Ar 0001

Chapter III :
Chapter III - Materials

Ref.: (Ref.2 ch. 3)
Materials
Subjects:
III.1 Concrete Mechanics with its Compressive Strength. [Ref 2 – Ch3 sect 3.1-3.3]
III.2 Concrete behavior and Stress-Strain diagram. [Ref 2 – Ch3 sect 3.4-3.6]
III.3 Different types of Concrete and Rebars. [Ref 2 – Ch3 sect 3.7-3.16]
1
III.1 Concrete Mechanics with its Compressive Strength:
 Concrete Composite and Behavior in Compressive:

• Concrete is composed of water, aggregate (gravel and sand), and
Portland cement (Chemically bound together) – gravel size ¾ in 3/8 in
and 1 ½ in.
• Connection between the different materials, inter-connect, and the plan
of failure and each materials has his special stress-strain diagram.
• Concrete stress-strain diagram is non-linear but ductile.
• Developing Microcraking 1/8 to ½ in. in length.
• Concrete subjected to uniaxial compressive loading  4 stages cracks
and failure:
1. Shrinkage up to 30-40% of Compressive loading
2. Up to 50%, increasing the stress (tension) and shear strengths
3. More than 50-60 % , localized mortar cracks will developed.
4. More than 70-80% additional cracks – Curve remarkably come 3
non-linear.
2
 Compressive Strength of Concrete :

• It is Uniaxial compressive strength.
• Bond strength and tensile are defined according to Compressive
strength.
• ASTM define the parameters of Test – Cylinder, Cubes, etc…
• Procedures of concrete cylinder tests, pre-actions and post-actions.
where s is the standard deviation

determined in accordance with ACI318-11
Code Section 5.3.1. Special rules are given if
the standard deviation is not known.
The required Mean Strength fcr must be at

least (ACI318-11 5.3.2.1):
3
 Factors affecting Concrete Compressive Strength:

• Water/Cement Ratio: 0.4, 0.5 – Air entrainment problem
• Type of Cement
• Supplementary Cementitious Materials: fly ash, silica fume, etc…

• Aggregate: Sand and Gravel behavior, strength and surfaces.
• Mixing Water: PH 6-8 no salt  corrosion.
• Moisture conditions during curing
• Temperature conditions during curing.
• Concrete age: Concrete gains strength with age 7
• Maturity of concrete
• Rate of Loading: applied loads over time (second)
 Core Tests: ACI318-11 – 5.6.5, 5.6.4 ACI318-14 – 26.12.4 Reading

• Covering the existing structure (In-Place-Strength)
• Aim to Verify The concrete strength of existing structure.
• Adequate values: 0.85 of three cores not less than 85% and all should
have more than 75%. (ACI318-11 – 5.6.5) ACI318-14 – 26.12.4.1
• Procedures and recommendations of coring process:
1. Plan the scope of the investigation: Element to be investigate or
same concrete type (6 cores – k1 – Dimensions Dia >3 times agg.
Size – Length >1 – 2 times dia.)
2. Obtain and test the cores: Standard method ASTM C42 describib
the core behavior (moisture, mode of failure, recording…)
(topic for a Research reading) 8
4
 Core Tests: (cont’d)

3. Convert of the core strengths, fcore, to equivalent in-place
strengths, fcis:
 Core Tests: (cont’d)

4. Check for Outliers in the set of equivalent in-place Strengths:
Ref [3-26] - (topic for a Research reading)
5. Compute the equivalent specified strength from the in-place
strengths: the mean, ,and sample standard deviation, of
the set of equivalent in-place strengths, which remains after any
outliers have been removed
10
5
 Core Tests: (cont’d) – 5. Compute the equivalent ….. (cont’d)

11
 Example 3.1:
Compute the strength of an existing 6-in.-thick slab, calculate
Given:
1. Five cores with 4-in dia. And 6-in long.
2. Air dried conditions, without bars with the individual core strengths were
5950, 5850, 5740, 5420, and 4830 psi.
3. There is quite a difference between the lowest and second-lowest values,
assume that all five tests are valid
4. Surfaces damage to be accounted.
12
6
 Example 3.1: Solution

For each value of fcore, the following adjustment to be applied
13
 Example 3.1: Solution (cont’d)

14
7
 Strength of Concrete in a Structure: (Lower than the lab result ??)

