Technical Manual LSC Alternators PDF

TECHNICAL MANUAL
LSC ALTERNATORS
1
INDEX
Description Page
SECTION 1 GENERAL
1.1 Intended Use-------------------------------------------------- 7

1.2 Type-------------------------------------------------------------- 7
1.3 Product Range----------------------------------------------- 7
1.4 Standards------------------------------------------------------ 8
1.5 Power Ratings ------------------------------------------------ 8
1.5.1 Duty “S1” operation: Continuous------------- 8
1.5.2 Duty “SCH” operation: Worksite--------------- 8
1.5.3 Duty “SEC” operation: Standby---------------- 8
1.6 Voltage & Frequency ------------------------------------- 9
1.7 Speed------------------------------------------------------------ 9
1.8 Frequency------------------------------------------------------ 9
SECTION 2 ‘LSC’ Alternators features
2.1 Quality----------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.2 Salient Mechanical Features---------------------------- 11
2.2.1 Stator Frame ----------------------------------------- 11
2.2.2 Rotor Core -------------------------------------------- 11
2.2.3 Dynamic Balancing-------------------------------- 11
2.2.4 Terminal Box------------------------------------------- 11
2.2.5 Bearings------------------------------------------------ 11
2.2.6 Cooling------------------------------------------------- 12
2.2.7 Tropicalisation---------------------------------------- 12
2.2.8 Enclosure----------------------------------------------- 13
2.2.9 Mounting----------------------------------------------- 14
2.3 Salient Electrical Features-------------------------------- 15
2.3.1 Power Factor----------------------------------------- 15
2.3.2 Insulation Class--------------------------------------- 15
2.3.3 Excitation system------------------------------------ 16
2.3.3.1 Principle of operation--------------------------- 16
2
INDEX
Description Page
2.3.3.2 Shunt Field Excitation --------------------------- 16

2.3.3.3 AREP Excitation system------------------------- 17
2.3.3.4 PMI Feature----------------------------------------- 18
2.4 AREP Winding & Short circuit withstand capability -----------
------------------------------------------- 18
2.5 Voltage adjustment range------------------------------ 18
2.6 Voltage Regulation----------------------------------------- 18
2.7 Voltage wave form----------------------------------------- 19
2.8 Transient Voltage dip ------------------------------------- 19
2.9 Radio Interference------------------------------------------ 20
2.10 Over load capacity of ‘LSC’ alternators------------ 20
2.11 Automatic Voltage Regulator-------------------------- 21
2.11.1 Types of AVRs--------------------------------------- 21
2.11.2 Technical Data------------------------------------- 22
2.11.3 Special Features of AVR R448----------------- 23
2.11.4 Special Features of AVR R449----------------- 23
2.11.5 Under Frequency Roll off----------------------- 24
2.11.6 Diode Failure Monitor---------------------------- 24
SECTION 3 Sizing of alternators
3.1 Standard Specification Rating Chart---------------- 26

3.2 Effect of different loads on alternator kVA rating------------- 27
------------------------------------------------
3.2.1 Linear Loads------------------------------------------ 27
3.2.2 Non Linear Loads------------------------------------ 27
3.2.3 Computer Loads------------------------------------ 28
3.2.4 Motor starting loads-------------------------------- 29
3.2.4.1 Shock Load by Electric Motor starting --- 29
3.2.4.2 Alternator KVA Rating determination----- 30
3.2.5 Fluctuating Loads----------------------------------- 30
3
INDEX
Description Page
3.2.6 Unbalanced Loads--------------------------------- 31

3.2.7 Servo Loads------------------------------------------- 31
3.2.8 Welding Loads--------------------------------------- 32
3.3 Effect of Environmental Conditions on alternator kVA
rating--------------------------------------- 33
3.3.1 Ambient Temperature----------------------------- 33
3.3.1.1 Limiting the operating Temperature rise 33
3.3.2 Altitude------------------------------------------------- 34
3.3.3 Load Power Factor--------------------------------- 34
3.3.4 Environment ------------------------------------------ 35
3.4 Deration due to System requirement---------------- 35
3.5 A Typical example on sizing of alternator---------- 35
3.5.1 Customer Requirement--------------------------- 35
3.5.2 Sizing Calculation----------------------------------- 36
SECTION 4 Parallel Operation of alternators
4.1 Parallel operation conditions--------------------------- 38

4.2 Load distribution--------------------------------------------- 39
4.2.1 Voltage droop--------------------------------------- 39
4.2.2 Power Factor Regulation------------------------- 39
4.3 Parallel operation of generators of unequal power----------
-------------------------------------------------- 39
4.4 Operation in parallel with mains----------------------- 40
4.4.1 Important Notes------------------------------------- 40
4.4.2 Droop on resistive Loads-------------------------- 40
SECTION 5 Protection of alternator
5.1 Terminology related to alternator protection----- 42

5.2 Protection relay settings ---------------------------------- 44
4
INDEX
Description Page
5.2.1 Stand alone operation---------------------------- 44

5.2.2 Generator control Relays------------------------ 45
5.2.3 Alternators running in parallel with each other--------
----------------------------------------------------- 46
5.3 Protection Relays Settings-------------------------------- 47
5.4 Correlation of Circuit Breaker and Protection Relays--------
---------------------------------------------------- 48
SECTION 6 Testing of Alternators
6.1 Standard Factory Tests------------------------------------ 50

6.2 Special factory tests---------------------------------------- 50
5
ALTERNATORS
SECTION 1
GENERAL
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6
GENERAL
1.1 INTENDED USE

‘LSC’ alternators coupled with diesel / gas engines and steam turbines are
ideally suited for all applications requiring high quality and high reliability
electrical power requirement, for standby, continuous or emergency supply
requirements.
1.2 TYPE
LSC alternators are Self Excited, Self Regulated, Brushless type. They have
salient pole rotating field with damper cage , armature with short pitched
winding , exciter and an electronic Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) .
1.3 PRODUCT RANGE
LSC alternators are horizontal foot mounted either with single or double bearing
construction, conforming to National and International standards. These are
available for Single phase or Three phase supply .The standard product range is:
7.5 - 2850 kVA, 415 V, 3 Phase, 50 Hz, 1500 RPM, DOUBLE BEARING
7.5 -2000 kVA, 415 V, 3 Phase, 50 Hz, 1500 RPM, SINGLE BEARING
4.5 - 30 kVA, 230 V, 1 Phase, 50 Hz, 1500 RPM, DOUBLE BEARING
4.5 - 30 kVA, 230 V, 1 Phase, 50 Hz, 1500 RPM, SINGLE BEARING
1370 – 1910 kVA, 415V, 3 Phase, 50Hz, 1000 RPM DOUBLE BEARING
On request, alternators can also be manufactured and supplied for other

voltages, less than or equal to 660 V. For such requirements , the inquires should
be referred to Works.
7
1.4 STANDARDS
LSC alternators are manufactured to meet requirements of both National and
International Standards given below:
Indian Standard IS 4722 : 2001 Rotating Electrical Machines -

Specification
British Standard BS :5000(Part 99) Rotating Electrical Machines
International Electromechanical Electrical Machines Ratings and
Commission IEC :60034-1 Performance
Alternators can also be manufactured according to other standards and

specifications. For such requirements, the inquiries should be referred to Works.
1.5 POWER RATING
Power rating in kVA, is specified for continuous i.e. duty S1 according to IS : 4722
on the following standard operating conditions :
• Ambient temperature ≤40° C

• Power factor = 0.8 - 1.0 p.u(Lag.).
• Installation Altitude ≤ 1000 m MSL
• Practically symmetrical load
For conditions other than the above, the derating / correction factors as explained
in section 3 of this manual should be considered.
1.5.1 DUTY “S1” OPERATION: CONTINUOUS
As the name suggest, the machine can be allowed to run continuously at

constant load upto its rated kVA for 24 Hour 365 days in a year as per the
conditions stated on the name plate.
1.5.2 DUTY “SCH” OPERATION: WORKSITE
Allow an S1 duty alternator to supply an output of 110% for I hour every 6 hours and
which can cause a temperature rise which is higher than the permissible ‘H’ class
limits(defined in section 2.3.2).
1.5.3 DUTY “SEC” OPERATION STANDBY
The machine rating defined is standby only and not continuous. In this power rating
is around 105% of S1 duty. In standby mode the machine is allowed to be operated
intermittently without any over load on standby rating for a max of 500 hours per
year but permissible class ‘H’ limits will be exceeded .
8
1.6 VOLTAGE & FREQUENCY
Standard LSC Alternators are designed for 415 V terminal voltage and 50 Hz
frequency. The alternators are capable of delivering rated output at rated power
factor with
• Voltage variation of ± 5 %
• Frequency variation ± 3 %
But under no condition the temperature rise will be more than 10 ºC above
the specified temperature rise limits (See Section 2.3.2) e.s. in case of LSC
alternators where ‘H’ class insulation is used, temperature rise shall be limited to
135 ºC instead of 125ºC over an ambient of 40 ºC. It is however to be
understood that continuous operation under these conditions has an effect on
the life of insulation.
1.7 SPEED
LSC alternators of 4 pole -design are suitable for operation at :
• 1500 RPM for 50 Hz supply frequency or

