climáticos y a los cambios en los

ecosistemas terrestres, la vegetación característica de cada región se verá
afectada. Los bosques de pinos se desplazarán hacia latitudes más altas, la
vegetación tropical se extenderá sobre una franja más ancha de la superficie
terrestre, y la flora típica de la tundra y la taiga ocupará un área más reducida.
Como consecuencia, al alterarse la vegetación característica de muchas
reservas naturales, así designadas para proteger el hábitat de especies
amenazadas, estas reservas podrían dejar de ser el hábitat ideal para las
mismas, ocasionando su extinción. De igual manera, al ocurrir el proceso de
desertificación en algunas áreas también se destruirá el hábitat de muchas
especies, causando su extinción. En cuanto a los habitantes acuáticos, al
aumentar la temperatura de los cuerpos de agua superficiales la concentración
de oxígeno disuelto presente en los mismos se reducirá. Esto hará que algunas
de las especies acuáticas no puedan sobrevivir bajo estas condiciones,
causando su eliminación en dichos cuerpos de agua. De afectarse los estuarios
y manglares por el exceso de salinización y el oleaje, muchas especies de
animales que inician su vida allí tampoco subsistirán.

Todos podemos hacer algo para reducir la emisión de gases de invernadero y

las consecuencias del calentamiento global. Entre otras cosas, debemos:
Reducir el consumo de energía eléctrica Utilizar bombillas fluorescentes Limitar
el consumo de agua Hacer mayor uso de la energía solar Sembrar árboles
alrededor de la asa para reducir el uso de acondicionadores de aire Reciclar
envases de aluminio, plástico y vidrio, así como el cartón y el papel Adquirir
productos sin empaque o con empaque reciclado o reciclable Utilizar papel
reciclado Caminar o utilizar transportes públicos Hacer uso eficiente el
automóvil Crear conciencia en otros sobre la importancia de tomar acciones
dirigidas a educir el impacto del calentamiento global

11
Gráfico de temperaturas

Revisando el gráfico de las temperaturas de la superficie terrestre de los

últimos 100 años, se observa un aumento de aproximadamente 0.8ºC, y que la
mayor parte de este aumento ha sido en los últimos 30 años.

Las proyecciones en base a modelos climáticos fueron resumidas en el Cuarto

Reporte del IPCC (Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático) en el
2007. Indican que la temperatura global probablemente seguirá aumentando
durante el siglo XXI, el aumento sería de entre 1.1 y 2.9ºC en el escenario de
emisiones más bajo y entre 2.4 y 6.4ºC en el de mayores emisiones.

12
 Recommendations

We can all do something to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and the
consequences of global warming. Among other things, we must:

• Reduce electricity consumption Use fluorescent light bulbs

• Limit water consumption Make more use of solar energy
• Plant trees around the dough to reduce the use of air conditioners.
• Recycle aluminum, plastic and glass containers, as well as cardboard and
paper
• Acquire products without packaging or with recycled or recyclable packaging
• To use recycled paper
• Walk or use public transport Make efficient use of the car
• Avoid the use of aerosols
• Decrease the cutting of trees.

13
 CONCLUSION.

At present, the consequences of global warming make rain and hurricanes

more severe the depletion of fresh water, air pollution, among others. With
which could disappear coastal cities such as Florida, San Francisco and Mexico
Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz to name a few. But it is not too late to control
and reduce global warming, at least, as human beings with moral and respect
for our only home in the universe and heritage of our next generations, we must
and can reduce the damage we have done to the earth . That is why it is
important to carry out information campaigns and how they can help, each
person from home has the power to do something however minimal.

14
 Bibliography:

https://www.gildardoyanez.com/refrigerantes/hfc/

http://www.marn.gob.gt/s/viena-montreal/paginas/Antecedentes

https://cambioclimaticoglobal.com/que-es-el-calentamiento-global

http://www.alianzageografica.org/leccioncalentglobal.pdf

http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/Cambio_Clim_tico_2__7_IPCC_especial/R
__Calentamiento_global_669.html

http://es.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070724162200AAyJjWw

15
 GLOBAL WARMING

BACKGROUND.