The strength of concrete in a structure tends to be somewhat lower than the
strength of control cylinders made from the same concrete. This difference is
due to the effects of different placing, compaction, and curing procedures;
the effects of vertical migration of water during the placing of the concrete
in deep members; the effects of difference in size and shape; and the effects
of different stress regimes in the structure and the specimens.
15
III.2 Concrete behavior and Stress-Strain diagram:
 Strength under tensile and multi-axial loads

The tensile strength of concrete falls between 8 and 15 percent of the
compressive strength.
Flexural tensile strength:
16
8
 Strength under tensile and multi-axial loads: cont’d

Biaxial tension and Compression:
17
 Relation Between tensile and Compressive strengths of Concrete:

ACI318-11 9.5.2.3
 ACI318-14 – 19.2.3.1
Or, by the Commentary, R.8.6.1
18
9
 Stress-Strain Curves for Concrete:

The behavior and strength of reinforced concrete members is controlled by
the size and shape of the members and by the stress–strain properties of the
concrete and the reinforcement. The stress–strain behavior discussed in this
section will be used in subsequent chapters to develop relationships for the
strength and behavior of reinforced concrete beams and columns.
Three Modulus to be defined:
1. Tangent Modulus of Elasticity. ET
2. Initial Tangent Modulus of Elasticity.
3. Secant Modulus of Elasticity (0.4f’c)
19

 Stress-Strain Diagram for Concrete:
• Maximum Stress for strain
0.0015 – 0.003
• The stress–strain curves show
five properties:
1. Initial slope of the curves:
Ec defined and related to f’c
ACI 8.5.1
With:  density of concrete lb/ft3

Secant Modulus ~ 0.5f’c
Initial tangent Modulus is greater
about 10% than Secant Modulus
 =145lb/ft3  20
For higher strength: ACI Committee 363
10
 Stress-Strain Diagram for Concrete:

2. The rising portion of the stress–strain curve resembles a parabola with
its vertex at the maximum stress.
3. The strain, o, at maximum stress increases as the concrete strength
increases.
4. The slope of the descending branch of the stress–strain curve results
from the destruction of the structure of the concrete, caused by the
spread of micro-cracking and overall cracking.
5. The maximum strain reached, cu, decreases with an increase in
concrete strength.
Dependency on the type of specimen, type of loading,

and rate of testing
21
Refer to page 6972 (8591) – for Stress-Strain equations
22
11
 Poisson’s Ratio:

At stresses below the critical stress, Poisson’s ratio for concrete varies from
about 0.11 to 0.21 and usually falls in the range from 0.15 to 0.20. On the
basis of tests of biaxially loaded concrete, Kupfer et al. report values of 0.20
for Poisson’s ratio for concrete loaded in compression in one or two
directions: 0.18 for concrete loaded in tension in one or two directions and
0.18 to 0.20 for concrete loaded in tension and compression. Poisson’s ratio
remains approximately constant under sustained loads.
Concrete design: 0 or 0.2 (Earthquake and other consideration)
23

 Time-dependent volume changes: Creep and Shrinkage calculations:
• Concrete undergoes three main types of volume change, which may
cause stresses, cracking, or deflections that affect the in-service
behavior of reinforced concrete structures
1. Shrinkage
2. Creep
3. Thermal expansion or contraction
(topic for a Research reading)
24
12

• Shrinkage: (Retrait)
Shrinkage is the decrease in the volume of concrete during hardening
and drying under constant temperature.
Amount of Shrinkage increase with Time.
Shrinkage Strain depends of Humidity, so less than 40%  increase 25

the Strain.
Magnitude of Shrinkage Strain depends on composition of concrete

• Shrinkage: (Retrait)
Types of Shrinkage:
1. Drying Shrinkage or Shrinkage:
Ratio of Volume/exposed surf.
2. Autogenous Shrinkage: Inside the cement matrix
3. Carbonation Shrinkage: function of carbon-dioxide
In a structure, the shrinkage strains will tend to be less for the same concrete,
for the following reasons:
1. The ratio of volume to surface area will generally be larger than for the
cylinder; as a result, drying shrinkage should be reduced.
2. A structure is built in stages, and some of the shrinkage is dissipated before 26
adjacent stages are completed.
3. The reinforcement restrains the development of the shrinkage.
13