• 1800 RPM for 60 Hz supply frequency
LSC alternators of 6 pole -design are suitable for operation at :
• 1000 RPM for 50 Hz supply frequency or

• 1200 RPM for 60 Hz supply frequency
1.8 EFFICIENCY
The alternator is driven by a primer mover. The mechanical power from the primer
mover is converted into electrical power. In order to match the size of the prime
mover for a given alternator, the efficiency of the alternator should be known.
The efficiency is defined as :
Out put in kW Out put

Efficiency = =
Input in kW Out put + losses
9
ALTERNATORS
SECTION 2
‘LSC’ ALTERNATORS FEATURES
10
‘LSC’ ALTERNATORS FEATURES
2.1 QUALITY
LSC alternators are manufactured in the most modern manufacturing unit of

“Leroy Somer & Controls India (P) Ltd” at Noida (U.P.) using state-of-art
manufacturing / testing equipments and well proven processes thus ensuring
highest level of quality and reliability.
2.2 SALIENT MECHANICAL FEATURES
2.2.1 STATOR FRAME
The stator frame is fabricated with standard steel , designed to ensure proper
distribution of air flow over core and winding.
LSC alternators are designed to give high efficiency at all loads of operation
because they are :
Manufactured with Low loss, High quality, Burr free, Cold rolled stampings
Have generous Electrical and Mechanical design.
2.2.2 ROTOR CORE
Rotor core is made of high quality low content silicon steel popularly known as
salient pole construction. The poles carries continuous damper winding.
2.2.3 DYNAMIC BALANCING
To ensure minimum vibration during operation, all the alternator rotors are
dynamically balanced as per ISO :1940/1 grade 2.5. Double bearing rotors are
balanced with half Key.
2.2.4 TERMINAL BOX
Terminal box is located on top of the alternator with generous space inside for easy
termination of cables.
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2.2.5 BEARINGS
LSC standard alternators upto 250KVA are provided with bearings having
permanent lubrication; above 250KVA externally lubricated grease bearings are
provided. Specified life of bearings is around 30,000 hours when operated as per
specified conditions .
2.2.6 COOLING
The purpose of cooling system is to remove the heat generated inside the
alternator and to limit the temperature rise to permissible limits.
All LSC alternators have cooling method IC – 01 as per IS :6362
The cooling requirements of STANDARDS are fully satisfied by providing an

efficient unidirectional shaft mounted fan on drive end, which takes surrounding air
from non-drive end and the hot air freely get discharged to the medium
surrounding the alternator from drive end.
2.2.7 TROPICALISATION
With use of proper grade of insulating material and insulating resin, LSC alternators
are fully tropicalised.
This is achieved by use of :
• Insulated Copper winding wires of temperature class 200°C

• High grade multi- layer insulating sheets to insulate windings of main
machine as well as exciter .
• VPI (Vacuum Pressure Impregnation) in class ‘H’ insulating resin, and
• Epoxy Gel coat on critical winding parts.
However, in costal area where condensation occurs due to high humidity, in order
to avoid water condensation, Anti - Condensation Heaters ( space heaters)
need to be fitted in the alternator. The purpose of the heater is to keep
windings of the alternator warm when it is not running and therefore
prevent lowering of the insulation resistance below safe values.
LSC alternators can be provided with Anti - Condensation Heaters on

request at EXTRA COST.
12
2.2.8 ENCLOSURE
The LSC alternator is provided with an enclosure as per IS : 4691 to prevent :
• Accidental contact with rotating parts

• Accidental contact with live parts
• Ingress of solid foreign bodies
• Harmful ingress of liquids.
The degree of protection for the enclosure is designated by the code IP( Index of
Protection) . This is followed by two numerals which indicates various degree of
protection given in standards are reproduced below.
1st Numeral 2nd Numeral
0 No protection 0 No protection
1 Protection against solid objects 1 Vertically dripping water shall have

greater than 50 mm (Eg : Hand) no harmful effect
2 Protection against solid objects 2 Protection against dripping of water

greater than 12 mm (Eg : Finger) at up to 15° from the vertical
3 Protection against solid objects 3 Protection against water falling at

greater than 2.5 mm upto 60° from the vertical
(Eg: Rods, screw driver)
4 Protection against solid objects 4 Water splashed from any direction

Greater than 1.0 mm shall have no harmful effect
Standard LSC Alternators are with IP-23 degree of protection for the
enclosure, which is superior to IP-21 & IP-22
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2.2.9 MOUNTING
LSC alternators are available in double bearing as well as in single bearing versions
depending upon the prime mover requirement . Double bearing alternators are
horizontal foot mounted B3 construction .Single bearing alternators are available in
following types of SAE Flanges and coupling disc combinations .
kVA Rating Flange Coupling Disc

7.5 10 11.5 14 18
SAE 3 √ √
7.5-25 SAE 4 √ √
SAE 5 √
SAE 2 √ √
30 - 50
SAE 3 √ √
SAE 1 √
62.5 - 125 SAE 2 √ √
SAE 3 √ √
SAE 1 √
140 - 250
SAE 2 √
SAE 0 √
320 - 500 SAE 1 √
SAE 2 √
SAE 0 √ √
625 - 1010 SAE 1 √
1250 - 2000† SAE 0 √
† SAE size 00/21 is available at request.
14
2.3 SALIENT ELECTRICAL FEATURES
2.3.1 POWER FACTOR
‘LSC’ Standard alternators are suitable for all industrial applications and the
kVA rating is defined for 0.8(lagging) power factor loads . These alternators are
also suitable for operation with loads other than the standard 0.8(lagging)
conditions , for such conditions derating / correction factor need to be used. (See
Section 3)
2.3.2 INSULATION CLASS
When running on load, the alternator generates heat . The difference

between the alternator winding temperature and the ambient temperature is
termed as “ Temperature Rise”. For healthy operation of the alternator , this
temperature rise has to be kept within permissible limits . This limit depends on the
type of insulation materials used and the surrounding air temperature where
the alternator is working. Standards specify the limits for this ‘temperature rise’
based on ambient air temperature and the class of insulation used.
The internationally accepted standard ambient air temperature reference is 40 °C.
The table below gives the operating temperature limit, permissible temperature
rise limit and temperature margins for different insulation classes, with the ambient
air temperature of 40°C.
• Insulation Class F H
• Permissible Temperature Rise 105°C 125°C
(over 40°C ambient)

• Operating Temperature Limit 155°C 180°C
• Temperature Margin Left 10°C 15°C
‘LSC’ alternators are manufactured with class ‘H’ insulation which

has better temperature margin as compared to class ‘F’ insulation
15
2.3.3 EXCITATION SYSTEM
With over 100 years of experience Leroy Somer have designed and developed a
perfect excitation system for entire range of alternators.
2.3.3.1 Principle of operation
During starting , the residual magnetism in the exciter stator creates a current in the
exciter armature(1).This current is rectified by the rotating diodes(2) and feeds the
main field(3) . The induced voltage is then used to increase the excitation power via
the AVR(6) to the exciter field (5) to ensure a fast and smooth build up of the out
put voltage in the main stator winding(4)
(2)
►▌ 3
1
5
(4)
(6)
The sensing voltage for the AVR is taken from the output terminal leads.
Two types of excitation systems used in LSC alternators are :
1) Shunt Field excitation system

