Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
平成 16 年 2 月
February 2004
財団法人 海事産業研究所
February 2004
Kiyoshi Terashima
President
Japan Maritime Research Institute
Contents
The following guidelines were incorporated when this manual was compiled
so that the above-mentioned concepts are to be realized.
This manual contains individual drills that focus on specific situations. The
drills, which represent scenarios, can be combined freely, enabling ships to make
a selection based on their particular situations.
Please note that the normal confirmation of an order (i.e. “Roger.”) and its
counter response have been omitted to a minimum so that the flow can easily be
understood.
Although carrying out the related drills, there are some lines attached with
notes “just procedures only” to lessen the burden of the drill. Ships that have
extra time may choose to perform such activities. Otherwise, they should
proceed as instructed by the scenarios.
The scenarios often include lines that are too embarrassing to say. However,
in order to make the most of the drills, it is important to have others act and also
act yourself in practice. For this reason, the progress of a drill is described
verbally as much as possible.
Each ship can take liberty to arrange scenarios as desired, as they are merely
examples. The drills presented here are meant as examples that can be used to
promote further drilling.
It is hoped that each ship will hold meetings frequently regarding the drills
with the aim of improving the existing systems.
III. Drills Designed to Cope with Pirate Attacks
(Assumption)
The watchkeeper spots two small unlit boats moving suspiciously. The
watchkeeper raises the alarm onboard the ship, prompting other crew to take
prearranged action, and informs coast guard authorities on shore of the situation.
※ Raising the alarm quickly is essential so that all crew to be prepared for
action.
※ The master is assumed to be in his cabin, then comes up to the bridge.
※ In order to ensure safe navigation, this drill should be carried out in
relatively deep and unrestricted waters.
<Drill scenario>
Watchkeeper ⇒ “I sighted two small unlit boats in a position 1,000 meters to
starboard stern, approaching.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Watch their movements.” (Monitor the radar.)
Watchkeeper ⇒ “They are approaching.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Confirm our position.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Our position is confirmed and recorded.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (Use an onboard phone to call the master.) “Two small
suspicious boats are approaching from behind. Please come
up to the bridge.”
Master ⇒ “Get ready to raise the alarm and blow a blast if necessary.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Alarm is ready.” “Turn on searchlights.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Boats are in a position 500 meters off the starboard stern.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “I am blowing a blast.” (Blow one long blast at first and then
repeat it several times at appropriate intervals.)
[→The blasts send out a warning to the approaching boats
and inform the crew of an emergency.]
Watchofficer ⇒ “Boats are in a position 300 meters off the starboard stern.”
Master ⇒ (It is assumed that the master has come up to the bridge and
has understood the situation.) “I will command the ship.”
[→It is assumed that these events occur at night. Thus, it
would be sensible for the watchofficer to command the ship
until the master gets his night-vision.] “Raise the alarm
onboard. All crew go to their stations.” “Locate coast guard
authority and be ready to report.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard the ship.) “Two suspicious boats are
approaching. They may be pirates. All crew go to your stations
and confirm all facilities are secured.” “When you are at your
duty stations, report to bridge.”
Master ⇒ “Flash the searchlights on the boats.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Searchlights have been flashed.” (just procedures only)
Master ⇒ “Discharge water around this ship.” (just procedures only)
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Boats are in position 50 meters on starboard stern.”
Master ⇒ “Report situation to coast guard authority and operating
company.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (Contact the coast guard authority by wireless, phone, etc.)
(just procedures only) “This is XXX-registered cargo carrier
XXX. Present position XXX. Course XXX degrees. Speed
XXX knots. I am being chased with small suspicious boats,
probably pirates. I request your assistance.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (Make a similar report to operating company.)
Master ⇒ “Increase speed to XXX knots.” “Steer the ship in random
zigzags and throw them off.” (Steer the ship appropriately to
keep the boats from approaching.) (The master actually steers
the ship.)
Watchofficer ⇒ “Small boats have stopped approaching. They are going away
now.”
Master ⇒ “Continue sailing as to watch further developments.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Small boats are two miles away.”
Master ⇒ “Report situation to coast guard authority.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (Report to coast guard authority.) “Approaching boats have
stopped. They are going away. We appreciate your assistance.”
“We will contact you again if situation changes.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Small boats seem to have given up the chase.”
Master ⇒ “Return to normal operations for the time being.” “Dismiss
the stations”
Watchofficer ⇒ (via a microphone, etc.) “We have thrown off the small boats.