• Shrinkage: (Retrait) cont’d
Value of Shrinkage, based on 7 days curing, and then 40% Relative
Humidity
with,
- Modification of Relative Humidity (RH) – Other factors and Graphs

(P.75, 76 [93-94])
- Modification for Volume/Surface Ratio: According to surface 27

exposed / total Volume. (V/S)

• Shrinkage: (Retrait) cont’d
To minimize shrinkage it is desirable to:
1. Keep the amount of mixing water to a minimum;

2. Cure the concrete well;
3. Place the concrete for walls, floors, and other large items in small
sections (thus allowing some of the shrinkage to take place before the
next section is placed);
4. Use construction joints to control the position of cracks;
5. Use shrinkage reinforcement; and
6. Use appropriate dense and nonporous aggregates.
28
14
 Example 3.2: (Shrinkage)

A lightly reinforced 6-in.-thick floor in an underground parking garage is
supported along its outside edges by a 16-in.-thick basement wall. Cracks have
developed in the slab perpendicular to the basement wall at roughly 6 ft on
centers. The slab is 24 months old and the wall is 26 months old. The concrete
is 3500 psi, made from Type I cement, and was moist-cured for 5 days in each
case. The average relative humidity is 50 percent. Compute the width of these
cracks, assuming that they result from the basement wall restraining slab
shrinkage parallel to the wall.
Assume the slab spans 24 ft in one direction and 12 ft in the other direction.
Assume that due to continuity with adjacent slabs.
Assume the slab had 7 days of moist-curing before being exposed to the
atmosphere.
Assume the portion of the wall under consideration is 10 ft high and has a
length of 24 ft.
Assume the bottom and edges of the wall are continuous.
29

 Example 3.2: (Shrinkage) Solution
1. Compute expected shrinkage strain in slab:
Average relative humidity is 50 percent, So
Slab Volume: V = 6in x 24ft x 12ft

Exposed Surfaces: S = 2x 24ft x 12ft
 the volume/surface ratio is, V/S = 6 in./2 = 3 in.
7 days Curing & after 24 month 

30
 Shrinkage of Slab
15

2. Compute expected shrinkage strain in the wall:
Same Modification factor due to RH: 0.90
Wall Volume: V = 16in x 24ft x 10ft
Exposed Surfaces: S = 2x 24ft x 10ft + 24ft x 1.33ft (1.5ft as
mentioned by the book error)
 the volume/surface ratio is, V/S = 7.44in.
 For the first two months 
 For the following 24 months V/S = 8 in 
SO there is no big Different and could be ignored
Moist-curing 7 days  31

2. Compute expected shrinkage strain in the wall: (cont’d)
the shrinkage strain expected in the wall after 26 months can be
calculated as:
The value for the 2 months:
32
16

33

• Creep (unrestrained Concrete): (Fluage)
After elastic strain under compressive  creep with time
Creep strains, c, which continue to increase over a period of two to 34

five years, are on the order of one to three times the instantaneous
elastic strains
17

• Creep (unrestrained Concrete): (Fluage) cont’d
- The ratio of creep strain after a very long time to elastic strain, c/i is
called the creep coefficient, .
- Creep is greatest in concretes with a high cement–paste content.
- High temperature  creep increasing
• Factors affecting the magnitude of creep coefficient :

a. ratio of the sustained stress to the strength of the concrete,
b. the age of the concrete when loaded,
c. the humidity of the environment,
d. the dimensions of the element, and
e. the composition of the concrete
35
• For Info: refer to P.79-80

- The total strain εc(t), at time t in a concrete member uniaxially loaded
with a constant stress c(t0) at time t0 is
36
18

The stress-dependent strain at time t is
For a stress c applied at time t0 and remaining constant until time t,

the creep strain εcc between time t0 and t is
Where, Ec(28) is the modulus of elasticity at the age of 28 days
By considering the fcm = 1.2.f’c instead of f’c since creep strains 37

involve the entire member

the creep coefficient as a function of time:
10 based on moist-cured
for 7 days
where t is the number of days after application of the load and Cu is the
ultimate creep coefficient.
2.35 Could be varied

between 1.3 to 4.15
The coefficients rh and vs account for the ambient relative humidity
and the volume/surface ratio, respectively, for RH>40
38
19

The coefficient to is used to account for the age of the concrete when
load is applied to the member.
Early loading of a concrete member will result in higher shrinkage
strains. Values for to from ACI Committee 209 [3-21] are:
where to is the time in days at initial loading of the member.
 The expressions given here for creep strains are intended for general use and do not
consider significant variations in curing conditions and the types and amounts of
aggregates used in the mix design. If creep deflections are anticipated to be a serious
problem for a particular structure, consideration should be given to carrying out creep
tests on the concrete to be used. Further, a more sophisticated approach is recommended 39
for applications where an accurate calculation of deflection versus time after initial
loading is required, such as in segmentally constructed post-tension concrete bridges.

