Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)

ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 8, No. 6, p. 26-37, 2016
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS

Coffee parchment and NPK 15 15 15 effect on cultivation

association of coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) and peanut (Arachis
hypogaea L.) southeast of Gabon

Maurice Ognalaga*1, Yannick Stevalain Lissambou1, Nelly Sandrine Ada Menié2, Alain
Souza1

1
Agrobiology Research Unit, University of Sciences and Technology, Franceville, Gabon
2
Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Article published on June 27, 2016
Key words: Parchment, Coffee tree, Peanut, Fertilization, Crop association.

Abstract
The production of coke through monocropping is a major concern for Gabonese farmers. A test was conducted
with a random Fisher block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of coffee hust, NPK 15-15-15
and a combination of coffee husk and NPK applied to monocrop and crop association. Dosages made by micro-
plot were: 240 g, 320 g and 400 g for the husk; 5.6 g of NPK; treatment combinations were to combine the NPK
at different levels of parchment. The results show that fertilization increased coffee growth and induces
production of higher peanut in the case of the witness. The difference compared to the control for parameters:
stem diameter, stem height, leaf area, leaves and buds number measured on coffee plants and yield of groundnuts
are respectively: 0.158 cm, 1.91 cm; 30.8 cm2; 12.53; 1.57 and 190 kg/ha. The yield of groundnut monoculture is
higher by about 69% compared to the intercropping system that affects 45% average growth of the coffee plant.
Most important in this model is the yield, it appears that the combination of coffee-peanut crop was not beneficial
to the soil tested. The coffee husk compost, applied alone or in combination especially parchment-NPK, could be
considered as fertilizer to improve the growth of the coffee and peanut production, monoculture under the
conditions of the southeastern Gabon.
* Corresponding Author: Maurice Ognalaga  ognalagam@live.fr

Ognalaga et al.
Page 26
 Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Introduction
The Gabonese economy is dominated by resources
from the oil exploitation in crisis. The agricultural
sector should be a palliative to this concern. However,
it is relatively undeveloped for several reasons such as
rural exodus, the aging of the rural exodus, the poor
roads and especially agricultural practices (Ntsama,
2012). Yet the country has a potential for farmland
almost 15.2 million relatively fertile hectares, of which
only 495,000 ha are operated directly (Sirte, 2008
Ntsama, 2012; FAO, 2015). This under-utilization of
the agricultural sector has a negative impact on food
security of the population. The country imports
foodstuffs for 80% to 85% (AFD, 2013; Saizonou and
Mouissi, 2015; ASSECAA, 2015) inaccessible to the
most vulnerable households with farmers who are
severely affected (FAO, 2015).
The coffee plant (Coffea arabica) is the alternative in
that, immediately after oil, coffee is the second largest
goods market and represents almost 25% of revenue
from international trade in Latin America and Africa
and more than 80% of revenue for the least developed
countries (Ernoult, 2002; ICO, 2015). In Gabon,
mainly in the province of Haut-Ogooué, coffee
production is steadily increasing. It increased from 23
tons in 2006-2007 to 150 200 tons in 2010-2011 view
(Lakoumba, 2011). This production is supported by
farmers who are part of the impoverished population.
But the coffee is a culture whose entry into
production requires 2-6 years depending on the
variety. Meanwhile the farmers who often do not have
other financial resources pass through difficult times.
Thus the conduct of rural coffee is done in
monoculture is not beneficial for this segment of the
population. It appears wise to practice a coffee-
peanut farming association (which is a legume).
Plantation, coffee may be associated with several
crops including groundnuts (Sanchez, 2002; Camara
et al., 2012; Lamah, 2014). The work has produced
results that vary from one region to another. Peanut
(Arachis Hypogaea) chosen for this model is the sixth
of the six most important oil crop in the world (Noba
et al., 2014). The groundnut production is
concentrated in Asia and Africa with 56% and 40% of
Ognalaga et al.
area and 68% and 25% of global production
(Ndjeunga, 2006; Noba et al., 2014.). In Gabon
production increased from 16 000 tons in 2002 to
17,000 tons in 2005. Given the degradation in
tropical soils tested the model requires the input of
inputs, unlike farmers practices. The use of chemical
fertilizers by their immediate beneficial effect on crop
productivity is one of the solutions but their high cost
and their availability make them almost inaccessible
to small farmers (N'Goran, 1995; Sanchez, 2002;
Muladji, 2011). In addition to the ecological,
economic and environmental problems it causes,
mineral fertilizer alone cannot maintain soil fertility
(Koulibaly et al., 2010; Sester et al., 2015.). Its
exclusive use leads to acidity increase, a degradation
of the physical status and organic matter decline of
soil (Boli and Roose, 2009; Muladji, 2011; Yannick et
al., 2014.). In this context, organic fertilization should
be an appropriate solution for the restoration of soil
fertility (Danho et al., 2010). Many studies have
shown that the amendments are important to various
soil properties; thereby justifying their use (Lompo et
al., 1995; Muladji, 2011; Kasongo et al., 2013.).
Ayanlaja et al., (1991). Muladji (2011); Ognalaga et al.
(2015) have shown that the decomposition of plant
residues can significantly improve the level of
nutrients and organic matter in soils.
With the foregoing, it seemed appropriate to study, in
agreement with the Stabilization fund (CAISTAB), a
model of association between a cash crop (coffee) and
a food crop (peanuts) supported by fertilization based
on the parchment and a soluble mineral fertilizer in
water (NPK 15 15 15). The parchment, byproduct of
milling coffee is available locally. It decomposes
naturally in the open air and constitutes compost
whose chemical wealth proved (Ratunga et al., 1994).
Its use as organic fertilizer should contribute to
improve both soil fertility that the structural stability
of degraded soils (Ratunga et al., 1994; Soro et al.,
2011) and the reduction of water erosion on cultivated
plots. The specific aim of this work is to try to show
that this plant crops association grow well and good
returns on soils of Haut-Ogooué. Thus, if this model
is successful, it could enable farmers to maximize
Page 27
 Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.