2)AREP excitation system.
2.3.3..2 Shunt Field Excitation :
The alternators upto 250KVA are with shunt field excitation system and electronic
Automatic Voltage regulator : AVR R238 . The regulator monitors the excitation
current as a function of the alternator output voltage .
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SHUNT EXCITATION
▲ ▲ ▲
▲ ▲ ▲
A.V.R.
R238
2.3.3.3 AREP Excitation System
With AREP Excitation, electronic Automatic Voltage Regulator : AVR R448 or R 449 is
powered with two AREP(Auxiliary) windings which are independent of voltage
detection circuit. The first winding has a voltage proportionate to the output
voltage of the alternator (shunt characteristic) and the second has a voltage in
proportion with the stator current (Compound characteristic , Booster effect ).
The power supply voltage is rectified and filtered before being used by the
regulator monitoring electronic circuit.
AREP EXCITATION SYSTEM
▲ ▲ ▲
▲ ▲ ▲
AVR. R-448 /
R-449
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17
AREP excitation offers following advantages
• Ability to sustain short circuit current

• Improved motor starting Characteristics
• Better Voltage Regulation even under unbalanced Loads
2.3.3.4 PMI Feature
In LSC alternators the exciter field (stator) is also provided with PERMANENT
MAGNETS. Therefore, the process of initial voltage build up is very positive as
residual magnetism is hardly ever dependent upon long idle time.
2.4 AREP WINDING AND SHORT CIRCUIT WITHSTAND CAPABILITY
In LSC alternators above 250KVA, two independent windings ( Teflon

insulated ) are embedded in the stator alongwith main stator winding.
Therefore, when the alternator is run at rated speed, the main winding
generates the rated voltage of 415 volts whereas the AREP winding
independently generates its own voltage/current and feeds the AVR.
In the event of 3 phase short circuit, the terminal voltage becomes zero but the
AREP winding voltage is continues powering the AVR. Therefore, the AVR does
not stop functioning. AREP winding feeds the short circuit power through exciter
to main rotor winding and thereby the short circuit current is supplied. This Short-
circuit current of three times (which is decaying in nature) is maintained for
about 10 Secs thereby giving sufficient delay to trip the circuit breaker .
All LSC Alternators 320 KVA & above are provided with AREP winding.
Although LSC alternators upto 250KVA are with the shunt field excitation
system, if the customer requires these alternators can be provided with AREP
feature as optional .
2.5 VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT RANGE
Standard LSC Alternators are designed for Voltage adjustment range of ±5% of
rated terminal voltage. The voltage variation of ±10% can be achieved by
EXTERNAL POTENTIOMETER. This potentiometer should be put across defined
terminals of AVR after removing shorting links.
Alternators with voltage adjustment range of ±10% can be supplied on

special request.
2.6 VOLTAGE REGULATION
The AVR’s used in LSC Alternators ensure the voltage regulation better then ±1.0%.
18
2.7 VOLTAGE WAVE-FORM
The wave shape of the voltage generated by the alternator is very close to a
sine wave. Due to the presence of harmonics, the wave shape deviates from
the pure sine wave. The purity of voltage wave form is expressed in the form of
‘Distortion Factor’.
When power lines are running in the proximity of telephone lines, a coupling effect
is produced; the harmonics in the power line cause a noise in the telephone
circuit. This is known as Telephone Harmonic Factor (THF) or Telephone influence
factor(TIF).
The geometry of the magnetic circuit and the proper selection of short pitched
armature winding results in the generation of practically a virtual sine-wave.
voltage.
• Telephone Influence Factor “TIF”
The IEC, IS, BS requirements are easily satisfied by LSC alternators.
• Total Harmonic distortion
≤ 3.0% under balanced load
2.8 TRANSIENT VOLTAGE DIP (TVD)
The alternator voltage is controlled by AVR . On application of a sudden load,

the terminal voltage of the alternator dips momentarily outside the voltage
regulation band and will recover to nominal value after a short time delay. The
amount of voltage dip depends on the magnitude of the sudden load and its
power factor. The initial voltage dip is termed as Transient Voltage Dip (TVD) and
time taken to recover within the regulation band is termed as recovery time.
In LSC Alternators , the magnetic circuit and the windings are optimised for
low Transient Voltage Dip (TVD) of 14 - 20% on full load at 0.8 PF.
The rate of voltage change depends on the time constants of alternator, exciter
machine and the AVR.
In LSC Alternators, recovery time is ≤ 1 sec. because of generous exciter design.
-117-
19
2.9 RADIO INTERFERENCE
Since the LSC alternators are Brushless type with proven AVR. the low levels of
interference is achieved.
2.10 OVER LOAD CAPACITY OF LSC ALTERNATORS :
Permissible over load for LSC alternators is as given below :
• To adapt to the requirements of internal combustion engines, an

overload of 1.1 times the rated current can be maintained for 1h after
every 12 hours of operation.
Normally this does not become a practical proposition as at customer

site such a control is difficult to implement. Therefore it is a good practice
to avoid overloading .
• Short-term over load capacity
1.5 times of rated current for 30 Seconds and

3 times of rated current for 10 Seconds
is available for starting currents of induction motors.
20
2.11 AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR
The Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) is a standardised module. The main

function of AVR is to precisely regulate the terminal voltage of the ALTERNATOR
and provide under-speed protection for safe operation during low speed running
of prime mover. AVR takes the input power supply from the main winding for
alternators upto 250KVA and through AREP winding in case of alternators 320KVA
& above . It senses the two phase voltages and compares with the reference
voltage to adjust exciter field current until desired output voltage is developed.
LSC AVRs have following features :-
• Voltage regulation accuracy of ± (0.5 to 1) % from No load to Full load

• 2 phase sensing for better regulation under Asymmetric / Unbalanced
load condition
• Under Frequency Roll Off (UFRO) to avoid over excitation in field winding
when prime mover is running at low speeds.
• Built- in filters , suitable for non linear loads.
• AVR R-448 and R-449 are suitable for parallel operations

• External voltage adjustment facility upto ± 10 % of rated voltage
• Compact design with Fully potted for better reliability against humid and
corrosive atmosphere
• High quality imported components for long service life
• Fuse is provided as protection against wrong operation.
• Mounted on Anti vibration mounts
2.11.1 TYPE OF AVRs
• AVR R-238 : 7.5 - 250 kVA standard alternators have AVR

R-238 and it is suitable for solo operation
• AVR R-448 : standard alternators of 320 to 1250 kVA have AVR

R-448 and it is suitable for both solo
and parallel operation for lower ratings it can
be provided as optional provided asked for at
order stage
• AVR R-449 : standard alternators of 1500 KVA and above

have R-449 and it is suitable for both solo
and parallel operation.
21
2.11.2 TECHNICAL DATA
2.11.2.1 AVR – R238
• Power supply : 240V – 50Hz

• Load Current : 3 A D.C.
• Electronic Protection (Over
load , voltage detection : Terminal voltage reduces to 100V
opening , short circuit)
• Voltage détection : 2VA isolated via internal transformer
• Voltage regulation : +/- 1%
• Response time : 500 ms
• UFRO : 48 to 42 Hz , threshold adjustable through trimmer.
• Temperature : operating 0 to 75 ºC
• Volt Adjust : +/- 10% ,by adding 20 KOhms external potentiometer
2.11.2.2 AVR - R448
• Power supply : max 140V – 50Hz

load , voltage detection : Excitation over load current for 10s then
opening , short circuit) : return to approximately 1A
• Voltage detection : 5VA isolated via internal transformer
• Voltage adjustment : +/- 10% by adding external potentiometer of 1KOhms
• Load Acceptance Module
( LAM) : yes
• Along with AREP winding : capable of providing short circuit current.
2.11.2.3 AVR- R449
• Power supply : max 140V – 50Hz

load , voltage detection : Excitation over load current for 10s then
opening , short circuit) : return to approximately 1A
• Voltage detection : 5VA isolated via internal transformer
• Voltage adjustment : +/- 10% by adding external potentiometer of 1KOhms
• Load Acceptance Module
( LAM) : yes
• Along with AREP winding : capable of providing short circuit current.
• Additional Module : R-731 for power factor regulation when parallel with mains.
22
2.11.3 SPECIAL FEATURES OF AVR R-448
Load Acceptance Module(LAM) on application of a load , the rotation

