Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
In this chapter, the main electrical plant required in power
stations is discussed and overall specifications are given for
guidance in the choice of the required plant.
1
10/9/2017
2
10/9/2017
3
10/9/2017
Specifications of Generators
Hydro-Electric Generator
Besides the normal rating and other items in the specifications mentioned in previous chapters
the specifications of a hydro-electric water-wheel generator should include the following
particulars:
Type, such as vertical shaft, thrust bearing below rotor.
Line-charging capacity
synchronous compensator capacity
Guaranteed overall efficiencies at 50%, 75%, 100% of load and at 15% overload at unity
and 0.9 power factors
Reactances - Xd, X’d, X’’d, X2 , X0 , Xq, X’q, X’’q
Reactances – stator and rotor.
Specifications of Generators
Short-circuit ratio
Losses
Type of voltage regulator
Full load regulation at rated voltage and speed. Time response of voltage regulator.
Field currents at full load at unity and 0.9 power factor.
Mechanical characteristics
Main exciter
Pilot exciter
4
10/9/2017
The methods commonly used for earthing the system neutral are:
1. Solid earthing
2. Resistance earthing
3. Reactance earthing
4. Earth fault neutralizer earthing
5
10/9/2017
6
10/9/2017
Transformer Connections
7
10/9/2017
8
10/9/2017
Harmonics in Transformers
The non-sinusoidal nature of the magnetizing current
necessary to produce a sine wave of flux produces harmonics in
current and voltage waveforms of the three-phase transformers. The
effect is more pronounced in 3-phase transformers whose phases are
magnetically separate as in the case of a bank of single-phase
transformers. Third harmonics present in waveforms, their ill effects
and suppression of the third harmonics should be considered. The
nature of the harmonics present in the transformers depends on
their connections.
Harmonics in Transformers
Current harmonics
Voltage harmonics
9
10/9/2017
Suppression of Harmonics
o Use very low flux densities in transformers
o Connect one of the winding in delta
o The inductive way to do this will be to place a third winding on the same
magnetic core on which the primary and secondary are wound and not in
delta.
o The conductive way to do this is to use the arrangement of star/delta
earthing transformer.
o Star/zigzag connection of transformer may be used to reduce harmonics.
10
10/9/2017
Specification of Transformers
A bank of three single-phase transformers or a 3-phase transformer unit.
A type of transformer: Outdoor or indoor.
Type of cooling: self-oil-cooled, forced-air-cooled, forced-oil-cooled or water-cooled.
Rating
Connections
Voltage
Frequency
Temperature rise: 40 OC, 50 OC or 75 OC, etc.
Percentage impedance voltage at 75 OC
Specification of Transformers
The transformer will operate in parallel with others (give particulars) under varying power
factors and voltages, and the transformers will divide the load approximately in proportion to
their respective capacities.
Coordination of insulation
Mention whether the system is solidly earthed or not, whether the star point is to be earthed
on the H.V side of the transformer.
Magnetizing current for the H.V winding.
Efficiency at normal ratio under 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% loads at 75 OC.
Losses
Weight and dimensions
11
10/9/2017
Specification of Transformers
Oil circulation and cooling system used, and the requirements for this purpose.
When the capacity of a power transformer is large, instead of specifying the efficiency
limitation, the total loss, iron loss and copper limitations are given.
12
10/9/2017
13
10/9/2017
14
10/9/2017
15
10/9/2017
16
10/9/2017
17