their activity before harvesting and marketing of their The study was conducted on an block of Fisher
coffee. completely randomized. It comprises nineteen (19)
treatments and four repetitions.
Materials and methods
Materials Table 1. Treatment and constitution of the
Study site experimental units.
The trial was conducted from May to October 3th 2014 Dose NPK
Cropping
on the plots of the University of Science and Treatment parchment Dose
system
(g) (g)
Technology of Masuku (USTM) at Franceville in the
T0a Peanut 0 0
province of Haut-Ogooué, the southeast of Gabon. T0b coffee 0 0
This province is located between parallels 0°25 and 2 T0c Coffee + Peanut 0 0
of the South Latitude. The geographical coordinates T1 Coffee 0 5.6
of the site are: 300 meters, 13º36.611 'east longitude, T2 Coffee 240 5.6
1º36.394' south latitude. T3 Coffee 320 5.6
T4 Coffee 400 5.6
T5 Coffee + Peanut 240 0
Biological material
T6 Coffee + Peanut 320 0
The material is composed firstly of coffee plants (Fig.
T7 Coffee + Peanut 400 0
1A) and the other of peanut seed (Fig. 1B). The coffee
T8 Coffee + Peanut 240 5.6
plants were provided by the provincial delegation of
T9 Coffee + Peanut 320 5.6
the CAISTAB Haut-Ogooué, while peanut seed were T10 Coffee + Peanut 400 5.6
purchased at market Franceville, Head instead of the T11 Peanut 240 0
above-mentioned Province. T12 Peanut 320 0
T13 Peanut 400 0
T14 Peanut 240 5.6
T15 Peanut 320 5.6
T16 Peanut 400 5.6
Legend : T0a; T0b et T0c= Control; T1= NPK
5.6g/MP; T2= parchment 240g+NPK 5.6g/MP;
T3= parchment 320g+NPK 5,6g/MP; T4=
parchment 400g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T5= parchment
A B
240g/MP; T6= parchment 320g/MP;
Fig. 1. Coffee plant (A), peanut seeds (B).
T7= parchment 400g/MP ;T8= parchment
240g+NPK 5.6g/MP ; T9= parchment
Fertilizers
320g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T10= parchment
The fertilizers used are:
400g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T11= parchment 240g/MP;
- The soluble mineral fertilizer in water (formulation
T12= parchment 320g/MP; T13= parchment
of NPK 15-15-15);
400g/MP; T14= parchment 240g+NPK 5.6g/MP;
T15= parchment 320g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T16=
- The parchment coffee (organic soil) composted in
parchment 400g+NPK 5.6g/MP. MP= micro-plot.
piles naturally in the open air. It was then dried,
crushed and sieved to 2 mm and brought to a
Methods
humidity of 15%.
Works of implementation
The implementation of the test required a number of
Treatments and experimental device
works including: Clearing, picketing, the hole digging,
Table 1 provides the treatment and quantity of the
planting the seedlings of coffee and peanuts.
amendments provided for each dose.

Ognalaga et al.
Page 28
 Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.