speed of the alternator decreases .When it passes below the preset
frequency ,threshold, the LAM causes the voltage to drop by approximately 15%
and consequently the amount of active load applied is reduced by approx.
25% , until the speed reaches its rated value again.
Hence the LAM can be used either to reduce the speed variation and its
duration for a given applied load OR to increase the applied load possible
for one speed variation.
To avoid voltage oscillation , the trip threshold for the LAM function should
be set approximately 2 Hz below the lowest frequency in steady state.
In none of the AVR’s presently available in the market ,LAM feature is

available , this feature is very useful when starting a large size motor on
D.G.
AVR R-448 is immune to voltage distortion caused by non linear loads and as such
no external filters are required.
A special fuse is provided to disconnect AVR power supply in case of over

excitation thereby protecting the armature and associated equipments.
2.11.4 SPECIAL FEATURES OF AVR R449
In addition to features of AVR R448 , AVR R449 has following features
One additional module called R-726 can be connected for parallel operation
with grid to maintain the power factor . This feature can also be used when
such alternators are parallel with large alternators in the captive power stations
where It is necessary to control the power factor of smaller alternator to avoid
over loading of excitation system.
23
2.11.5 UNDER-FREQUENCY-ROLL-OFF (UFRO)
There is an in-built Under Frequency Roll Off (UFRO) feature in all Automatic
Voltage Regulators which reduces the terminal voltage linearly with speed below
a presetable threshold (for example, 47.5 Hz for 1500 RPM machines). This
protects the field circuit from over excitation when DG set is running at low
speeds.
UFRO function is displayed by LED in AVR R-238.
2.11.5 DIODE FAILURE MONITOR
This unit can be supplied on extra cost to monitor failure of any of the rotating
Rectifiers in case of Alternator 320 KVA and above.
24
25
ALTERNATORS
SECTION 3
SIZING OF ALTERNATORS
26
SIZING OF ALTERNATORS
3.1 STANDARD RATINGS OF LSC ALTERNATORS
Brush less ,self excited, self regulated 1500 rpm , 415V ,50 Hz , suitable for ambient
temperature of 40 deg. C and altitude less than 1000 meters, Protection IP23,
Voltage regulation +/-1% , Class of Insulation ‘H’ and the temperature rise as per ‘H’
Class insulation Limits.
THREE PHASE STANDARD RATINGS AND FRAME SIZE
kVA Rating Frame Size

10 LSC28VS2
15 LSC28S1
200 LSC45S2
20 LSC28S2
250 LSC45M1
25 LSC28M
275 LSC45M2
30 LSC28L
320 LSC45L
35 LSC33S1
380 LSC54S2
40 LSC33S2
450 LSC54S4
45 LSC33S3
500 LSC54M1
50 LSC 33M
550 LSC54M2
62.5 LSC 33L1
600 LSC54L
75 LSC 33L2
625 LSC62S
82.5 LSC 39S1
750 LSC62M
100 LSC 39S2
1010 LSC62L
125 LSC39M
1250 LSC74M
140 LSC39L1
1500 LSC74M
160 LSC39L2
2000 LSC74L
180 LSC 45S1
2450 LSC86L
SINGLE PHASE RATINGS AND FRAME 2850 LSC 86L SIZE

7.5 LSC 28VS1
10 LSC 28VS2
12.5 LSC 28S1
15 LSC 28S2
18 LSC 28M
20 LSC 28L
25 LSC 33S2
30 LSC 33M
-22
27
3.2 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LOADS ON ALTERNATOR kVA RATING
The types of load encountered by an alternator can be broadly classified as
3.2.1 LINEAR LOADS
Linear Loads can be identified from following characteristics :-
• Load impedance is always constant regardless of the applied voltage

• The alternator current increases proportionately as the voltage increase
and decreases proportionately as the voltage decreases.
Examples of linear loads are motor, incandescent lighting and heating loads.
Selection of alternator for these load applications does not pose any
problem. Hence no deration is required for this type of loads. Considering the
maximum connected load and average load which remains all the time
connected, suitable rating of alternator can be arrived at. This output rating of
alternator must be corrected for non- standard operating conditions.
3.2.2 NON LINEAR LOADS
In Non linear loads the load current is not proportional to instantaneous voltage
and often the load current is not continuous. They generate harmonics in their
current wave form which in turn lead to distortion in alternator voltage wave form.
To minimize the resulting losses in the alternator and the equipment as a whole and
to keep connected equipment functioning properly, the harmonic content of the
voltage waveform should be kept as small as possible. This is done through
efficient winding design, slot configuration and proper skew.
A low sub-transient reactance x”d is required for this purpose. This is realized by
using a suitable dimensioned damper cage in the rotor of LSC alternators.
28
``
The derating factor for various types of non- linear loads as applicable to LSC
alternators are as follows:
Type of Non-Linear Load Derating Factor
a) Fluroscent lighting load No deration
b) UPS & Telecom load controlled by No deration

12 Pulse Thyristor bridge with filter
c) UPS & Telecom load controlled by 70 %

d) UPS & Telecom load controlled by 35 %

e) Variable speed DC/AC drive 50 %

6 Pulse Thyristor bridge controlled
f) Induction Furnace load 70 %

6 Pulse Thyristor bridge controlled
Example :
For ‘X’ kVA non-linear 6 pulse thyristor telecom load and ‘Y’ kVA linear load ,the
suitable alternator rating shall be :-
Selected Rating of Alternator in kVA = ( X / 0.7 ) + Y
3.2.3 COMPUTER LOADS
Computer loads are very sensitive to the characteristic of voltage variation,

frequency variations, harmonic contents, voltage unbalance etc, of power supply.
If these characteristics do not match with the stipulated figures, malfunctioning
of computers may take place. Under these conditions care should be taken to
see that there are no motor loads/ step loads / non- linear loads which will cause
the transient voltage dip/rise and harmonics which may not be acceptable to
the computer loads, hence it is advisable to have separate DG sets for computer
loads.
Following information is required for selecting a suitable Alternator for these load
applications :
• Total kVA of computer load and its operating P.F.

• Acceptable steady state and transient state voltage variation
• Acceptable values of total individual harmonic content
• Allowable frequency variation (Engine requirement)
29
3.2.4 MOTOR STARTING LOADS
When Induction Motor is started, it draws heavy current from the power source,
which is known as Starting Current or locked rotor current of induction motor and,
the alternator experiences a Shock Load during starting period. This causes
Voltage Dip in the alternator terminal voltage. It this voltage dip is higher than the
holding voltage of the contactors or circuit breakers normally used, the other
Base loads connected to this alternator will automatically get switched OFF due
to tripping of CB during starting of motor .
Transient Voltage Dip ≤ 20 % is essential to keep the other base loads operating
satisfactorily during starting of Induction Motors .
Thus, the following aspects are required to be taken into account while selecting
the Genset suitable for three phase Motor Starting Loads :
• Rating of the motor / motors

• Type of motor (slip ring / squirrel cage)
• Type of load connected to motor i.e. high inertia
• Method of starting
• Rated full load current
• Starting current and power factor
• Restriction on Transient Voltage Dip
• Frequency of starting
• Base load at the time of starting induction motor
• Any other load apart from the motor loads :
• Sequence of starting of motors
3.2.4.1 Calculation of shock load caused by Electric Motors on starting :
S1 = UN x IN x 1. 73 , whereS1 = Nominal motor input (kVA)

UN = Nominal voltage (V)
IN = Nominal current (A)
dS = K x S1 , where
K = ratio of Starting current to normal current .Typical values of K
K = 5 to 7 times of FLC for squirrel cage motors DOL starting
= 2.5 to 3.5 times of FLC for squirrel cage motors star delta starting
= 1.5 to 2.0 times of FLC for slipring (induction) motor
= 2 to 3 times of FLC for auto transformer starting at 65 % tappings
= 3 to 4.5 times of FLC for auto transformer starting at 85 % tappings
30
3.2.4.2 Alternator kVA Rating determination
The suitable rating of alternator can be selected according to the required

nominal ouput ( = total of consumer inputs S1 ) taking into account any necessary
derating factors as explained earlier.
The alternator rating thus determined can be used if :
• the maximum shock load is equivalent to no more than 110 % of the

Alternator kVA rating
Note : In case TVD restriction of 20% is not applicable and the load connected to
the motor are not with heavy inertia, following chart can be used as reference.
Type of Starter Starting Current Required alternator kVA