Several items affecting the amount of creep are:
1. The longer the concrete cures before loads are applied, the smaller will
be the creep. Steam curing, which causes quicker strengthening, will
also reduce creep.
2. Higher-strength concretes have less creep than do lower-strength

concretes stressed at the same values.
3. Creep increases with higher temperatures. It is highest when the

concrete is at about 150◦F to 160◦F.
4. The higher the humidity, the smaller will be the free pore water that can 40
escape from the concrete. Creep is almost twice as large at 50%
humidity than at 100% humidity.
20

Several items affecting the amount of creep are: (cont’d)
5. Concretes with the highest percentage of cement–water paste have the
highest creep because the paste, not the aggregate, does the creeping.
6. Obviously, the addition of reinforcing to the compression areas of

concrete will greatly reduce creep because steel exhibits very little
creep at ordinary stresses. As creep tends to occur in the concrete, the
reinforcing will block it and pick up more and more of the load.
7. Large concrete members (i.e., those with large volume-to-surface area

ratios) will creep proportionately less than smaller thin members where
the free water has smaller distances to travel to escape. 41
8. It is quite difficult to distinguish between shrinkage and creep.

• Example: Creep (unrestrained Concrete)
A plain concrete pedestal 24in x 24in x 10 ft high is subjected to an
average stress of 1000 psi. Compute the total shortening in 5 years if
the load is applied 2 weeks after the concrete is cast. The properties of
the concrete and the exposure are the same as the previous example.
Solution: 1. Compute the ultimate shrinkage strain coefficient, Cu.
Ultimate Creep Coefficient:
Modification Factor (humidity 50%):
Load Applied t0=14 days, and Moist-cured:
Volume/Surface ratio:
42
21

Solution: (cont’d)
2. Compute creep coefficient for time since loading.
The time since the load was applied is stated as 5 years minus 2 weeks. Thus,
t is:
the creep coefficient as a function of time results in:
43

3. Compute the total stress-dependent strain.
The total stress-dependent strain is a sum of the initial strain plus the creep
strain that develops between the time of initial loading, to, and the time of
interest, t. The concrete stress at initial loading, c(to), is given as 1000 psi.
The concrete modulus, Ec (28), will be calculated.
The concrete strength to use is taken as the average concrete strength in the
entire member, fcm, which is assumed to be 1.2f’c . So,
44
22

3. Compute the total stress-dependent strain.
The initial strain at the application of load is to be calculated using the
concrete modulus at the time of loading, Ec(to). And at 14 days:
45

4. Compute the expected shortening of the pedestal related to stress-
dependent strains.
46
23

• Creep (restrained): (Fluage)
In an axially loaded reinforced concrete column, the creep shortening
of the concrete causes compressive strains in the longitudinal
reinforcement, increasing the load in the steel and reducing the load,
and hence the stress, in the concrete. As a result, a portion of the
elastic strain in the concrete is recovered and, in addition, the creep
strains are smaller than they would be in a plain concrete column with
the same initial concrete stress. A similar redistribution occurs in the
compression zone of a beam with compression steel.
This effect can be modeled using an age-adjusted effective modulus
47

• Example: Creep (Restrained Concrete)
A concrete pedestal 24in x 24in x 10 ft high has eight No. 8
longitudinal bars and is loaded with a load of 630 kips at an age of 2
weeks. Compute the elastic stresses in the concrete and steel at the
time of loading and the stresses and strains at an age of 5 years. The
properties of the concrete and the exposure are the same as previous
examples
48
24

Solution:
1. Compute the transformed area at the instant of loading, Atr.
49

Solution:
2. Compute the age-adjusted effective modulus, Ecaa(t, t0), and the age-
adjusted modular ratio, naa
50
25