The cleared area is 1200 m2. Then, defining the scope
of the orchard was followed by the identification of
the location of each of the coffee plant using a pole,
according to the spacings of 2.5 mx 3 m. This step was
followed by the digging of holes (40 X 40 X 40 cm),
the planting that goes with filling holes and
fertilization. The plant of the coffee is placed in the
planting hole with an inclination of 3O° from the
vertical to promote the rapid issue of discards. The
cultivated area of each micro-plot is 1.3 m 2.
Sowing of groundnut has been, according to the
spacings of 20 x 40 cm, on a one seed per hole.
Monitoring crops consisted of extirpation weeds and
daily watering of up to 0.83 m3 of water.
Measured parameters
Parameters measured on coffee, every two weeks
during the qualifying period are: stem diameter, stem
height, leaf area, leaf number and buds number with
the caliper respectively and meter. The yield of the
peanut was determined by maturity after weighing in
production.
Physico-chemical analysis
Analyses of the substrates used were performed in the
laboratory of soil at INSAB on the particle size
fraction smaller than 2 mm according to the methods
at our disposal (Aubert, 1978; AFNOR, 1994). The
analysis package includes: the particle
determined at the Robinson pipette-Khön (clays and
silts) and sieving (sands), the pH measured in a solid
suspension / solution (1/2.5), total nitrogen by the
method Kjeldahl, organic carbon by the modified
method Anne; available phosphorus in the soil was
extracted by the Olsen-Dabin method. For the
extraction of total phosphorus in the parchment, 2 g
of previously dried and ground substrate were
mineralized at 550 °C for 2 hours. The ashes were
taken over by concentrated hydrochloric acid. Each
sample was filtered and subsequently homogenized in
a 100ml volumetric flask (Lab Procedures, 1970).
Phosphorus in solution was determined UV-Visible
spectrophotometer at 712 nm (Murphy and Riley,
1962).
The pH of compost was measured in the supernatant
of a substrate sample suspended in distilled water
after stirring; the solid-solution ratio was 1/5 (Soclo et
al., 1999).
Statistical analysis
Data collected during the various observations were
analyzed using the software Xlstat 2007. They were
then subjected to analysis of variance and a principal
component analysis (PCA), the 5% threshold.
Newman and Keuls test was used for comparison of
means.
Results
Soil analysis
The floor of Clay Silty-Blaster texture has a highly
acidic water pH (4.6). By the standards (Wopereis
and Defoer, 1998) on the surface horizon: the organic
carbon content is good (17 g/kg); available
phosphorus, in trace amounts, is very characteristic of
size lateritic soils that are deficient. The total nitrogen
(Nt) is pretty good.
Results of analyzes of soil on the site, conducted in
the laboratory of Soil Science at INSAB are presented
in Table 2.

Table 2. Physico- chemical characteristics of the soil used.

pH Carbon and mineral elements Particle size
Physico- Chemical Assimilable Organic Total N Clay Silt Sands
Characteristics pHwater pHKCl P (mg/kg) C (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg) (g/kg)
Horizon
0-20cm 4.6 3.7 21.5 17 1.1 141 338 523

Ognalaga et al.
Page 29
 Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.

Analysis of coffee husk Organic carbon content is high (355 g/kg) while the
Results of chemical analyzes performed on the nitrogen is good because, being of the order of 1.1
parchment is presented in Table 3. g/kg. The content of water soluble phosphorus is 927
The coffee husks used has a pH close to neutral (7.5). mg/kg of parchment made.

Table 3. Chemical characteristics of the compost of parchment used.

pH Carbon and mineral elements
Total Organic Total
Chemical - Characteristics pHwater pHKCl C/N
P (mg/kg) C (g/kg) N (g/kg)
Horizon
7.5 6.4 927 355 1.1 39
0-20cm

Influence of treatments on the growth of the coffee Stem diameter

plant
Analysis of variance
The data collected during this test are subject to
variance analysis, the results (Table 4) show a highly
significant effect of the amendments on all growth
parameters.
Radial growth of coffee is affected positively and
highly significantly (p<0.0001) by the contribution of
fertilizers that produce statistically different effects on
the development of this parameter to 14 weeks after
planting (Table 4).

Table 4. P-value of the treatments effect on coffee growth.

Source DDL Sum of Squares Mean square F P
Stem diameter 11 0.709 0.064 47.153 < 0.0001
Stem height 11 143.127 13.012 74.029 < 0.0001
Leaf area 11 13346.362 1213.306 20.224 < 0.0001
Leaves number 11 8706.917 791.538 96.594 < 0.0001
Buds Number 11 104.229 9.475 5.524 < 0.0001

In all scenarios, the values of the collar diameter NPK produces 0.3 a significant effect superior to
obtained (Table 5) with witnesses T0b (0.285 mm) other treatments, averaging about 40%. The
and T0C (0.25 mm) are on average lower than those interaction parchment - NPK (T2 and T3) applied to
observed with: the NPK (only on coffee) parchment + the only coffee gives a performance that closely
NPK (only on coffee) the only parchment (on peanut follows that of NPK (T1). Furthermore, the interaction
associated coffee), the parchment + NPK (on peanut parchment - NPK, at doses of 320 g and 400 g
associated coffee) in the order of 61% respectively 51% produces a depressive effect on the diametrical
37% and 28%. For this parameter the collar diameter, growth on the order of 30%.

Table 5. Parameters of coffee growth 14 weeks after planting (SAP).