2.5 Times Motor HP or
Direct On Line 6 Times Rated Full Load
3.3 Times Motor kW
Star Delta 3 Times Rated Full Load
1.6 Times Motor kW
Rotor Resistance 2 Times Rated Full Load
1.1 Times Motor kW
Autotransformer :- 1.1 Times Motor HP or
2.5 Times Rated Full Load
Tapping at 65 % 1.5 Times Motor KW
Tapping at 80 % 1.7 Times Motor HP or
4 Times Rated Full Load
2.3 Times Motor kW
As a general reference For “Lift Operation” Alternator kVA rating shall

be minimum 3 times of motor HP rating
3.2.5 FLUCTUATING LOADS
Some times alternators are to be sized for wide fluctuating current i.e. furnaces ,
cranes, cutter, Lifts etc. For such cases it is necessary to size the alternator based
on peak current and not on the average current. When the load on the
alternator is continuously fluctuating say 90% to 110% or more than for sizing the
alternator the upper limit i.e. 110% should be considered.
Generally such load will also have power factor lower than 0.8, and will also
generate harmonic distortion. Hence it is necessary to consider derating factor
due to lower power factor as indicated in section 3.2.3 in addition to sizing
corresponding to peak current. If the fluctuating load is more than 10% of total
load it is also necessary to consider deration due to harmonics generated.
31
3.2.6 UNBALANCED LOAD
On a three phase Alternator, if the loads are not equally distributed in all the three
phases , then the alternator is said to be feeding an unbalanced load . This
unbalance occurs in practice due to the single phase loads being applied across
one or two phases of the three phase Alternator . The effect of unbalanced
loading is that the field winding of the Alternator gets over - heated due
to negative sequence currents and the voltage regulation worsens.
To avoid this problem , it is advisable to distribute the single phase

loads on all three phases equally.
If loads in the form of different currents are imposed on the other lines, the
values of the positive - sequence, negative - sequence and zero - sequence must
be determined analytically or graphically in order to determine the actual load on
the alternator.
The electrical design of the LSC Alternator permits :
• 60 % of the nominal current at 0.8 p.f. or above as a single phase

load between phase and neutral.
• unbalanced load of upto 20% at 0.8 p.f. or above of its rated load
without exceeding the rated current in any of the phases beyond
full load current of the Alternator.
Moreover, this unbalance will cause circulating currents which will flow through
the neutral conductor when the alternators operate in parallel and therefore
would cause difficulties in smooth parallel operation.
3.2.7 SERVO LOADS
The textile and paper mills normally have sensitive group driven equipments and
at such places conventional voltage stabilizer of capacity 50 to 100KVA are
being used . These stabilizers basically use transformer for constant output
voltage irrespective of variation in input voltage. When such stabilisers are being
fed power from a generator
• At the time of starting it draws high inrush currents

• Due to these inrush currents there is a considerable voltage droop during
switching on and the circuit breaker may trip.
In general , the largest size of stabiliser which can be charged is approximately

50% of alternator rating .
32
3.2.8 WELDING LOADS
Welding loads are intermittent type of loads . The input kVA indicated on the
name plate of the welding machine is average RMS Power . The peak Power
while striking the arc is higher than the name plate data. Due to varying nature of
load ,while operating , the power factor of the welding machine is low as 0.6 .
Hence derating factor should be applied as per section 3.3.3.
At Large construction sites where major loads constitutes welding loads the
alternator should be sized as follows
• Add total KVA load of all welding machines as per name plate rating
• In general , considering the lower power factor impact and the name
plate rating as RMS power , a derating factor of 0.5 is applicable for sizing
an alternator for welding loads.
Total Welding KVA
Alternator KVA rating = --------------------------- + Normal load KVA
0.5
• The welding load should be distributed in such a manner so that
unbalance current does not exceed 20% of rated current.
33
3.3 EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON ALTERNATOR
kVA RATING
Alternators are designed for certain standard specifications as described in section

3.1. In case the site conditions differ from the standard conditions than alternators
needs to be derated / rerated.
3.3.1 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
For applications where the ambient air temperature is greater than 40ºC, the
alternators must be derated to ensure that the actual temperature rise does not
exceed the permissible limits as specified in standards.
Standard kVA ratings are specified at 40ºC. These output kVA ratings must be
multiplied by the derating factors given below for other temperature conditions.
Ambient
Temp. 10 20 30 40 45 50 55
ºC
Derating
1.1 1.08 1.04 1.0 0.96 0.93 0.91
Factor
For example, 100 kVA standard alternator when operated at ambient temperature
of 45°C, can deliver 0.96 x100=96 kVA satisfactorily.
3.3.1.1 Limiting the Operating Temperature rise to a lower insulation class
The standard kVA ratings for LSC alternators is specified by temperature rise limited
to class ‘H’ insulations conditions. The cases may be where the customer specifies
that the temperature rise should be limited to class ‘F’ or class ‘B’ insulation limits .
In such cases , the standard output can not be taken from alternator and deration
factor has to be considered . The Table “PERMISSIBLE RATING UNDER VARIOUS
CONDITIONS” gives the derated kVA power obtainable for various ambient
temperatures when temperature rise is also to be limited to class ‘F’ or class ‘B’
insulation limits.
34
3.3.2 ALTITUDE
The air takes away the heat generated from inside the alternator . As the altitude
increases the density of air decreases. This results in higher temperature rise inside the
alternator.
Upto an altitude of 1000m above mean sea level, the change in the density of air Is
insignificant and does not change the heat transfer properties. Hence, all
industrial alternators are designed for operation suitable upto 1000m altitude. If
it is required to operate the alternator above 1000m altitude, then the
alternator has to be derated as given below:
Altitude
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
(meters)
Derating
1.0 0.96 0.93 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.82
Factor
For example, a standard 1000 kVA alternator when operating at altitude of 2000 m.
above sea level can deliver 0.93x1000=930 kVA successfully.
3.3.3 LOAD POWER FACTOR
Alternators have no control over the power factor of the load it supplies. The kVA
rating specified corresponds to standard 0.8 (lagging) power factor conditions.
Lower power factor demands a higher excitation and results in increased heating of
the field winding and exciter.
For lower power factor operation, the alternator has to be derated as below
Lagging P.F. 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

Derating factor for Power
1 1 1 0.92 0.84
Factor
Prime movers are, as a standard, matched to the alternator out put at 0.8 power
factor (lagging). At higher power factors, the engine limits the kW out put.
Leading power factor of loads causes a reduction of excitation current. However

instability and rapid voltage rise can be caused by large capacitive loads.
Therefore the power factor improvement capacitors should be switched OFF to avoid
instability and rapid voltage rise.
35
3.3.4 ENVIRONMENT
Environment conditions under which an alternator has to work are :
• Atmosphere charged with chemical fumes

• Saline atmosphere
• Dust or sand laden atmosphere
When an alternator has to operate in a atmosphere having chemical fumes or

a saline atmosphere, the windings and other parts of the alternator have to be
given a special protective treatment .
Under site conditions where the air may be heavily laden with fine dust or sand
alternator must be fitted with AIR FILTERS at inlet. The sizing of these alternators is
important to avoid airflow restrictions and advice should be sought from the Works
so that suitable deration factor can be worked out.
3.4 DERATION DUE TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
In normal case alternators are designed for 415V ,50Hz , 3phase system for giving
100% output under the standard site conditions. In case, the same alternator is
allowed to run at different system voltage and frequency(standard site
conditions), than the allowed output of alternator shall be as per the table given
below
OUT PUT % at
Voltage Frequency Frequency
50HZ 60HZ
380 92 100
400 100 105
415 100 109
440 92 114
460 NA 118
480 NA 120
3.5 A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ON SIZING OF ALTERNATOR
3.5.1 Customer Requirement :

A customer XYZ asks for a D.G. set for the following loads & site conditions:
• Total A.C. Motors connected = 200HP
• D.C. Drive load =100Kw
• Welding Loads =10Nos. each of 10kVA
• Lighting Load =20kw
• Fluctuating Load =25kVA to 100kVA
The generator has to work at site where ambient temperature is 50 deg.C altitude
is 900 mtrs and although alternator is having ‘H’ class insulation However the temp.
rise should not be more that ‘F’ class limits. Running Power factor is 0.85 (lagging)
System requirement is 415V+/- 5% ,3phase 50Hz 4 wire
36
3.5.2 Sizing Calculation :
For sizing alternator under above conditions following steps should be taken.
Step 1 : Convert all loads to equivalent kVA considering 0.8p.f. and respective
efficiency.
• Motors load of 200HP = 200 x 0.746 / 0.80 x 0.85
= 220kVA (Considering efficiency 85%)
• D.C.Drive Load100kW =100 / 0.80 x 0.85
• Welding Loads = 10 x 10 / 0.82
• Lighting load = 20/ 1
= 20kVA ( As power factor is unity )
• Fluctuating Load = 100kVA
TOTAL kVA CONNECTED = 609kVA
Step 2 : Write derating factor of each load and site conditions