Solution:
3. Compute the age-adjusted transformed area, Atraa, the stresses in the
concrete and in the steel, and the shortening
51

Important Note:
52
26

• Thermal Expansion:
The coefficient of thermal expansion or contraction, α, is affected by:
1- Composition of Concrete;
2- Moisture content of the concrete
3- Age of Concrete
Values: from 3.6x10-6 to 7x10-6 /oF
NB:
As the temperature rises, so does the coefficient of expansion and at
the temperatures experienced in building fires, it may be several times
the value at normal operating temperatures [3-54]. The thermal
expansion of a floor slab in a fire may be large enough to exert large 53
shear-forces on the supporting columns.
III.3 Different types of Concrete and Rebars:

 High-Strength Concrete:
• Concretes with 28-day strengths in excess of 6000 psi are referred to as
high-strength concretes.
• Strengths of up to 18,000 psi have been used in buildings.
• Admixture / super-plasticizers, Lower water/cement ratio, types of
aggregates, etc…
• High-Performance Concrete: ease of placement and consolidation, high
early-age strength to allow early stripping of forms, durability, and high
strength.
• Mechanical Properties: for f’c more than 6000 psi.
• Creep and Shrinkage:
Shrinkage of concrete is approximately proportional to the percentage of water by
volume in the concrete. High-strength concrete has a higher paste content, but the paste
has a lower water/cement ratio. As a result, the shrinkage of high-strength concrete is
about the same as that of normal concrete. 54
Test data suggest that the creep coefficient, for high-strength concrete is considerably
less than that for normal concrete.
27
 Light Weight Concrete: density 90-120 lb/ft3 (Topic for Research Reading)

• Artificial light weight Aggregate
• Cost 20% more
Compressive stress-strain curves for normal-weight and lightweight

concretes,
f’c = 3000 and 5000 psi
55
• The shrinkage and creep of lightweight concrete are similar to or
slightly greater than those for normal concrete.

 Fiber Reinforced Concrete: (Topic for Research Reading)
• Four major Groups: steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers, and
natural fibers.
• Its quantity does not exceed 1.5% of the volume.
• Reduction of cracks  reduce the reinforcement
• Use limitation due to missing of research
• Good bond tensile resistance enhancement
• ASTM C1609 define the test procedure.
56
28
 Durability of Concrete: The three most common durability problems in

concrete structures are the following:
1. Corrosion of steel in the concrete: Oxidation of the concrete; PH factor
(13) . PH 11  corrosion can start. Corrosion  Rebars volume
increase  Cracking and Spalling of Concrete.
to control corrosion of steel in concrete by requiring a minimum strength and a
maximum water/cementitious materials ratio to reduce the permeability of the
concrete and by requiring at least a minimum cover to the reinforcing bars. The
amount of chlorides in the mix also is restricted. Epoxy-coated bars sometimes
are used to delay or prevent corrosion.
Question: what about for permanently submerged portions of structures
2. Breakdown of the structure of the concrete due to freezing and thawing:
Entrained air, Spacing of air voids
3. Breakdown of the structure of the concrete due to chemical attack:
57
Sulfates, chlorides. ACI Code Ch. 4 presents requirements for concrete that is
exposed to freezing, thawing, deicing chemicals, sulfates, and chlorides. Examples are
pavements, bridge decks, parking garages, water tanks, and found. in sulfate-rich soils.

 Behavior of concrete exposed to high and low temperatures:
• Some resistance in time of concrete
• Avoid the direct contact by water while the fire to avoid concrete Spall
• Modulus of Elasticity decrease with high temperature.
• Thermal expansion coefficient increase with the high temperature.
• Strength Reduction
58
29
 Shotcrete:

Shotcrete is concrete or mortar that is pneumatically projected onto a
surface at high velocity. A mixture of sand, water, and cement is sprayed
through a nozzle. Shotcrete is used as new structural concrete or as repair
material. It has properties similar to those of cast-in-place concrete, except
that the properties depend on the skill of the nozzle person who applies the
material. Manu references and standards are available.
 High-Alumina Cement: (used for high temperature)
High-alumina cement is occasionally used in structures. Concretes made

from this type of cement have an unstable crystalline structure that could
lose its strength over time, especially if exposed to moderate to high 59
humidities and temperatures. In general, high-alumina cements should be
avoided in structural applications