Stem Stem Leaf Leaf Buds
Treatments
diameter (mm) height (cm) area (cm2) number number
T1 0.7±0.05a 10.425±0.48a 95.7075±5.45a 53.5±4.69a 7.75±0.96a*
T2 0.55±0.02b 8.95±0.26b 95.415±7.96a 44.75±4.43b 6.25±1.26ab
T3 0.49±0.02c 6.125±0.81c 93.3675±15.32a 42±3.30b 6±2.63ab
T6 0.43±0.08d 5.925±0.42 cd 74.2325±3.05b 36.5±2.08c 5.25±0.96bc*
T4 0.385±0.05de 5.6C±0.60 de 72.4375±3.55b 26.25±3.42d 4.25±0.96bc
T9 0.375±0.01de 5.525±0.39 cde 70.225±8.83b 25.5±2.38d 4.25±0.96bc
T8 0.345±0.03ef 5.4 ±0.45cde 70.125±11.67b 22±2.22de 4±1.41bc

Ognalaga et al.
Page 30
 Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.

Stem Stem Leaf Leaf Buds

Treatments
diameter (mm) height (cm) area (cm2) number number
T7 0.3375±0.01ef 5.4±0.18 cde 66.37±4.12b 19.5±1.71e 3.75±0.96bc
T10 0.33±0.01ef 5.3±0.10cde 62.7375±6.28b 19.25±1.29e 3.25±0.96bc
T5 0.315±0.03ef 5.15±0.39de 58.7175±6.17bc 12.5±1.71f 3.25±1.50bc
Tb 0.285±0.03fg 4.95±0.17e 49.05±4.38cd 12.25±3.37f 3.25±1.41bc
Tc 0.25±0.03g 3.975±0.21f 41.1±6.52d 10.5±0.58f 2.5±0.58c
*Means with the same letters in the same column are not significantly different.

Legend : T0b et T0c= Control; T1= NPK 5.6g/MP; T2= parchment 240g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T3= parchment
320g+NPK 5,6g/MP; T4= parchment 400g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T5= parchment 240g/MP; T6= parchment
320g/MP ; T7= parchment 400g/MP ;T8= parchment 240g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T9= parchment
320g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T10= parchment 400g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T11= parchment 240g/MP; T12= parchment
320g/MP; T13= parchment 400g/MP; T14= parchment 240g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T15= parchment
320g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T16= parchment 400g+NPK 5.6g/MP. MP= micro-plot.

Stem height (45±0.03 cm2 ) and that of the other treatments

Applied amendments induce a highly significant
effect (p <0.0001) on the longitudinal growth and the
difference in effect is also significant between the
applied inputs (Table 4).
The values of the height of rods obtained (Table 5)
with T0b witnesses (4.95 cm) and T0C (3.975 cm) are
on average lower than those observed with NPK (only
on coffee), the parchment + NPK ( on coffee alone),
the only parchment (on peanut associated coffee), the
parchment + NPK (on peanut associated coffee) in
the order of 57%, 50%, 24% and 19%. The T2 and T3
treatments behave similarly to the observations made
on the collar diameter. Furthermore, as observed with
this diameter, the depressing effect is shown on
longitudinal growth when going from 320 to 400 g of
parchment. On average the stem height obtained with
NPK is higher and significantly superior to other
treatments in the order of 35%.
Leaf area
Application of different treatments was highly
significant (p<0.0001) on the development of coffee
leaves (Table 4). Unlike previous settings, treatments
T1, T2 and T3 statistically produce the same effect on
the leaf surface (Table 5) and the average (95±10 cm2)
of this parameter is greater than that of controls
(68±5 cm2) of the order of 53% and 28% respectively.
Leaves number
The number of leaves of coffee plants is affected
highly significantly (p<0.0001) by the introduced
amendments (Table 4) the effect differs significantly
from an amendment to another.
NPK (only on coffee) induces a greater number of
leaves of about 78% and 34%, respectively, to
witnesses and other amendments (Table 5).
Interactions, parchment - increasing doses to NPK
generate a decrease in coffee leaf from a given level of
manure; However, the dose of parchment made only
320 g (T6) or interaction with NPK (T9) was
identified as the maximum threshold above which the
production of the number of leaves is affected
significantly.
Buds number
Treatments highly significantly influenced
(p<0.0001) the bud (Table 4). The largest number of
buds (Table 5) was obtained with NPK (8 ± 1) and this
value is about 3 times greater than that observed on
the control plants (2.8±1), or 63%. Apart from T2 and
T3, the number of buds produced by other treatments
is statistically confused with that of the control.