Dismiss the stations. Pay attention to further warnings.”
Master ⇒ (The master should report to the operating company and the
IMB/PRC.) (just procedures only)
Master ⇒ “Drill is over.”
※ Many reports indicate that some pirates renew their attacks after pretending
to have given up. It is important to remain on the alert until the ship has
sufficiently cleared the dangerous area. This is especially important in cases
where it appears the pirates have been thrown off.
[ 2 ] Raising the alarm onboard ship (No.2)
(Assumption)
The watchkeeper identifies a small suspicious boat 200 meters astern the ship.
The watchkeeper raises the alarm onboard ship, takes measures to deter an
attack and reports to the coast guard authority.
※ If a suspicious boat approaches when preparations have not yet been made,
it could be dangerous to have crew on board taking measures to deter an
attack. This drill should be carried out in consideration of such an event.
<Drill scenario>
Watchkeeper ⇒ “A suspicious boat is rapidly approaching from 200 meters
astern.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Flash searchlights on our stern.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ (Operate searchlights.) “I have found a high-speed boat in
position 200 meters off the port side stern. It appears to be a
pirate boat.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (Blow a blast an appropriate number of times and make
contact with the boat.) (Try to contact it via a VHF device.)
“This is containership XXX. Please respond.” (Try several
times.) (Confirm the boat will not respond.) “Report to
master.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ (The watchkeeper reports the situation to the master using an
onboard phone.)
Master ⇒ “Raise the alarm onboard ship and have everyone except
crew on duty in engine room assemble to the bridge.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard ship.) “A pirate boat is approaching
us. Check access points to endure they are secured.”
“Everyone except crew on duty, assemble to the bridge.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Increase speed to maximum.”
Master ⇒ (Show up to the bridge to instruct the watchofficer and
others.) “Watch every movement of the boat and throw it
off by navigating in random zigzags.” “Report to coast guard
authority.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (Being careful of surrounding conditions, the watchkeeper
steer the ship ports and starboards the helm so as not to
impact cargoes but to create irregular waves.)
Officer in charge of communication ⇒ (Report the name, position and state
of the ship to a coast guard authority.) “XXX. This is
XXX-registered containership XXX. Present position latitude
XXX degrees XXX minutes north, longitude XXX degrees
and XXX minutes east, heading northeast bound. We are
chased by a small suspicious boat, which seems to be pirate.
I request your assistance.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Small boat seems to have stopped moving.”
Master ⇒ “Continue to sail as to observe further developments.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Small boat is now two miles away. There are no signs of
chasing us.”
Master ⇒ “Report situation to coast guard authority.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (Report the situations to the coast guard authority.) “Small
boat following us has now stopped the chase. It is dropping
away into the distance. I appreciate your assistance.” “I will
contact you again if situation changes.”
Master ⇒ “Return to normal operations. Dismiss the stations.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (via a microphone, etc.) “We have thrown off the small boat.
All crew may leave your emergency stations. Pay attention to
further alarms.”
Master ⇒ (Report to the operating company and the IMB/PRC.) (just
procedures only)
Master ⇒ “Drill is over.”
[ 3 ] Using the fire hoses (No.1)
(Assumption)
Detect the approach of pirates in an early stage. Force them to deter their attacks
by discharging water on both sides of the ship.
※ It is an important factor for the ship to make pirates recognize that crew are
actively taking countermeasures to deter an attack. Discharging water is a
very effective means for getting this message across.
<Drill scenario>
Master ⇒ (Make an announcement at the same time as raising
the alarm.)
“Boat, which could be pirates, is approaching from
astern. Water discharging team, go to stations.”
(Instruct via onboard phone from the engine
controlling room.)
“Operate emergency fire pumps.”
Water discharging team⇒ (Those in command at duty stations report to the
bridge via their usual mobile wireless
communicating devices.)
“Water discharging team is at its duty stations. We
will now put the hoses together and extend them.”
Master ⇒ “Connect hoses to midship and stern fireplugs on
both port and starboard sides.”
Engine Control Room ⇒ (Report to the bridge.)
“Emergency fire pumps are ready.”
Water discharging team⇒ “We have connected four hoses, two on each side.
We are ready to discharge water.”
Master ⇒ “Fire pumps are ready. Begin discharging water
with the two stern hoses.”
“If the pirate boat should approach us midships,
change to discharge water with the two midship
hoses immediately.”
