Exercise 2 1. vehicles 2. buildings 3. dangers 4. obstacles Exercise 3 1, delighted the family 4. at the reception 2. had major problems 5. valuable jewellery, coins and gold bars 3, alternative sources of energy PART 3: TESTS (Papers 1 and 2) Note : Model compositions are not given in this key because examining authorities have asked authors not to provide them (in case some students memorise them). TEST 1- PAPER 2 From Passage A: 1. (a) lucrative (b) They probably found that life in the USA was more difficult or more competitive that they had expected. (c) It refers to the demand for transport across the Atlantic Ocean. 2. (a) Itis the first voyage of a new ship. (b) holed, broken into, broken open (c) _Itrefers to the total number of people on board the ship, ic. including both passengers and crew. 3. He implies that the “Titanic” was going much too fast. 4, He did not go to help the “Titanic”. 5. (a) It took the ship about 3 hours to sink. (It hit the iceberg at about 11.40 p.m. and sank at 2.40 a.m.) (b) The stern or rear sank last. (©) The main evidence was the speed of the “Titanic” in an area known to contain icebergs. From Passage Bz 6. (a) The event was probably the failure of the “Californian” to receive the radio SOS from the “Titanic” and to go to help her. (b) A radio operator had to be on duty at all times on ocean-going ships. The operator had to be properly trained. 7. (a) Captain Smith was criticized at the American inquiry but he was not blamed at the British inquiry. (b) @) only an attempt to make something bad appear better than it really was Gi) found to have failed to take proper care iii) agreed with the decision8. 1. very keen 4. make certain 2. bound to sink or meet disaster 5. _ prevented 3. not adequately organized 9. Several factors led to the sinking of the “Titanic” and to the death of many people on the ship. The “Titanic” was going much too fast (21-22 knots) at night in an area known to contain icebergs. The lookout had no binoculars, so an iceberg was not seen until a collision was inevitable. A 300-foot gash breached six watertight compartments and let water in. The “Titanic” did not sink for another three hours but many people died because there were not enough lifeboats, and the evacuation of the ship was badly organized. Some lifeboats left half empty and did not pick up survivors in the water. It was a cold night when the ship sank at 2.40 a.m., so people froze to death or drowned in the icy sea. (STOP to count the number of words: 111. I can use another 39 words.) Anearby ship misunderstood distress rockets from the “Titanic”. Its radio operator was not on duty and failed to receive SOS messages from the “Titanic”. Consequently, no help arrived until several hours after the “Titanic” had sunk. (148 words) TEST 2 - PAPER 2 From Passage A: 1. It tells us that the invasion would be difficult and hotly resisted by the Germans. 2. (a) The mistake was in attacking Pearl Harbour and it proved fatal because it led the USA to declare war on Japan and later defeat it. (b) He meant that the attack would anger the USA which, with its military and resources, would be dangerous to Japan. (a) It means ‘up to that point in time’. (b) In 1941, the USA had not yet manufactured atomic bombs, so it could not use any. 4. The aim was to weaken German resistance to the coming invasion and reduce Allied casualties. From Passage B: 5. deception 6. (a) It was intended to benefit the safecracker by freeing and paying him. It was meant to benefit Germany by obtaining secret information about the Allies in the UK. (b) The man wanted to be free and realised that he could get back to England and inform the authorities. 7. (a) The plan was to use the safecracker as an agent for the Allies and against Germany. (b) The snag was to make the Germans think that the safecracker was working for them. The British overcame this by making the Germans think that the man had blown up the power-house of the de Havilland plant. 8. They needed to find out whether the safecracker had blown up the power-house or not.9. (a) The Germans scoffed at reports of Allied landings on the Normandy beaches. The Germans thought that the Normandy landings were “mere diversions’ and that the main attack would come in the Pas de Calais area. (b) _Itrefers to reports of Allied landings in France. 10. 1. finally 3. information 5. very best 2. merciless 4. to get information 11, Maskelyne was a professional magician and helped the Allied effort in World War II. His considerable experience as a skilful illusionist enabled him and his men to use clever forms of camouflage to deceive the Germans. Maskelyne worked with a Royal Engineers unit and contrived to build dummy airfields, military vehicles, planes and even ships to deceive German reconnaissance planes. On one occasion, he created a big relief canvas to create the impression that a German agent had seriously damaged the power-house at a plant making British planes. This also enabled the British to use the agent as a double agent. Maskelyn’s work in the preparations for the vital D-day invasion of France in 1944 was most important in helping the Allied forces to spring a surprise on the Germans. (STOP to count the number of words to see whether I have to finish abruptly or can continue ina leisurely way. The number of words so far is about 116, so I can use about another 40 words.) Maskelyne created false airfields, dummy planes and other things which helped to prevent the Germans from discovering exactly where the Allies would invade France. (total: 140 words) TEST 3 - PAPER 2 From Passage A: 1. (a) A person can live for weeks without food but cannot survive long without water. (b) It means ‘a lack of water, causing the body to dry up’. 