Ognalaga et al.
Page 31
 Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Influence of treatments on yield of peanut
Yields of peanut pods vary significantly depending on
amendments and doses (Fig. 2). The highest yield
induced T10 (6.15 t/ha) is superior to other
treatments and the witness respectively about 35%
and 62.5%. The witness without amendment, based
on the association Peanut + coffee (T0C) produced a
yield significantly (p<0.05) better than 27% relative
to control without amendment with peanuts only as a
culture (T0a).
Fig. 2. Fresh yield of peanut.
Legend : T0a et T0c= Control; T1= NPK 5.6g/MP; T2=
parchment 240g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T3= parchment
320g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T4= parchment 400g+NPK 5.6g/MP;
T5= parchment 240g/MP; T6= parchment 320g/MP ;
T7= parchment 400g/MP; T8= parchment
240g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T9= parchment 320g+NPK 5.6g/MP;
T10= parchment 400g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T11= parchment
240g/MP; T12= parchment 320g/MP; T13= parchment
400g/MP; T14= parchment 240g+NPK 5.6g/MP;
T15= parchment 320g+NPK 5.6g/MP; T16= parchment
400g+NPK 5.6g/MP. MP= micro-plot.
Outside witnesses (T0a and T0C), examination of Fig.
1 indicates that the yield increases with the dose
given. This statement is statistically significant
(p<0.05) and supported by a Pearson correlation
coefficient equal to 0.782 which establishes the
relationship between the given dose and induced
performance.
Discussion
This study was conducted in order to allow producers
to reduce crop cultivating areas, to reduce costs of
production factors, increase yields and profitability in
the short, medium and long term peasant production
units.
Ognalaga et al.
Growth of the coffee plant
For all the evaluated parameters (collar diameter,
stem height, leaf area, leaf number and number of
buds) values were greater than that of untreated
plants. This observation is consistent with that of
many researchers. Based on the work of Peyraud and
Astigarraga (1998) Lemaire et al., (1999),
Tendonkeng (2010) fertilization increases the speed
of vegetation, increasing production for a given stage
of growth or reduced the time needed for achieving a
defined yield.
Compost parchment allowed an increase in the
biomass of coffee plants. Growth parameters
measured (collar diameter, stem height, leaf area,
number of sheets and number of buds) are higher on
the treated plants relative to untreated plants. These
results are in agreement with those of Nyabyenda
(2006), who showed that we could increase the coffee
yield of more than 20% by restitution of coffee pulps
after 3 years decomposition time.
Fertilization with the combination NPK + parchment
composted has positively influenced the growth of the
measured parameters (collar diameter, stem height,
leaf area, leaf number and number of buds). Indeed,
the coffee plants treated with parchment compost
combination NPK + showed an increase of the higher
biomass than untreated plants. Similarly the increase
is greater than that observed on the treated plants
NPK as well as on plants treated solely compost. It
appears that the mineral fertilizer does not act the
same role as organic manure on soil fertility. These
two types of inputs complement each other (Traore et
al., 2002; Tittonell et al., 2008).
In this study, we observed that the biomass increased
with the level of fertilization until a threshold beyond
which it began to drop. Similar results were reported
by Atta et al. (2012), Ikeh et al. (2012), Ognalaga et
al. (2014) showing that fertilization with high doses
(which exceeds the potential growth needs of the
plant) causes a decrease in biomass production due to
toxicity.
Page 32
 Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Cultivation method of effect on growth of the coffee
plant
If fertilization has positively affected the production
of the biomass of coffee plants, this has not been the
case for the cultivation method. Indeed, the results
clearly show that coffee plants associated with peanut
had an increased in lowest biomass comparatively to
plants without association. This result is contrary to
reports the literature. Indeed, numerous studies
(Akédrin et al., 2010; Nchoutnji, 2010; Attiou, 2014)
show a beneficial effect of the combination of legumes
with other forage crops on production and improved
yields of crops such as maize. In this case the lack of
benefit could be the result of a competition water and
/ or mineral or toxicities root (Diatta et al., 2012). A
foliar diagnosis would provide more details on this
assumption. (Ognalaga et al., 2014. Nkapnang Djossi,
2016). Naitormbaide (2012) and especially Ndamage
(1993) showed that the organic matter could increase
the yield of groundnut by 299.6 kg/ha with an
average increase of 25.7%.
Performance of peanuts
Results show that the performance of the peanut was
positively influenced by the contribution of
parchment compost. Indeed, the yield of the plants
treated with compost is higher than that of untreated
plants. This highlights the role of organic
amendments in crop production (Muladji, 2011;
Ognalaga et al., 2015. Nkapnang Djossi, 2016).
Fertilization with combined treatment NPK +
compost parchment influenced positively the
performance of peanuts. The treated plants were
found to be more productive than controls, with an
increase of 17%. These results suggest to us that the
mineralization of compost is higher when combined
with NPK. Indeed Cobo (2002), Kasongo (2013),
Ognalaga et al. (2014) showed that the rate of
decomposition of organic matter and yield increases
were related to the synchronization of the release of
nutrients and their consumption by the plant.
Through this study we understand that an organo-
mineral combination treatment provides more
benefits than just mineral or organic treatment.
Ognalaga et al.
The method of cultivation has not positively affected
the yield of peanut. Indeed, of all the treated plants
that monoculture had higher yields than plants
associated with coffee plants. The results of this study
show that coffee peanut association does not increase
yields. According Cissé (1988), the total peanut yield
values seem little affected by the fertility level, but
especially by the water supply. This fact makes us
think that the dry season, characterized by low
rainfall 104 mm on average and the number of days of
very low rainfall, seven (7) days per month on average
during the experimental period were at the origin of
low yields observed in the associated plants (Heller,
1998; Durand, 2007). Peanut is a crop demanding in
water; it would be appropriate to study the adequate
irrigation modes when grown out of season and
especially when this plant is in association with
another culture.
Conclusion
This study showed that the use of coffee husks
compost has been beneficial. The growth parameters
measured on the coffee: collar diameter; stem height;
leaf area; number of sheets and number of buds had
significantly higher values than those observed with
the controls. However, it appeared that the treatment
combination compost parchment + NPK proved more
effective than non combined treatments. These
amendments have induced a similar reaction in the
production of peanuts. The recorded results show that
the growth of the coffee plant and yield of groundnut
monoculture are better compared to the system where
the two cultures were mixed together on the field.
Thus, based on these tests in the soil and climatic
conditions in southeastern Gabon, Franceville, the
combination of peanut with coffee in order to reduce
the cultivated areas is not advised to farmers.
However, the combination of a mineral fertilizer NPK
and organic amendment (parchment coffee) could
help local farmers to improve their production.
References
AFD. 2013. Développer l’agriculture périurbaine.
http://gabon.afd.fr.
Page 33
 Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.