Master ⇒ “Pirates are approaching from starboard side stern.
Discharge water with full force as they close in.”
Water discharging team⇒ “Pirate boat is sailing away and appears to have
aborted its attack.”
Master ⇒ “Pirate boat has gone.”
“Drill is over. Restore all equipment to original
positions.”
※ To make this drill more effective, carry out other measures at the same time.
Such measures should not interfere with operations and can be done from the
bridge. Examples include navigation in random zigzags and sounding the
horn, among others.
※ Since fire drills can be performed at the same time, this is a highly efficient
drill.
※ Measuring the time required between setting up the equipment and starting
to discharge the water actually is a useful indicator for the next drill. Securing
a target also serves to shorten the time required.
[ 4 ] Using the fire hoses (No.2)
(Assumption)
For ships equipped with water discharging nozzles on their deck handrails or
elsewhere, connect hoses to said nozzles and confirm the discharging of water
after valves have been opened.
<Drill scenario>
Master ⇒ “We will carry out a water discharge drill. Water
discharging team, go to stations.”
Water discharging team ⇒ “Everyone is ready.”
Master ⇒ “Put lines together, and release valves.”
Water discharging team ⇒ “Hoses are connected, and valves are opened.”
Master ⇒ “Discharge water. Start the pumps.”
Engine Control Room ⇒ “Pumps are started.”
Water discharging team ⇒ “Water is being discharged.”
“Discharging of water is normal.”
Master ⇒ “Stop the pumps.”
Engine Control Room ⇒ “Pumps are stopped.”
Master ⇒ “Close valves, and release lines.”
Water discharging team ⇒ “Valves are closed, and hoses are disconnected.”
Master ⇒ “Drill is over. Restore equipment.”
(Assumption)
In order to indicate that the ship is on the alert against approaching pirates, flash
searchlights, and turn on deck lights in every block without hindering the
navigation.
<Drill scenario>
Watchofficer ⇒ “Boat, which could be pirates, is approaching from 1,000
meters astern.”
“Have searchlight ready.”
(Confirm the ship’s current position, and report the situation
to the master via an onboard phone.)
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Searchlight is ready. I will flash searchlight to stern.”
(Flash the searchlight to the surface of the sea as necessary.)
Watchofficer ⇒ (Blow a blast.)
“Increase speed.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Speed is increased.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Boat is approaching.”
Master ⇒ (Show up to bridge, and raise an alarm.) “Boat which could
be pirates is approaching. All crew go to your stations.”
Master ⇒ “Turn on work lights in the aft deck.”
“Turn on lower lights in the stern.”
(Confirm that lights are on.)
“Turn on upper lights in the stern.”
(Confirm that lights are on.)
“Turn on lights on starboard side of bridge.”
(Confirm that lights are on.)
“Turn on lights on port side of bridge.”
(Confirm that lights are on.)
Watchofficer ⇒ (Keep blowing a blast at a regular interval for warning
purposes while steering the ship.)
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Boat is slowing.”
“Boat seems to have given up the chase.”
Master ⇒ “Maintain current navigation course for the time being.”
(Maintain course for a while. Confirm that the pirate boat is
out of reach, and then dismiss crew from emergency
station.)
Master ⇒ “Turn off all deck lights.”
“Drill is over. Return to normal speed, and resume normal
operations.”
※ The searchlight may have limitations depending on the ship. Very often,
there is a blind corner at the foot of the shipside. For this reason, drills should
be carried out in safe sailing areas at night in order to ascertain how much
area the light can cover.
※ Simultaneously turning on all on-deck illumination devices might
temporarily degrade the effectiveness of noctovision equipment. Taking into
account the location of such equipment, it will be necessary for each ship to
determine the best course of action, including whether lights should be turned
on or not.
[ 6 ] Securing onboard facilities
(Assumption)
It is assumed that a pirate boat is approaching the ship. Secure all facilities. (or
check to confirm they are secured)
※ Designate in advance the crew who will be responsible for securing
facilities (Form groups as numbers of dividing areas with several crew.) and
assemble at a designated place after completed security.
※ In carrying out this drill, leave three crews (armed with communication
devices such as a transceiver with the bridge) on deck who have a good
knowledge of the ship’s layout. Once all facilities have been secured, or after
a certain period of time has passed, the three crews who play the role of
pirates check to see if there are any ways to enter inside the ship. (All
interested parties will have a review meeting to discuss items that need
attention, etc.)