• Motor load = NIL as no TVD restriction
• D.C. Drive load = 0.5
• Welding loads = 0.5
• For 50deg.C ambient temp. = 0.93
• For Temp. rise as per ‘F’ class = 0.85
• For altitude 900mtrs =NIL
• For running P.F. 0.85 of load =NIL
Step 3 : Devide the kVA calculated in step 1 individually in order to calculate of

total kVA demand due to different type of loads.
• Motors load of 200HP = 220/ 1
= 220kVA
• D.C.Drive 100kW =147 / 0.5
= 294kVA
• Welding Loads = 122 / 0.5
= 244kVA
• Lighting load = 20/ 1
= 20kVA
• Fluctuating load = 100kVA
TOTAL kVA Demand by different loads = 878kVA
Step 4 : Apply the derating factor one by one for each site condition on the total
kVA demand by different loads.
• For Ambient temp. of 50 deg. C = 878 / 0.93
= 944kVA
• For limiting temp. rise as per’F’ class limit = 944 / 0.85
= 1110kVA
• For altitude 900 mtrs = No deration
Hence TOTAL kVA Demand for specified loads shall be = 1110kVA

Nearest standard Rating of alternator available to this is 1250kVA hence
1250kVA alternator is to be selected for this load & site requirement.
37
ALTERNATORS
SECTION 4
PARALLEL OPERATION OF
ALTERNATORS
38
PARALLEL OPERATION OF
ALTERNATORS
It is now a common practice to run generating sets in parallel. Depending upon

load, parallel operation of the appropriate number of generating sets means
optimum loading and high efficiency resulting in improved economy. In addition, it
increases the operating safety of the system, since if any one of the set fails , the
appropriate amount of load can be taken on by the other sets .
Even though parallel operation of alternators is commonly used, it is also

experienced world over that maximum failure of alternators takes due to
inadequate paralleling system and defects there in.
4.1 PARALLEL OPERATION CONDITIONS
When generators are running in parallel it is necessary to pay attention to its

governing system & regulating system then only the system can run in stable
condition which is indicated by proportional sharing of kW and kVAR.
Synchronization of two power generating sets means the coupling of their
respective phases with each other before coupling the phases following conditions
must be filled to match the two wave forms.
• Voltage Balancing : Absolute voltage difference between the running

system and incoming system must be as low as possible. Generally
allowed tolerance is +/- 2% of rated voltage. Higher voltage difference
result in sudden large magnitude of reactive power flow between the
two systems.
To prevent generating set from damage due to high reverse reactive
power ,reactive reverse power relay with time delay should be used in
panel.
• Phase sequence : To ensure the correct phase sequence of both the

system before closing the breaker phase sequence must be checked
either by installed phase sequence protection relay or by meters before
proceeding for first synchronization . closing of breaker with wrong
synchronization shall result in damage in generating sets and coupling.
• Frequency balancing : Frequency difference between the running system

and incoming system must be as low as possible. Generally allowed
tolerance is +/- 0.2HZ . Higher difference will result in sudden large
magnitude of active power flow between the two systems and may also
result in higher phase angle error of the due to higher floating frequency.
To prevent generating set from damage due to high reverse active
power active reverse power relay with time delay should be used in
panel.
39
• Phase angle difference : At the time of synchronization the max. allowed
phase angle difference is +/- 7 degrees. This should be taken care by
checking synchronizing relay and is indicated on the synchroscope.
After connecting together, the active power and reactive power distribution
should be balanced.
4.2 LOAD DISTRIBUTION
• Active power load distribution is governed by the speed behaviour of the

prime mover.
• Reactive load distribution is governed by the alternator voltage
characteristic.
The following methods of reactive load distribution may be used :
4.2.1 VOLTAGE DROOP
The importance of droop setting can not be over emphasised for stable
operation . The active power distribution is governed by governor of prime
over and the reactive power distribution is governed by the voltage regulator
(AVR).The slight difference in droop settings either in governor droop setting or
in AVR droop setting will create large difference and will make the system
unstable.
Generally in captive power station when generators are not parallel with grid,
speed droop of 4% and voltage droop of 3% will maintain stable parallel
operation The droop of 3 % is set by the factory at rated current and power
factor 0.1. This value is suitable for stable parallel operation .The droop can be
adjusted steplessly from 0 - 6 % of nominal voltage depending upon site
requirements.
4.2.2 POWER FACTOR REGULATION
This method is used for parallel operation with the mains where high voltage
fluctuations occur. An additional regulator module for power factor controller
energises the R449 voltage regulator of the alternator in order to maintain the
selected power factor, i.e. the alternator voltage is automatically adjusted to
the mains voltage.
4.3 PARALLEL OPERATION OF GENERATORS OF UNEQUAL POWER
Droop behaviour must be identical. Reactive power is then distributed

according to the ratio between the generators nominal power rating.
LSC Alternators are suitable for parallel operation with alternators

of other makes provided necessary droop is available .
40
4.4 OPERATION IN PARALLEL WITH THE MAINS
The number of generating sets operating in parallel is of no significance.. In most

cases grid supply has a far higher short-circuit capacity, so that the sets running in
parallel do not exert any significant influence.
Main voltage variation dU ≤ 2 %.

In this case, parallel operation with droop takes place.
Main voltage variation dU > 2 % and up to ± 10 %
An additional power factor controller module in the alternator or switchgear,

energises the R-449 voltage regulator of the alternator in order to maintain the
selected power factor, i.e. the alternator voltage is automatically adjusted to the
mains voltage. If a particular power factor is required at the mains point of
supply , the current transformer acting on the power factor regulator must be
located at this point of supply.
4.4.1 IMPORTANT NOTES :
WRONG SYNCHRONISATION It is advisable that synchronisation of two or more sets

should be done by trained personals only , as in most of the cases , wrong or
improper synchronisation results in major damages to the equipment. A wrong
synchronisation is similar to phase to phase fault at alternator terminals. If manual
synchronisation is done, than ‘check synchronisation’ relay should be installed and
if automatic synchronisation is done then it should not be over ridden due to delay
in synchronisation or ‘fail to synchronise’. It is necessary to install reverse power
relay.
Neutral conductor current When the voltage waveform of alternators operating
in parallel and the mains voltage waveform differs, there are superimposed
currents in all three winding phases of the base wave, principally of the third
order. They return through the neutral conductor. The magnitude of these
currents depends on the difference in potential between the harmonic
voltage and the alternators reactance.
Since this subjects the winding and neutral conductor to a thermal load, this current
has to be reduced by use of a neutral conductor choke.
4.4.2 DROOP ON RESISTIVE LOADS
If the power factor is unity , as in case of resistive loads, the voltage droop
available is NIL and in such cases load sharing can only be done by governor
of the engine. Therefore it is essential that the speed droop should be set very
accurately and response of both the governors should be identical to avoid
any mis-match. Since reactive kVA is not available therefore synchronising
torque available is minimum and the system is ‘inherently unstable’.
41
ALTERNATORS
SECTION 5
PROTECTION OF ALTERNATORS
42
PROTECTION OF ALTERNATORS
5.1 EXPLANATION OF TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO GENERATOR