AFNOR. 1994. Qualité des sols. Recueil de normes Camara AA, Dugué P, De Foresta H. 2012.
françaises. AFNOR, Paris 8-10. « Transformation des mosaïques de forêt-savane par
des pratiques agroforestières en Afrique
Akédrin TN, N’guessan K, Aké-Assi E, Aké S. subsaharienne (Guinée et Cameroun) », Cybergeo :
2010. Effet de Légumineuses herbacées ou European Journal of Geography Environnement,
subligneuses sur la productivité du maïs. Journal of Nature, Paysage, document 627.
Animal and Plants Sciences 2, 953-963. URL :http://cybergeo.revues.org/25588 ; DOI :
10.4000/cybergeo, 25588.
ASSECAA. 2015. Information sur la coopération
économique : Aperçu sur l'économie de la République Cissé L. 1988. Influence d’apports de matière
gabonaise organique sur la culture de mil et d’arachide sur un
http://www.assecaa.org/French/F_GABON.htm sol sableux du Nord-Sénégal. Bilans de
consommation, production et développement
Atta S, Sarr B, Bakasso Y, Diallo AB, Lona I, racinaire. Agronomie 8(4), 315-326.
Saadou M, Glew RH. 2010. Roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa L.) yield and yield components in response Cobo JG, Barrios E, Kaas DCL, Thomas RJ.
to nitrogen fertilization in Niger. Indian Journal of 2002. Nitrogen mineralization and crop uptake from
Agricultural Research 44, 96-103. surface-applied leaves of green manure species on a
tropical volcanic-ash soil. Biology and Fertility of soils
Attiou CO. 2014. Effets de la fumure organique et de 36, 87-92.
la demi-dose d'engrais sur les performances
agronomiques et économiques de l'association maïs Danho, Djeke M, Kouassi Thua P, Yatty
(Zea mays)-mucuna (Mucuna deeringiana) en Kouadio J. 2010. Décomposition des broyats de
situation réelle de culture dans la zone Ouest du coques de cacao dans les sols ferralitiques de la zone
Burkina Faso: cas des villages de Koumbla et de d’Oumé, centre-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire : effets sur
Gombêlêdougou. Mémoire fin de cycle, Université les caractéristiques chimiques des sols.
Polytechnique de BOBO-DIOULASSO, Institut du Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environment
Développement Rural, Burkina Faso 15-35. 15(1), 109-117.

Aubert G. 1978. Méthodes d’analyses de sols. Centre
de Documentation Pédagogique de Marseille. CNDP-
CRDP, France 32-90.
Ayanlaja SA, Sanwo JO. 1991. Management of soil
organic matter in farming systems of the lowland
humid tropic of West Africa. Soil Technology 4, 265-
279.
Boli, Roose E. 2009. Rôle de la jachère de coute
durée dans la restauration de la productivité des soles
dégradés par la culture continue en
soudanienne humide du Nord-Cameroun. In : Floret
Ch. Et Pontanier R, édition La jachère en Afrique
tropicale. Paris : John Libbey Eurotext 149-154.
Diatta M, Faye E, Grouzis M, Perez P. 2012.
Rôles de la haie vive antiérosive sur la gestion de
l’eau, du sol et le rendement des cultures du centre
sud du bassin arachidier sénégalais. In: Roose Eric
(ed.), Duchaufour H. (ed.), De Noni Georges (ed.) 1-
13.
Durand JL. 2007. Les effets du déficit hydrique sur
la plante: aspects physiologiques. Fourrages 190, 181-
195.
savane Ernoult. 1996. Agriculture et petit élevage en zone
tropicale. Le classique Africaine n° 956, Editions
Saint Paul. France 41-46.