Since the end of the 19th century, scientists have observed a gradual increase
in the average temperature of the planet's surface. This increase is estimated to
have been between 0.5ºF and 1.0ºF.
OBJECTIVES.

The main objective of this research is to raise awareness of the problem, create
awareness as well as a culture of support for the environment, it is also good to
know how informed people are about the problem, if they recognize its causes,
know how to prevent the increase in temperature on the planet if they have
some measure.

DEFINITION OF THE THEME

Global warming is an increase, over time, in the average temperature of the
Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The theory of global warming postulates that
the temperature has risen since the end of the 19th century due to human
activity, mainly due to the CO2 emissions that increased the greenhouse effect.
The theory also predicts that temperatures will continue to rise in the future if
greenhouse gas emissions continue, predicted that the earth's temperature will
increase and cause severe environmental problems.

The term Global Warming refers to the observation that the atmosphere near
the surface of the planet is heating up, without any implication as to the cause
or magnitude. This warming is one of the many kinds of climate change that the
Earth has suffered in the past and will continue to experience in the future.

The warming has reduced snow-covered areas in the northern hemisphere, and
has caused many of the ice floes floating in the Arctic Ocean to melt. Recently it
has also been observed how, due to this increase in temperature, large portions
of Antarctic ice have separated from the rest of the polar mass, thus reducing
the size of the frozen continent.

It is expected that current sea level rise rates will increase as a result of the
thermal expansion of the oceans and the melting of most glacial mountains and

16
the partial melting of ice caps in the western Antarctic and
Greenland. The consequences include the loss of swamps and barrier islands
on the coasts, and an increased risk of flooding in coastal communities. Low
areas such as the coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico and estuaries such as
Chesapeake Bay are particularly vulnerable,

As the planet heats up, the polar helmets melt. In addition, the heat of the sun
when it reaches the poles, is reflected back into space. As the polar ice caps
melt, the less heat will be reflected, which will make the earth hotter. Global
warming will also cause more water to evaporate from the oceans. Water vapor
acts as a greenhouse gas. So, there will be a greater warming.

CAUSES

Thanks to the presence in the atmosphere of CO2 and other gases responsible
for the greenhouse effect, part of the solar radiation that reaches the Earth is
retained in the atmosphere. As a result of this heat retention, the average
temperature above the Earth's surface reaches about 60ºF, which is conducive
to the development of life on the planet. However, as a result of the burning of
fossil fuels and other human activities associated with the industrialization
process, the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere has increased
considerably in recent years. This has caused the atmosphere to retain more
heat than it should, and is the cause of what we know today as global warming
or global climate change.

Consequences of global warming

Climate - Global warming has caused an increase in the average temperature

of the Earth's surface. Because of the melting of portions of polar ice, sea level
suffered a rise of 4-8 inches during the past century, and it is estimated that it
will continue to increase. The magnitude and frequency of rainfall has also
increased due to an increase in the evaporation of surface water bodies caused
by the increase in temperature.

Health - An increase in the surface temperature of the Earth will result in an

increase in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases caused
by mosquitoes and tropical pests, and prostration and dehydration due to heat.
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems are affected because, under heat
conditions, the person must exert a greater effort to perform any activity, putting
more pressure on these systems. On the other hand, as the tropics will spread
to higher latitudes, mosquitoes and other pests responsible for dengue, malaria,
cholera and yellow fever in the tropics will affect a larger portion of the world's
population, increasing the number of deaths because of these diseases.

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Surface water quality - Although it will increase the magnitude
and frequency of rain events, the level of water in lakes and rivers will decrease
Due to the additional evaporation caused by the increase in temperature. Some
rivers of permanent flow could dry up during certain times of the year, and rivers
whose waters are used for the generation of electrical energy would suffer a
reduction in productivity. The increase in temperature will increase the demand
for potable water, but it will reduce the production levels of the reservoirs since
the water levels will fall.
By decreasing the level of water in lakes, reservoirs, rivers and streams, the
potential effect of the pollutants will be greater, since it will increase their
relative concentration to the water present in them. By increasing the magnitude
and frequency of rainfall, the incidence and intensity of floods will also increase,
as well as the sedimentation of bodies of water resulting from high runoff and
low soil moisture. Inland wetlands, shallow aquatic ecosystems, will also be
reduced in size due to evaporation

Groundwater quality - An aquifer is a source of underground water supplies.