PROTECTION / CONTROL / SYNCHRONISATION
The relays used for various protections are explained hereunder :
OVER AND UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION : Over voltage protection relay

protect the machine from insulation damage and over fluxing . It also protects the
machine from sudden increase or decrease of voltage due to the sudden heavy
load change of the machine apart from protecting the loads from abnormal
voltage i.e. on low voltage the motor may heat up due to stalling.
OVER AND UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION : Under frequency relay provides

protection against overloading or governor failure and resultant stator core over-
fluxing and therefore overheating due to low frequency at nominal system voltage;
Under-frequency protection can also be used for shedding application. Over-
frequency protection protects the machine against over- speeding due to failure of
governing system or due to load throw off.
OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION : Over heating of generator

may also result from overloading of generator. An IDMT relay is recommended to
protect the generator due to excess load. Earth fault relay protects the generator
from phase to earth fault and also from unbalance current.
UNBALANCE PROTECTION : Unbalance current results in negative phase

sequence current in the alternator which results in excessive heating of alternator if
the unbalance / negative sequence current exceeds above 15%. Unbalance
protection therefore necessary for protecting the alternator against over heating.
STATOR EARTH FAULT : Stator earth fault results in zero sequence voltage and is
detected by over voltage relay with very low settings along with open delta
transformer.
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT: This protection allows the implementation of zero

current differential protection by integrating star point current.
ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION : First rotor earth fault does not damage the
machine but the second rotor earth fault results in severe damage to the rotor
winding due to circulating currents and hence the first rotor earth fault must be
detected and cleared before the winding gets damaged.
43
LOSS OF EXCITATION PROTECTION : Loss of excitation protection relay protects
the generator from entering in to unstable zone of operation because of loss of
excitation during parallel application.
REVERSE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION : Reverse phase sequence

protections protects the generator from synchronisation in phase reverse condition.
REVERSE POWER PROTECTION : Active and reactive reverse power protection

are essential requirement of synchronisation. During synchronisation the power flow
from one system to other. To protect system from excessive reverse power ; reverse
power protection relays are used. Reverse power may also flow from one system to
another during load balancing or due to loss of excitation or prime mover failure.
CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY/ SYNCHRO-CHECK RELAY : Check

synchronising relays are required to ensure the closing of breaker with in permissible
phase angle difference during synchronisation.
VOLTAGE BALANCE RELAY: Voltage balance relay is only required if auto

synchronisation is required . In case of manual synchronisation this relay is not
required. This relay is used to minimise the difference in voltage between two
generators.
FREQUENCY BALANCE RELAY : Frequency balance relay is only required if auto

synchronisation is required. In case of manual synchronisation this relay is not
required. This relay is used to minimise the difference in frequency between two
generators.
LOAD BALANCING RELAY : Load balancing relays are only required if auto load
balancing is required. In case of manual balancing these relays are not required.
Active load balancing relay provides pulses to the governor controller; while
reactive load balancing relays provide pulses to the AVR for active and reactive
load balancing respectively.
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION : Differential protection relay are zone protection

relay and operates only for the fault with in the protected zone; differential
protection protects the machine from internal fault such as inter turn fault. To avoid
operation of the relay for fault outside the zone biased differential relays are
recommended.
44
5.2 PROTECTIONS FOR VARIOUS RATINGS AND RELAY SETTINGS
R e c o m m e n d e d r e l a y s e t t in g s & u s e s o f f o r v a r i o u s r a t in g s a r e g i v e n b e l o w
5.2.1 FOR STAND ALONE OPERATION
SEGC Recommended
Protection Upto 250 to 750 to 2 to 5
Relay settings for Tripping
250kVA 750kVA 2MVA MVA
Type
Un de r 8 0 %(3 3 0 VAC )
v ol t a ge Required B U1 o r Time delay : 3Sec
Over MRU1 1 1 5 %(4 7 7 VAC )
Required
v ol t a ge Time delay : 1Sec
Pick up value may
be set up as 100% of
F L C w it h a t r ip t im e
delay of approx.
20Secs. at 100%
over load & 11Secs.
Over
At 1 2 0 % o v e r l o a d
current Not I RI 1 or
Required by selecting inverse
and earth must MRI 1
t im e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
fault
a n d t im e m u l t i p l i e r
0 .3 . E a r t h F a u l t m a y
b e s e t a t 1 0 %,t im e
m u l t ip l ie r 0 .5 to
provide 5 Seconds
de l a y a t 2 0 % E / F .
Restricted
Not I RI 1 - Differential /REF set
e a r t h fa u l t optional Required optional
must 1ER v a l u e : 7 .5 % -1 2 .5 %
p r o t e c t io n
Un de r 4 7 .5 H z
BF 1
Frequency Not Time Delay: 2Secs
optional Required Or
Over must 5 2 .5 H z
MRF2
Frequency Time Delay: 2Secs
Pick up value for
n e g a t iv e s e q u e n c e
current may be set
Un b a l a n c
as 15%of FLC with a
e/
t r ip t im e de l a y of
n e g a t iv e
Not Necessary o p t io n a l required MRS1 6 5 S e c a t 4 0 %o v e r
phase
l oa d by way of
sequence
selecting inverse
p r o t e c t io n
a n d t im e m u l t i p l i e r
as 400.
45
Upto SEGC
250 to 750 to 2 to 5 Recommended
Protection 250kV Relay
750kVA 2MVA MVA settings for Tripping
A Type
Not Vol t a ge s e t t in g 4 0 V
Stator
must optional Required I RU1 - E for 4 1 5 V AC o p e n
e a r t h fa u l t
delta transformer
I RI 1 - Differential current
Differential 3ER or can be set between
Not Necessary optional required
p r o t e c t io n I RD 1 1 0 -1 5 % of CT
secondary current.
I n s u l a t io n r e s i s t a n c e
value for first
s t a g e (w a r n i n g ) c a n
b e s e t a s 7 0 K , w it h
Rotor earth a t im e d e l a y o f
fault Not Necessary optional MRR1 2Sec. I n s u l a t io n
p r o t e c t io n resistance value for
s e c o n d s t a g e (t r i p )
can be set as 5K ,
w it h t im e de l a y of
4Sec.
5.2.2 GENERATOR CONTROL RELAYS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION
SEGCR
P r o t e c t io n Up t o 250 to 750 to 2 to 5 Recommended
elay
2 5 0 k VA 7 5 0 k VA 2 MVA MVA s e t t in g s
Type
Check Require
Synchronizi d for Fre q u e ncy diff. 0 .1 -
ng Relay manual Required SY/SP 0 .2 Hz, F l o a t in g
synchro Vol t a g e 4 0 -5 0 %
n i z a t io n
Vol t a ge Vol t a g e d i f f e r e n c e
balance Required only for auto UN 1 / 2 %(P S Y 2 ). UN 1 is
relay synchronization PSY2 h a v in g a u t om a t ic
t r a c k in g.
Frequency Fre q u e ncy diff. + / -
balance Required only for auto FN2 / 0 .2 H z m a x . (P S Y 2 )
relay synchronization PSY2 FN2 is h a v in g
a u t om a t ic t r a c k in g
A c t iv e WL A2 ,2 % for F L 1
Required only for auto load WL A2 /
l oa d s e t t in g d e p e n d s o n
balancing FL1
balance g e n e r a t or r a t in g .
R e a c t iv e WL A2 ,2 % for F L 1
Required only for auto load WL A2 /
l oa d s e t t in g d e p e n d s o n
balancing FL1
balancing g e n e r a t or r a t in g .
Synchro Fre q u e ncy diff. 0 .1 -
Required only for auto SY1 /
check 0 .2 Hz, F l o a t in g
synchronization PSY2
relay Vol t a g e 4 0 -5 0 %
46
5.2.3 GENERATOR CONTROL RELAYS FOR ALTERNATORS RUNNING IN
PARALLEL WITH EACH OTHER
SEGC
Protection Upto 250 to 750 to 2 to 5 Recommended
Relay
250kVA 750kVA 2MVA MVA settings
Type
80% (3 3 0 VAC for
Un de r
4 1 5 V s ys t e m )
Vol t a ge
B U1 o r T i m e d e l a y :3 S e c .
Required
MRU1 1 1 5 %(4 7 7 VAC for
Over
415V s ys t e m
Vol t a ge
Time Delay : 1 Sec.
Pick up value as
1 0 0 % o f F L C w it h a
t r ip t im e de l a y of
20Sec at 110% over
I RI 1
Over load and 11Sec. at
Required or
Current 120% over load by
MRI 1
way of selecting
inverse t im e
characteristic and
t im e m u l t i p l i e r 0 .3
Earth Fault may be
I RI 1 set as 10% t im e
Earth Fault
Required or m u l t ip l ie r 0 .5 to
P r o t e c t io n
MRI 1 p r o v ide 5 S e c . de l a y
at 20% E/F
A c t iv e BP1/R Ac t iv e reverse
reverse W1 or p ow e r s e t t in g: 5-
Required 10% of rated power
power MRP2
p r o t e c t io n o r I RP Time delay: 3Sec.
R e a c t iv e Re a c t iv e reverse
reverse p ow e r s e t t in g: 5-
Required R W1
power 10% of rated power
p r o t e c t io n Time delay: 3Sec.
Reverse Fixed phase
Phase Required B V1 s e q u e n c e s e t t in g
Sequence
Loss of S e t t in g d e p e n d s o n
e x c it a t ion Required MRQ1 g e n e r a t or
p r o t e c t io n reactance
Un de r 4 7 .5 H z
Frequency BF1 or Time delay : 2 Sec.
Required
Over MRF2 5 2 .5 H z
Frequency T im e de l a y : 2 S e c .
47
SEGCR
P r o t e c t io n Up t o 250 to 750 to 2 to 5 Recommended
elay
2 5 0 k VA 7 5 0 k VA 2 MVA MVA s e t t in g s
Type
Vol t a ge s e t t in g 4 0 V
Stator O p t io n
Required I RU1 - E for 4 1 5 VAC o p e n
earth Fault al
delta transformer.
I RI 1 - Differential current
Differential Not O p t io n 3ER or can be set between
Required
p r o t e c t io n must al I RD 1 - 1 0 -1 5 % o f C T
G secondary current
Pick up value for
n e g a t iv e p h a s e
sequence current
may be set as 15%
o f F L C ,w i t h a t r i p
Un b a l a n c e o p t io n t im e de l a y o f 6 5 .4
Required MRS1
P r o t e c t io n al Sec at 40% over
l oa d b y w a y of
selecting inverse
& t im e m u l t i p l i e r
400.
I n s u l a t io n r e s i s t a n c e
value for first
s t a g e (Wa r n i n g ) c a n
b e s e t a s 7 0 K w it h a
Rotor earth
o p t io n require t im e de l a y of 2 S e c .
fault Not necessary MRR1
al d I n s u l a t io n r e s i s t a n c e
p r o t e c t io n
v a l u e for s e c on d
s t a g e (t r i p ) c a n b e
s e t a s 5 K , w it h a
t im e de l a y of 4 S e c .
5.3 PROTECTION RELAY SETTINGS
It is to be clearly understood that the relay settings for protection of alternator is