Ognalaga et al.
Page 34
 Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
FAO. 2015. Organisation des Nations Unies pour
l'alimentation et l'agriculture. http://www.fao.org
/nr/water/aquastat/data/irrs/readPdf.html?f=GAB-
IRR_fra.pdf.
Heller R. 1998. Physiologie végétale (nutrition)
sixième édition 81-126.
ICO. 2015. L’histoire du café. Hhttp://www.ico.org
/FR/cofffee. Storyf.asp.
Ikeh O, Ndaeyo NU, Uduak IG, Iwo3 GA, Ugbe
LA, Udoh EI, Effiong GS. 2012. Growth and Yield
Responses of Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) to
varied Poultry Manure Rates in Uyo, Southeastern
Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological
Science 7 (9), 735.
Kasongo Lenge Mukonzo E, Mwanba
Mulembo L, Tshipoya Masumbuko P, Mukalay
Muamba J, Useni Sikuzani Y, Mazinga Kwey
M, Nyembo Kimuni L. 2013. Réponse de la culture
de soja (Glycine max L. (Merril) à l’apport des
biomasses vertes de Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley)
A. Gray comme fumure organique sur un Ferralsol à
Lubumbashi (R.D. Congo) Journal of Applied
Biosciences 63, 4727-4735.
Lab Procedures. 1970. Soil Testing and Plant
Analysis Laboratory, Cooperative Extension Service,
Athens, GA 142-144.
Lakoumba Andjouomi C. 2011. Effet de l’origine
et du traitement technologique sur la composition
chimique des cafés du Haut-Ogooué. Mémoire de fin
de cycle ingénieur, Université des Sciences et
Techniques de Masuku, Gabon 1-3.
Lamah D. 2014. L'insertion de la caféiculture dans
les structures de production en Guinée forestière.
Thèse Doctorat, Université Toulouse II-le Mirail,
France 321-330.
Ognalaga et al.
Lemaire G, Lawlor, Gastal F. 1999. Nitrogen,
plant growth and crop yield. In: Lea P J and Morot-
Gaudry J F (editors). Plant Nitrogen 343-367.
Lompo F, Sédogo MP, Hien V. 1995. Agronomic
impact of Burkina phosphate and dolomite limestone.
In: Gerner H. & Mokwunye A.U., eds. Proceedings of
a seminar on the use of local mineral resources for
sustainable agriculture in West Africa, November 21-
23, 1994, International Fertilizer Development Center
(IFDC), Lomé, Togo. Miscellaneous Fertilizers studies
n°11. Muscle Schoals, AL, USA: IFDC 54-66.
Mayeux AH. 2001. Dossier technique sur les normes
de production, de distribution des semences
d’arachides en milieu paysannal. Atelier de
formation-échange, projet Germplasm Arachide 122.
Mulaji Kyela C. 2011. Utilisation des composts de
biodéchets ménagers pour l’amélioration de la fertilité
des sols acides de la Province de Kinshasa (Rép. Dém.
du Congo). Thèse de Doctorat, Université de Liège,
Belgique 73-103.
Murphy J, Riley IP. 1962. A modification single
solution method for the determination of phosphate
in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta 27, 31-36.
N’Goran A. 1995. Intégration des légumineuses
dans la culture de maïs comme moyen de maintien de
la fertilité des sols et de lutte contre l’enherbement.
Rapport de la deuxième réunion du comité de
recherche du WECAMAN, USAID, IITA 163-171.
Naitormbaide M. 2012. Incidence des modes de
gestion des fumures et des résidus de récolte sur la
productivité des sols dans les savanes du Tchad.
Thèse Doctorat, Université Polytechnique de Bobo
Dioulasso, Burkina Faso 62-64.
Nchoutnji I, Dongmo AL, Mbiandoun M,
Dugué P. 2010. Accroître la production de la
biomasse dans les terroirs d’agro-éleveurs: cas des
systèmes de culture à base de céréales au Nord
Cameroun. Tropicultura 28(3), 133-138.
Page 35
 Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.