2. (a) Itprobably refers to drinking water which has not been (properly) boiled or treated chemically to make it fit to drink. (b) [can boil it for 7 minutes. 3. (a) No treatment is necessary but we can remove any bugs which have fallen into it. (b) He must make sure that it does not have a milky sap. He must make the top cut first so that the water does not drain away before he can drink it. 4. (a) The author repeats the point that finding water is more important than finding food. (b) They are prejudices against eating creatures such as beetles and worms. 5. (a) They are out of sight, high in the trees. (b) They are scarce, difficult to find and very difficult to catch. (©) _Itrefers to (larger) animals, referred to as ‘game’.From Passage B: 6. Itmeans ‘how long they may expect to live’. 7. (a) dictator (b) He implies that governments understand the need to make long-standing illegal immigrants citizens of the country (because they are needed by the economy). 8. Itmeans ‘with very difficult living conditions’. Since the land to the west is inhospitable, immigrants tend to move to the south. 9.1L. being very tired and exhausted 3._keep you alive 5. wealth 2. cannot be reached 4. carried out successfully 10. There are a number of sources of water in the jungle. Rainwater is safe to drink and can be caught in a cloth or in containers made from vegetables. Water can be obtained from plants such as lianas, which are full of water and can be cut open. Grapevine and bamboo is0 contain a convenient store of water. Rainwater can also be found in the hollows of air plants high up in trees. An unripe coconut can provide a person with nearly a pint of water. (c. 75 words) ‘There is plenty of good food in the jungle but a survivor must be prepared to live off the land, i.e. to cook and eat such animals, birds, fish, lizards and snakes as he can catch. Snakes and lizards are particularly tasty. It may also be possible to catch land crabs and turtles but birds are difficult to catch. In clearings and areas of secondary jungle, animals such as deer, squirrels and monkeys can be caught by a patient hunter. (c. 80 words). The total of 155 words is too great, so we can leave out the seven underlined words and reduce the final summary to about 148 words. TEST 4- PAPER 2 From Passage A: 1. (a) It tells us that the site should keep the bees warm and comfortable. (b) The scouts may pick a site which proves to be disastrous when bad weather comes. 2. The oldest bees know the district best and can choose the best available site. There are a few thousand bees in a swarm, i.e. twenty times “a few hundred’. 4, We are told that they spent a long time visiting the site and checking it under different conditions, so this was certainly not a ‘trial-and-error’ method. 5. interspersed (broken up; alternating with) 6. somehow From Passage B: 7. Nobody seemed to know where locusts came from, why there were so many, and where they went to. 8. They can destroy the food of human beings and leave them to starve. 9. He is the scientist who discovered how, when and where grasshoppers change into locusts. 12210. 12. 13; 14, ‘The two factors are chance overpopulation followed by a shortage of food which forces locusts to moye elsewhere to find food. . The word is ‘prevailing’. The locusts cannot choose which way to fly, so they are carried in the direction of the prevailing wind. This is done to kill as many locusts and eggs as possible before the locusts fly away. We are told that they ‘strip fields bare in hours” and eat all the crops. 1. staying alive 3. looked for (and found) 5. gather together 2. followers 4. weakness caused by lack of food . Scout bees play a crucial role in establishing a new colony of honeybees. They are responsible for finding a safe and suitable site when a swarm of bees leaves its old home. The scout bees até the oldest ones and know the district best. In early summer, a swarm leaves its home, settles on a nearby tree and waits for the scouts to find a site, The scouts visit many possible sites and walk round inside to check the size and suitability of each one. ‘Then they return later to check the site under varying conditions When the scouts have chosen a site, they fly back to the swarm and signal it to break up and prepare to fly. They make zigzag flights through the swarm to lead it in the right direction. When they eventually reach the site, they signal the swarm to stop. Then they fly down and release a chemical to mark the entrance to the new home. (c, 148 words) TEST 5 - PAPER 2 