responsibility of Gen set builder . Recommended values that are indicated here for
guidelines only and not for final settings of the relay.
All over current relay settings must be done considering the derated ratings of the
alternator. For example when an over sized alternator is selected for reducing
distortion due to D.C. drives /Variable frequency drives / non linear loads , the
relay settings should not be done based on the kVA rating under standard
conditions. It should be done as per current corresponding to derated kVA.
48
5.4 CORELATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKER AND PROTECTION
RELAYS
M a n y t im e s f o r s m a l l r a t in g s o f a l t e r n a t o r s o n l y a n a i r c i r c u i t b r e a k e r
o r a M C C B w i t h i t s b u i l t i n p r o t e c t io n s y s t e m i s p r o v i d e d. T h e s e
C ir c u it B r e a k e r s / MC C B a r e a v a il a b l e in fix r a t in g s s u c h a s 6 3 0 / 8 0 0 /
1000/1250/1600/2000 A and they are selected based on the rated
c u r r e n t o f a l t e r n a t o r . T h e C B / M C C B h as f o l l ow i n g b u i l t i n p r o t e c t io n
I L = L o n g d e l a y w i t h a d j u s t a b l e p i c k u p f o r c u r r e n t a n d t im e d e l a y
I s c = S h or t de l a y w it h a dj u s t a b l e p ic k u p f o r c u r r e n t a n d t im e d e l a y
Instantaneous unit with adjustable pick up for current
Example :
Let us assume 380KVA alternator is provided with a CB along with its built in
protection since the rated current of this alternator is 530A CB selected shall be of
630A (Nearest available rating) Max. current drawn is 475A ,Hence the pick up
value of time delay should be set as 1.1 x 475 =525A and knob should be set at 0.85
IFL and time delay at 20Secs.
The short delay can be set at 475 x 2= 950A and knob should be set at 1.5ISC with
a time delay of 5 Secs.
Since the alternator can with stand the 300% Full Load Current for 10 Secs Hence
Instantaneous unit should be set at 530 x3 = 1650A and knob should be set at 2.5
IFL
The above is only a illustrative example and normally these settings have
to be chosen by the “system designer” of the D.G. set supplier.
49
ALTERNATORS
SECTION 6
TESTING OF ALTERNATORS
50
TESTING OF ALTERNATORS
6.1 STANDARD FACTORY TESTS
Each ‘LSC’ Alternators is subjected to following tests at factory :
• Measurement of cold winding Resistance

• Measurement of Insulation Resistance (in cold condition)
• High Voltage Test (in cold condition)
• Remanence Voltage Measurement
• Phase Sequence Test
• Voltage Balance at No-load
• AVR Adjustments
⇒ Under speed protection adjustment
⇒ Terminal voltage adjustment
⇒ Droop potentiometer setting (for parallel operation)
• Voltage Regulation Test (with inductive load)

• Heat Run Test (with inductive load for 1/2 hr.)
• Measurement of Insulation Resistance (in hot condition)
• High Voltage Test (in hot condition)
• Checks for Optional Items (if any)
6.2 SPECIAL FACTORY TESTS

Following tests can also be conducted on alternator at EXTRA COST
• Open Circuit Characteristic Test

• Short Circuit Characteristic Test
• Excess Current Test
• Temperature Rise Test
• THD Measurement
• TVD Measurement
• Over Speed Test
• Vibration Measurement Test
• Noise Level Measurement
51

Technical Manual LSC Alternators PDF

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TECHNICAL MANUAL

1.1 Intended Use-------------------------------------------------- 7

SECTION 2 ‘LSC’ Alternators features

2.3.3.2 Shunt Field Excitation --------------------------- 16

SECTION 3 Sizing of alternators

3.1 Standard Specification Rating Chart---------------- 26

3.2.6 Unbalanced Loads--------------------------------- 31

SECTION 4 Parallel Operation of alternators

4.1 Parallel operation conditions--------------------------- 38

SECTION 5 Protection of alternator

5.1 Terminology related to alternator protection----- 42

5.2.1 Stand alone operation---------------------------- 44

SECTION 6 Testing of Alternators

6.1 Standard Factory Tests------------------------------------ 50

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1.1 INTENDED USE

1.3 PRODUCT RANGE

On request, alternators can also be manufactured and supplied for other

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Indian Standard IS 4722 : 2001 Rotating Electrical Machines -

Alternators can also be manufactured according to other standards and

1.5 POWER RATING

• Ambient temperature ≤40° C

1.5.1 DUTY “S1” OPERATION: CONTINUOUS

As the name suggest, the machine can be allowed to run continuously at

1.5.2 DUTY “SCH” OPERATION: WORKSITE

1.5.3 DUTY “SEC” OPERATION STANDBY

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LSC alternators of 4 pole -design are suitable for operation at :

• 1500 RPM for 50 Hz supply frequency or

LSC alternators of 6 pole -design are suitable for operation at :

• 1000 RPM for 50 Hz supply frequency or

The efficiency is defined as :

Out put in kW Out put

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‘LSC’ ALTERNATORS FEATURES

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LSC alternators are manufactured in the most modern manufacturing unit of

2.2 SALIENT MECHANICAL FEATURES

2.2.1 STATOR FRAME

2.2.2 ROTOR CORE

2.2.3 DYNAMIC BALANCING

2.2.4 TERMINAL BOX

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All LSC alternators have cooling method IC – 01 as per IS :6362

The cooling requirements of STANDARDS are fully satisfied by providing an

This is achieved by use of :

• Insulated Copper winding wires of temperature class 200°C

• VPI (Vacuum Pressure Impregnation) in class ‘H’ insulating resin, and

• Epoxy Gel coat on critical winding parts.

LSC alternators can be provided with Anti - Condensation Heaters on

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The LSC alternator is provided with an enclosure as per IS : 4691 to prevent :

• Accidental contact with rotating parts

• Ingress of solid foreign bodies

• Harmful ingress of liquids.

1st Numeral 2nd Numeral

1 Protection against solid objects 1 Vertically dripping water shall have

2 Protection against solid objects 2 Protection against dripping of water

3 Protection against solid objects 3 Protection against water falling at

4 Protection against solid objects 4 Water splashed from any direction

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