The upper level of water in an aquifer is known as the water table. As a result of
the increase in temperature, the water table will fall due to evaporation, thus
decreasing the amount of water available in the aquifer. On the other hand,
when the sea level rises, the salt water could penetrate towards the coastal
aquifers, causing their waters to become salty and not suitable for human
consumption.

Terrestrial ecosystems - As a consequence of global warming, the tropical

region will extend to higher latitudes, and the pine forest region will extend into
regions that are now part of the tundra and taiga. If the soil loses its moisture
due to evaporation, many areas now covered with vegetation could dry out,
widening the desert region of the planet. In the continental plains, the scarcity of
water caused by the increase in temperature could convert these regions (such
as the Argentine pampas and the great plains of North America) into lands unfit
for livestock, the main line of the economy for the inhabitants of these regions.

Coastal ecosystems - Coastal ecosystems - mangroves, coral reefs, shore

systems, estuaries, and others - would be significantly affected,
since a rise in sea level would flood the coastal wetland areas, it would cause
an increase in coastal erosion and salinize the waters in the lower part of the
rivers and in the coastal aquifers. Buildings close to the coast could be affected
by wave action, which could undermine their foundations. The coral reefs,
whose function is to protect the mangroves and beaches from the waves and
coastal erosion, would be deeper under the sea. The entrance of sunlight to the
bottom of the reef would also be affected, thus affecting the processes of
photosynthesis of species essential for the life of the coral, as well as its ability
to stop the waves and prevent it from impacting the coast.

Agriculture - Due to the evaporation of water from the surface of the land and
the increase in the magnitude and frequency of rainfall and floods, soils will
become drier and nutrients will be more easily lost as they are removed by
runoff. This will change the characteristics of the soil, making it necessary for

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farmers to adjust to the new conditions. The need to resort to
irrigation will be essential during times of drought, which due to evaporation will
be more common than at present. The higher temperatures will also encourage
the reproduction of some insects such as whiteflies and locusts (a type of
hope), which cause plant diseases and affect crop production.

Flora and fauna - Due to climate changes and changes in terrestrial

ecosystems, the vegetation characteristic of each region will be affected. The
pine forests will move to higher latitudes, the tropical vegetation will extend over
a wider strip of the earth's surface, and the flora typical of the tundra and the
taiga will occupy a smaller area. As a result, by altering the vegetation
characteristic of many natural reserves, so designated to protect the habitat of
threatened species, these reserves could cease to be the ideal habitat for them,
causing their extinction. In the same way, when the process of desertification
occurs in some areas, the habitat of many species will also be destroyed,
causing their extinction. As for the aquatic inhabitants, as the temperature of the
surface water bodies increases, the concentration of dissolved oxygen present
in them will be reduced. This will cause some of the aquatic species can not
survive under these conditions, causing their elimination in these bodies of
water. If estuaries and mangroves are affected by excess salinization and
waves, many species of animals that start their lives there will not survive either.

Temperature graph.

Looking at the graph of the temperatures of the earth's surface of the last 100
years, an increase of approximately 0.8ºC is observed, and that most of this
increase has been in the last 30 years.

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The projections based on climate models were summarized in the
Fourth Report of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in
2007. They indicate that the global temperature will probably continue to
increase during the 21st century, the increase would be between 1.1 and 2.9ºC
in the lower emissions scenario and between 2.4 and 6.4ºC in the highest
emissions.

INDEX

Introduction ......................................................................... ............... 3

Background .................................................................................... ..4
Objectives .......................................................... ................................. .4
Definition of the topic ........................................................................... .4
Causes ............................................................................................. .5

Consequences of global warming

Variables

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