 Reinforcement:
The most common types of reinforcement for non-prestressed members are
hot-rolled deformed bars and wire fabric.
 Hot-Rolled Deformed Bars:
ASTM A 615: Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement.
• most commonly used reinforcing bars.
• sizes 3 to 18 in Grade 60 (yield strength of 60 ksi)
• sizes 3 to 6 in Grade 40
• sizes 6 to 18 in Grade 75.
•
ASTM A 706: Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement.
• special applications: weldability, bendability, or ductility. 60
• larger elongation at failure and a more stringent bend
30

61
62
31

63
64
32

65
66
33
 Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement: (Topic for Research Reading)

• Known since 1990 – Researches
• Common types are GFRP (made with glass fibers), AFRP (made with
Aramid fibers), and CFRP (made with carbon fibers)
• Modulus of Elasticity – 20-80% more than steel reinforcement.
• Corrosion reduction and elimination
• The elastic–brittle stress–strain behavior of FRP bars affects the beam-
design philosophy. In the ACI beam-design philosophy, the value of the
strength-reduction factor, , ranges from 0.65 for members in which the
strain in the extreme tensile layer of steel is zero or compression to 0.90
for beams in which the bar strain at ultimate exceeds 0.005 strain in
tension. For beams designed with FRP reinforcement, proposed values
for vary between 0.5 and 0.7
67

 Prestressing Steel:
68
34
Cheating Sheet
Cheating Sheet
Chapter III - Materials Chapter III - Materials
70
69
35

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Chapter III :

Chapter III - Materials

Chapter III - Materials

III.1 Concrete Mechanics with its Compressive Strength:

Chapter III - Materials

Chapter III - Materials

III.1 Concrete Mechanics with its Compressive Strength:

where s is the standard deviation

The required Mean Strength fcr must be at

Chapter III - Materials

• Supplementary Cementitious Materials: fly ash, silica fume, etc…

III.1 Concrete Mechanics with its Compressive Strength:

 Core Tests: ACI318-11 – 5.6.5, 5.6.4 ACI318-14 – 26.12.4 Reading

 Core Tests: (cont’d)

Chapter III - Materials

III.1 Concrete Mechanics with its Compressive Strength:

 Core Tests: (cont’d)

 Core Tests: (cont’d) – 5. Compute the equivalent ….. (cont’d)

Chapter III - Materials

III.1 Concrete Mechanics with its Compressive Strength:

 Example 3.1: Solution

Chapter III - Materials

III.1 Concrete Mechanics with its Compressive Strength:

 Example 3.1: Solution (cont’d)

 Strength of Concrete in a Structure: (Lower than the lab result ??)

Chapter III - Materials

III.2 Concrete behavior and Stress-Strain diagram:

 Strength under tensile and multi-axial loads

 Strength under tensile and multi-axial loads: cont’d

Chapter III - Materials

III.2 Concrete behavior and Stress-Strain diagram:

 Relation Between tensile and Compressive strengths of Concrete:

Or, by the Commentary, R.8.6.1

Chapter III - Materials

III.2 Concrete behavior and Stress-Strain diagram:

With:  density of concrete lb/ft3

Chapter III - Materials

Dependency on the type of specimen, type of loading,

III.2 Concrete behavior and Stress-Strain diagram:

Chapter III - Materials

Chapter III - Materials

Concrete design: 0 or 0.2 (Earthquake and other consideration)

III.2 Concrete behavior and Stress-Strain diagram:

(topic for a Research reading)

Chapter III - Materials

Shrinkage Strain depends of Humidity, so less than 40%  increase 25

III.2 Concrete behavior and Stress-Strain diagram:

Chapter III - Materials

- Modification of Relative Humidity (RH) – Other factors and Graphs

- Modification for Volume/Surface Ratio: According to surface 27

III.2 Concrete behavior and Stress-Strain diagram:

1. Keep the amount of mixing water to a minimum;

Chapter III - Materials

III.2 Concrete behavior and Stress-Strain diagram:

Slab Volume: V = 6in x 24ft x 12ft

7 days Curing & after 24 month 

Chapter III - Materials

III.2 Concrete behavior and Stress-Strain diagram:

The value for the 2 months:

Chapter III - Materials

III.2 Concrete behavior and Stress-Strain diagram:

Creep strains, c, which continue to increase over a period of two to 34

Chapter III - Materials