Sequences and functions

The next time you go to the supermarket,

pick up a pineapple and have a look. The
spines which run around the outside form
part of a sequence. Rows of eight run one
way while rows of 13 run the other way.
These are Fibonacci numbers and are a
part of the Fibonacci sequence.
What’s the point? The Fibonacci sequence can
be found throughout nature. This shows that
numbers are at the root of everything!

Check in
1 a Start at 5. Count up in 9’s until you reach 50.
Level 3

b Start at 12. Count up in 8’s until you reach 100.

c Start at 50. Count down in 4’s until you reach zero.
2 Write the first five numbers in each of these sequences.
a the odd numbers b the even numbers
c the 4 times table d the 5 times table
3 Each dog has four paws.
Write the number of paws for
2 dogs paws
3 dogs paws
5 dogs paws
11 dogs paws

17
 Sequences
Exercise 2a
• Use a pattern of shapes to write a sequence of Keywords 1 Fern has drawn a record of Brand Z pea plant growth over
numbers Pattern four days.
Sequence
Fern is a biologist for a seed company. She records the Term
growth of Brand X bean plants over six days.

day 1 day 2 day 3 day 4

a Complete this table to show the number of leaves on each day.
Day 1 2 3 4
Number of leaves 4

day 1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 5 b Write out the pattern of plant growth as a sequence.
Fern notices that the Brand X bean plants grow to a Start ‘4, 8, …’
A pattern shows data
number pattern. c Extend the sequence by another four terms.
arranged in a given order.

Day 1 2 3 4 5
2 Hassid found these patterns made from tiles in a design book.

Number of leaves 2 4 6 8 10 For each pattern

a Write the sequence of the pattern as it grows.
The number pattern can be written as a sequence. b Extend your sequence by another five terms.
The first term is 2, the
Position: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th … c What is the sixth term of the sequence?
second term is 4 and the
Term: 2 4 6 8 10 … third term is 6. A B

• A sequence shows data arranged in a given order

according to a rule.

C D
Look at this Spanish tile pattern and determine the sequence that was used.
example

p. 244

challenge
Write the next three terms in this sequence.
23, 18, 13, 8, , ,
Explain how you know that 0 cannot be a term in this sequence.
What is the value of the term nearest to 0?
1 tile 5 tiles 9 tiles 13 tiles
The sequence for the pattern is 1, 5, 9, 13 …

18 Algebra Sequences and functions Sequences 19

 Sequence rules
Exercise 2b
• Find a rule to describe a sequence of numbers Keywords 1 a Copy each sequence.
• Use a rule to find the numbers of a sequence Generate b Add two more terms to each sequence.
Rule c Write the rule for each sequence.
• A sequence shows data arranged in a set order Term A 5, 9, 13, 17, ,
according to a rule. 2 4 6 8 10 is a sequence with B 23, 15, 7, -1, ,
p. 242
a rule of: add 2. C 1, 4, 16, ,
2 4 6 8 10 Find the difference between
D 3, 6, 12, 24, ,
⫹2 ⫹2 ⫹2 ⫹2 terms to determine the rule. E 40, 20, 10, ,
F 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, ,
1 1
G _, 3, 5 _, 8,
example

Find the rule for each sequence. ,

2 2
a b 2 Generate the first four terms of each sequence.
First term Rule First term Rule
a 6 7 b 15 3
c 2 3 d 0 2
a b 12 e 16 5 f 100 2
1 2 3 4 9 6 3 0
g 2.5 4 h -7 2
⫹1 ⫹1 ⫹1 ⫺3 ⫺3 ⫺3 ⫺3
i 100  10 j 10  2.5
The difference between terms is 1, The difference between terms is –3,
3 Give only the first terms of these sequences.
so the rule for this sequence is: add 1. so the rule for this sequence is: subtract 3.
a , , 13, 16, 19 b , , , 18, 13, 8
• To define a sequence, give the first term and the rule. c , 4, 16, 64, 256 d , , , 30, 15, 7.5
3 7 11 15 19 The first term is 3 and e , 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 f , , 25, 10, -5
⫹4 ⫹4 ⫹4 ⫹4 the rule is: add 4. 4 Chelsea lives in the 10th house
to the left of number 113. Calculate 111 109
113
example

Josh, Joni and James generate three different the number of Chelsea’s house.
sequences using the same starting number
but different sequence rules. Define each of
their sequences.

challenge
This ‘cross-number’ is made from sequences which 3 9 27
run horizontally and vertically. Copy and complete
7
the cross-number.
22 0 -11

They all start with the number 20. 20 15 5

Josh Joni James
First term  20 First term  20 First term  20 16 23 44
Rule is add 11 Rule is subtract 6 Rule is add 2.5

20 Algebra Sequences and functions Sequence rules 21

 Functions
Exercise 2c
• Write a function in words to describe a real-life situation Keywords 1 a Write the function in words, that describes the relationship
Function
between the number of ladybirds and the number of spots.
Rules
Each of these Georgian windows has eight panes of glass. Start: 'The number of spots…'
You can write the connection b Use your function to calculate the number of spots that you
between the number of windows would see on 25 ladybirds.
and the number of panes of glass
as a function: 2 a How many panes of glass are there in
each of these windows?
number of panes  number of windows  8 b Write the function to connect the
number of windows and the number
So for the whole house with five full windows, of panes of glass.
the number of panes  5  8 c Use your function to calculate how
 40 panes many panes of glass there would be
if a house has six windows like this one.