From Passage A: 1 p 7. We are told that the ship had to sail ‘round Africa’, so it seems likely that (perhaps because of its massive size) it did not go through the narrow Suez Canal. ‘The wind was blowing from the north-west, forcing it towards the French coast. The hydraulic equipment was needed to power the steering. It failed to function properly because a pipe in its system was ruptured. Perhaps the captain did not want the publicity or cost involved in informing the French authorities. However, when the lives of the crew were at risk, he had to contact the French authorities to get helicopters to rescue the crew. ‘They apparently argued about the cost of help from the tug (which was entitled to a large salvage payment if it was successful). The fault in the steam system made it impossible for the captain to drop the anchor normally. Thus the wind was able to blow the tanker onto the rocks. It means ‘destroyed’. From Passage B: 8 a: 10. Tt means ‘except for’. forcing The risk is of inhaling lead in the exhaust fumes of vehicles. People in upper floors are less at risk because the air at their level contains less lead.11, He wanted to show the presence of lead in the air in London, and thus the danger to people. 12. He uses ‘not the only source’ and ‘Another source’ to link paragraph 5 with paragraph 4, He cites the number of cases of lead poisoning and explains how the body is harmed by confusing calcium and lead. 14. Rural children are less affected by lead in the air (because there is less traffic). They do better at school and are less likely to behave badly. 15. L broken 3. almost 5. which cannot be changed back 2. traditional 4. made harmful or bad 16. A number of factors combined to cause the ‘Amoco Cadiz’ to become wrecked on the coast of Brittany. The captain took the tanker near the French coast to save time. Unfortunately for him, storms with strong winds blew the ship nearer and nearer to the coast. Meanwhile, the hydraulic system broke down. This affected the ship’s steering gear. When a powerful tug did eventually arrive, there was a delay because the captains of the two vessels could not agree on financial terms. Eventually the tug managed to get a towing-line on the tanker but it broke and there was further delay before another line was in place. ‘When the captain of the tanker tried to move the ship away from land, he could not steer the ship properly. There was also a fault in the system for lowering the anchor and it was lost. ‘At the mercy of the storms, the ‘Amoco Cadiz’ was eventually wrecked on the rocks near the coast. (c. 144 words) TEST 6 - PAPER 2 From Passage A: He implies that the earliest inhabitants of the cave may not have been Peking Man. ‘The height is not given. They could be found at the deepest point in the floor of the cave. ‘There was no space left inside the cave for inhabitants. “Cranial capacity’ refers to the size of the head and thus to the size of the brain, Awswne Both words involve making guesses. We have to make (informed) guesses about Peking Man because we do not have sufficient evidence in some instances. 7. 1 do not think Peking Man was a hominoid because hominoids preceded hominids, which the inhabitants of the cave were. From Passage B: 8. It tells us that scientific knowledge at that time was much less advanced than it is now. 9. (a) He wanted to obtain formal verification of his belief (or claim) that he had found the remains of the Missing Link. (b) He was probably very pleased with Woodward’s opinion.1. Lee 13. 14, . Firstly, remains of the Missing Link had been found. Secondly, the discovery brought prestige to England, They were suspicious because no further trace of the Missing Link was found anywhere Tests on them showed that they could not have come from one creature, so the ‘Missing Link’ was a fake. In 1953, scientists were able to use advanced tests which were not available in 1913. 1. without a break 4. genuineness 2. developed differently 5. trickery 3. later . The evolution of Man from hominoids took millions of years. By about 35 million years ago, the first hominoid diverged from other primates and was a very early ancestor of Man. This creature walked quadrupedally but by 10-8 million years ago the first hominid had evolved and could walk on its rear limbs but had a small cranium. Then about 4 million years ago an advanced hominid lived in Ethiopia, He had a larger brain, walked well and has been called ‘homo erectus’. After a further 2'4 years, this hominid had evolved a larger brain and had more advanced skills, including the ability to make pebble tools and use fire to cook food. “Homo erectus’ continued to develop and one species had a larger brain case by about 200,000 years ago. Further evolution led to the appearance of ‘homo sapiens’ less than 100,000 years ago. He had more sophisticated skills and was the ancestor of modern Man. (c. 145 words) TEST 7 - PAPER 2 From Passage A: 1, 6. Te (a) observing (and perhaps recording about) (b) They must have been puzzled by the changes in illuminations on Earth A shortage of electricity might make people use fewer lights. ‘The rise is caused by increased