using organic and mineral amendments : the case of

Ndamage G. 1993. Institut des sciences the urban perimeter of Franceville (Gabon).
agronomiques du Rwanda (ISAR), synthèse de la International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural
recherche agronomique au cours des 25 dernières Research 7(2), 163-172.
années 113-116.
Peyraud J, Astigarragag A. 1998. Fertilisation
Ndjeunga J, Ntare BF, Ramouch M. 2006. azotée des prairies et nutrition des vaches laitières.
Groundnut seed systems in West Africa. CFC Conséquences sur les rejets d’azote. INRA.
technical paper No 40. PO Box 74656, 1070 BR Production Animale 13, 61-72.
Amsterdam, the Netherlands: common fund for
commodities; and patancheru 502 324, Andhra Rutunga V, Kavamahanga F, Nsengimana C.
Pradesh, India: international crops research 1994. Synthèse des résultats de recherches sur
institution for the semi-arid tropics 232. l’agronomie du caféier arabira (Coffea arabica L.) au
Rwanda au 31 mars 1994. Tropicultura 16-17(3),
Nkapnang Djossi I. 2016. Les petits exploitants 128-130.
tirent profit des cultures pérennes dans le Sud-ouest
camerounais. Saizonou A, Mouissi M. 2015. Gabon : 40 ans de
http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magazines/west dépendance alimentaire envers l’étranger.
-africa/cultiver-la-diversite. http://www.mays-mouissi.com/a-propos/

Noba K, Ngom A, Guèye M, Bassène C, Kane Sanchez S. 2002. Synthèse analytique sur
M, Diop I, Ndoye F, Mbaye MS, Kane A, l’évolution des systèmes de culture caféiers dans
Tidiane Ba A. 2012. L’arachide au Sénégal : état des quatre zones de production du Moungo, du Kupe-
lieux, contraintes et perspectives pour la relance de la Muanenguba, et du Nkam : compte rendu de trois
filière. OCL 2014, 21(2) D205. missions réalisées de décembre 2001 à février 2002.
CIRAD/IRAD, 16-46.
Ntsama Etoundi M. 2012. Les relations des prix
entre le Cameroun et le Gabon. https://mpra.ub.uni- Sester M, Craheix D, Daudin G, Sirdey N,
muenchen.de/54373/ MPRA 54373. Scopel E, Angevin F. 2015. Évaluer la durabilité de
systèmes de culture en agriculture de conservation à
Nyabeyenda P. 2006. Les plantes cultivées en Madagascar (région du lac Alaotra) avec MASC-
régions tropicales d’altitude d’Afrique, tome 2 : Mada. Cahiers Agricultures 24(2), 123-133.
cultures industrielles et d’exportation, cultures
fruitières, cultures maraîchères. CTA, Presses Soclo HH, Aguewe M, Adjahossou BC,
Agronomiques de Gembloux 45-51. Houngue T, Azontonde HA. 1999. Recherche de
compost type et toxicité résiduelle au Bénin.
Ognalaga M, Massounga YC, Nzandi H, Mbélé Techniques Sciences Méthodes 9, 70-75.
CD. 2014. Effet de Chromolaena odorata L. et de
Pueraria phaseolides L. sur la croissance et la Soro D, Bakayoko S, Dao D, Bi Tra T, Angui
production de l’oseille de Guinée (Hibiscus sabdariffa P, Girardin O. 2011. Diagnostic de fertilité du sol
L.). International Journal of Biological and Chemical au Centre-Nord de la Côte d’Ivoire. Agronomie
Sciences 8, 1140-1150. Africaine 23(3), 205-215.

Ognalaga M, Oyanadigui Odjogui PI, Ondo Azi

A, Ndzoutsi J. 2015. Restoration of soil fertility by

Ognalaga et al.
Page 36
 Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.

Syrte J. 2008. Conférence de haut niveau sur : l’eau des systèmes de culture a base de mil.
pour l’agriculture et l’énergie en Afrique : les défis du https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Minamba_Bag
changement climatique 1-2. ayoko2/publication/237827087.

Tendonkeng F, Boukila B, Pamo ET, Mboko Wopereis MCS, Defoer T. 1998. Moving
AV, Tchoumboué J. 2010. Effet de différents methodologies to enhance agricultural productivity of
niveaux de fertilisation azotée sur le rendement et la rice-based lowland systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
composition chimique de Brachiaria ruziziensis à la Advances in Integrated Soil Fertility Management in
montaison dans l’Ouest Cameroun. Livestock sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities
Research for Rural Development. 22(1), Article 19. 1077-1091.
http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/1/tend22019.htm.
Yanick SU, Mwamba Illunga G, Mwamba
Tittonell P, Misiko M, Ekise I. 2008. Nutriments Mulembo T, Ntumba Katombe B, Lwalaba Wa
et fertilité au menu paysan. Agridape 24(2), 2-14. Lwalaba J, Assani Bin Lukangila M, Kanyenga
Lubobo A, Baboy Longanza L. 2014.
Traoré S, Bagayoko M, Coulibaly BS, Coulibaly Amélioration de la qualité des sols acides de
A. 2002. Amélioration de la gestion de la fertilité des Lubumbashi (Katanga, RD Congo) par l’application
sols et celle des cultures dans les zones sahéliennes de de différents niveaux de compost de fumiers de
l’Afrique de l’Ouest: une condition sine qua none pour poules. Journal of Applied Biosciences 7, 6523–6533.
l’augmentation de la productivité et de la durabilité

Ognalaga et al.
Page 37