p. 148 3 a Make a list of the coordinates marked with red crosses. y

The first one is (0, 1). 6 ⴛ
b Write the function to show the relationship between 5 ⴛ
the x and y coordinates. 4 ⴛ
c Use your function to complete these coordinate pairs. ⴛ
3
(7, ?) (10, ?) (18, ?) (23, ?)
2 ⴛ
p. 20 d If the line was extended, would (25, 30) lie on the line?
• A function is a rule that you can apply to a number.
1ⴛ
How do you know?
In this picture, there is a relationship between the number of x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
posts and the number of chains. 4 Lizzie uses this function to put numbers into a code:
Multiply by 3 and subtract 2.
Use Lizzie's function to put these numbers into code.
a 5 b7 c 20 d 12 e 0
f 50 g 31 h 19 i 1 j 2.5
2 posts → 1 chain
James writes the combination to his lock as a code.

challenge
3 posts → 2 chains
The code is 3 and – 3.
4 posts → 3 chains Work out the code if his combination is 1234. 3 1 8
2 5 4

5 posts → 4 chains
9 7 6
8 2 5

You can write the relationship between the number of posts

and the number of chains as a function:

number of chains  number of posts  1

22 Algebra Sequences and functions Functions 23

 Mappings
Exercise 2d
• Find input and output numbers on a mapping diagram Keywords
1 Snowflakes have six points.
Input Output
The mapping below shows the rule that connects the number of snowflakes
Inverse Rule
A mapping can be used to find a rule between two sets and the number of points. Copy and complete the mapping.
operation
of numbers. Snowflakes Points
Mapping
All starfish have five legs. 1 6
You can show this fact as a mapping. 2 12
Number Number 3 18
of starfish of legs 6
5
1 5
10
2 10
3 5 15 15
A mapping does not need 2 Copy and complete the mappings. Use the rule below each mapping.
10 50
to be written in sequence.
20 100 a Input Output b Input Output c Input Output d Input Output
1 5 4 7 10 8 1 5
The rule for this mapping is: multiply by 5.
2 9 12 7 2 10
Here are two sets of numbers: input and output.
4 4 0 3 1 2 -1 3 5
The rule that connects the input to the output has two parts:
27 33 0 4 20
multiply by 2, then add 1.
0 -1 -1 10
Input Output
3 Write the rule for these mappings.
1 3
2⫻2⫽4 a Input Output b Input Output c Input Output d Input Output
4⫹1⫽5 2 5
1 9 18 6 1 7 20 13
3 2, 1 7
3 ? 11 9 ? 3 7 ? 49 14 ? 7
4 9
10 21 4 12 45 15 3 21 35 28
13 21 60 20 0 0 2 -5
You can find missing input numbers of a mapping by working backwards.
The rule for this mapping is: ⴛ5.

challenge
a Use a two-part rule to fill in the Input Output
missing output numbers. 1 5 The rule is: 3 then 2.
Input Output
b Using inverses, work out the 2 8 1  3  3 and
1 5 325
2 10 missing input numbers. 3
5 5 ? ..…………… 5 ⫻ 5 ⫽ 25 5
? 30 ………..…… 6 ⫻ 5 ⫽ 30 ? is 6 14
? 50 …………… 10 ⫻ 5 ⫽ 50 ? is 10
6
• When you work backwards you use the inverse operation. 32

24 Algebra Sequences and functions Mappings 25

 Consolidation

1 This pattern is made from chocolates. 5 Lizzie uses this function to put numbers into a code:
2a

2c
multiply by 6 and subtract 7.
Use Lizzie’s function to put these numbers into code.
a 5 b 7 c 6 d 12 e 2
f 20 g 30 h 15 i 50 j 25

6 Copy and complete the mapping for this rule:

2d
multiply the input by 3 and subtract 1.
Input Output
a Copy the pattern and add the next drawing. 13131
1 2
b Write the pattern as a sequence for the first five terms. 2
2
2 Write the fifth term in each sequence.
a 6, 9, 12, 15, 5 ?
b 13, 19, 25, 31,
7
c 41, 33, 25, 17,
d 1, 2, 4, 8, 15
7 Find the rule for each mapping.
a Input Output b Input Output
3 Generate the first three terms of sequences with these rules.
2b

7 13 4 16
First term Rule First term Rule
a 5 3 b 28 5 10 16 2 8
? ?
c 3 2 d 17 2 21 27 10 40
e 32 4 f 200 2 24 30 8 32
g 1.5 4 h 23 7
i 64 2 j 10 2 c Input Output d Input Output
48 8 100 93
4 Copy these sequences and complete the missing terms.
a , , 17, 21, 25 b , , , 21, 16, 11 36 ? 6 63 ? 56
c , 2, 4, 8, 16 d , , , 40, 20, 10 24 4 35 28
e , 3, 6, 12, 24 f , , 30, 15, 0 18 3 4 -3

26 Algebra Sequences and functions Consolidation 27

 2 Summary
Key indicators
• Use a function machine Level 3
• Predict numbers in a sequence Level 3

1 1
1 a A function machine changes 1_ to 6_

Level 4
4 4

1 14 ? 6 14

Choose two functions from

⫹5 –5 ⫻5 ⫼5
1 1
that would change 1_ to 6_.
4 4

b A function machine changes 2 to 4.

What rule could it be?
Give two different answers.

2 4 2 4

John’s answer ✔

John knows 1_  5  6_
1 1
4 4 a 1_4
1
⫹5
1
6_4 and John knows 1  5  5
and _  5  1_ and
1 1
4 4
1 1
1_4 ⫻5 6_4 5  1_  6_
1
4
1
4

b 2 2 4 and
John knows 2  2  4
and 2  2  4
2 2 4

2 The rule for this sequence is to subtract the same number each time.
Level 4

M M– M+ ON
C CE % X
7 8 9 –
4 5 6 ÷

Use this rule to write the missing numbers in the sequence.

1 2 3
=
0 +

17 ? ? ? 5

28 Algebra Sequences and functions