demand at a time when fewer sources of fuel are available. ‘We might see such a plant by a large river or ata dam. The prevailing temperature decides this. Industrialization has increased both the demand for fuel and its price. They illustrate the point that in former years people did not travel far or often. From Passage B: 8. It is increasingly familiar because people are becoming more aware of the need to conserve increasingly scarce supplies of fuels which can produce energy such as electricity. A nuclear plant may accidentally release radioactive dust. Nobody is sure of an infallible method of disposing of radioactive waste. . If they face south, they will get the benefit of maximum sunshine and be most effective. . They do not produce harmful gases or use engines which can cause pollution.12. ‘Durable’ means ‘lasting’. Since the sea will always be with us, it can always be used to produce electricity. 13. He implies that harnessing the methane is an extreme (and perhaps ludicrous) way of finding alternative methods of producing fuels. 14. 1. becoming less 4. normal and ordinary 2. work properly 5. _ controlling and making use of 3. use (up) 15. The writer mentions a number of alternative sources of energy. Nuclear plants are considered to be a major source of electricity but they produce two serious problems. An accident at a nuclear plant can release massive amounts of radioactive dust which can kill thousands of people. At the same time, no satisfactory method has yet been found of storing or disposing of large quantities of radioactive waste. Solar panels have become more popular, They can produce enough electricity for homes but are too expensive for most people at the moment. In windy areas, pollution-free windmills (or turbines) are said to be unsightly but they can produce power for homes and even sell surplus electricity to the national grid. Experiments are being held in tidal estuaries and the sea to find out the best way of harnessing the power of currents and tides. On land, new crops are being grown in Brazil for their ability to produce fuel when suitably processed. (c. 150 words) TEST 8 - PAPER 2 From Passage A: 1. very keenly 2. Ships sailed throughout the world and needed coal en route. Hence the company needed a global network of fuel depots to supply the ships. He disapproved of bribery (and dishonesty). 4 (a) _It was needed to bribe ship’s captains and/or engineers. (>) Ashipping company might claim that one of the ships had been delayed by poor quality coal. Then the writer’s company would have to pay compensation (or lose a contract). 5. Lesson 1 was “Sometimes bribery is inevitable in business, so you'd better get used to it and not make a fuss about it”. 6. It tells us that the coal might have been of good quality. 7. It means ‘under’ or ‘below’. From Passage B: 8. It is another example of malpractice in business. 9. He could not understand why men were throwing metal and wood into the river. 10 (a) became free from the place where it was tied up, probably when a rope gave way (b) _Ittells us that the barge moved with the current towards the mouth of the river.He probably said, “Throw a lot of junk stuff into the river by the jetty to make it appear as if the damage is much worse than it really is.” 12 (a) It was better for the writer’s company, who could claim against their insurance company and/or against the company which owned the barge. (b) It made the damage appear greater and brought higher compensation. 13. In the morning, the tide was low, so the men could see where to drop scrap items by the jetty. Later on, the tide turned and the water was deeper, so the marine surveyors could not examine the damage too closely. 14. 1. exploring (with difficulty) 4. time spent working beyond normal hours 2. doing well 5. ina friendly way 3. fell (sharply) 15. When I arrived at the Greenwich depot, I saw nearly all the workmen searching throughout the yard and collecting pieces of wood and scrap metal to drop into the river near our jetty. I was puzzled but the assistant manager explained that a barge from another company had drifted downstream and had slightly damaged our jetty during the night. He said that they were waiting for marine surveyors from the company and its insurers to arrive later during the day and inspect the damage. The company’s surveyor had already told him to make the damage appear as bad as possible. Then he could submit a larger claim to the insurance company. The two marine surveyors would inspect the damage to the jetty and negotiate an agreed sum for compensation from the company’s insurers. The company would make a good profit from the accident. He added that this was a common practice. (c. 144 words) PART 5: VOCABULARY Exercise 1 1. somebody with ability but an unpolished manner 6. _ preparing to erupt 2. dangerous and rapacious person 7. advanced 3. occurred to 8. calm centre 4. thoroughly searched 9. wound; went with bends 5. very large number 10. believe Exercise 2 1. & 3. A $.£ 7B o. & 2. B 4. 8B 6A 8 B 10.D Exercise 3 1. D 3. B 5. B WA 9C 2D 4A 6. C 8&8 B 10.DExercise 4 3. B 10.A Exercise 5 10.B Exercise 6 10.D