<Drill scenario>
Master ⇒ “In order to deter pirates from entering inside this ship,
we will carry out a security drill. When I order to
secure facilities in five minutes, secure all routes in
your designated areas that lead into the ship.”
“When you have secured your routes, assemble at
designated areas and report to the bridge.”
Master ⇒ (in five minutes)“Begin securing.”
Each group ⇒ “Securing of area XXX is completed. Everyone is in
room XXX.”
Master ⇒ (when all groups have reported, or five to 10 minutes
after the securing of the ship has been ordered)
“Checking teams check security.”
Security checking team ⇒ “I will first check area XXX.”
Security checking team ⇒ “Area XXX is checked. Everything is in order.”
(Keep checking other areas and report them to the
bridge successively.)
Master ⇒ “Drill is over. We will have review meeting from
XXX at XXX.
(Assumption)
In order to deter pirates from approaching the sides of your ship, create big
waves on both sides by steering the ship in random zigzags.
※ Select appropriate rudder angles in consideration of the ship’s
specifications (including stability), the volume of cargo being carried, and sea
conditions, among others.
<Drill scenario>
Watchkeeper ⇒ “A pirate boat is approaching to port side.”
Master ⇒ “Check for obstacles in this area.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “There are no obstacles here. It is deep enough.”
Master ⇒ “Throw off pirates by steering the ship in random zigzags.”
(Blow a warning blast.)
“Hard to port.”
“Ease.”
“Hard to starboard.
“Ease.”
“Hard to port.”
“Ease.”
“Hard to starboard.”
(Repeat these procedures several times. In easing the helm,
determine the appropriate angle of the ship’s head after
taking into account the response of the ship, the decrease in
speed, the movement of pirate boat, etc.)
Master ⇒ “The pirate boat is out of sight. Confirm the situation.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “The pirate boat is receding off the port side stern.”
“The pirate boat seems to have given up the chase.”
Master ⇒ “Confirm whether it is far enough away or not with
searchlight and radar.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “It is more than one mile away. It is heading north now.”
Master ⇒ “Return to normal operations.” “Drill is over.”
※ When steering the ship in random zigzags, it is important to simultaneously
increase speed as much as possible since doing so will create bigger waves.
These big waves are effective to pirates taking more time to approach the
ship.
※ Ships with good maneuverability can accomplish this drill with ease, but
ships with poor maneuverability should avoid this drill since random
zigzagging may actually slow these ships down, making it easier for pirates to
alongside ship.
※ According to cargo conditions, steaming for full rudder angles could
threaten ship’s safety such as causing damage to hull and cargo. So, it is
important to find appropriate angles.
※ Also, care should be taken as steering excessive big rudder angle may slow
the ship down at the same time.
※ When steering the ship in random zigzags, it is essential to make sure full
rudder angles will not affect ship’s safety. Always confirm sea conditions are
safe by taking account of drafts, depth, obstacles, etc.
※ This drill can be carried out flexibly. According to steering orders,
participants may not actually steer rudder angles but just confirm it as a
procedure only, or can opt for smaller rudder angles of five degrees or so.
[ 8 ] Assembling crew to fixed stations to deter pirates from boarding
(Assumption)
Upon receiving the order to raise the alarm and proceed to designated stations,
crew should go to their respective stations and report to the bridge. (Watering
procedures and so forth are omitted.) Later, the master judges it is dangerous to
leave crew on deck since being attacked by firearms, order them to withdraw
into the ship.
<Drill scenario>
Master ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard ship.)
“Pirates are approaching from port side stern.
Except for those in charge of operations, all crew
to proceed to designated stations.” “Water
discharging team, report to the bridge with
transceiver.”
Each designated place ⇒ (communication room) “Communication
arrangement team is in position.”
(bridge) “Bridge support team is in position.”
(engine control room) “Fire pump operation team
is in position.”
(crew on the deck) “Water discharging team is in
position at stern fire pumps.”
(others) “XXX team is in position.”
Master ⇒ (to the water discharging team)
“Can you deter pirates from boarding?”
Water discharging team ⇒ “We can’t as they are firing on us.”
Master ⇒ “Water discharging team withdraw into the ship.”
Water discharging team ⇒ “Water discharging team is withdrawn into the
ship. Everyone is safe.” “All portals are secured.”
Master ⇒ “Drill is over.”
※ In carrying out this drill, while water is being discharged, have crew who
are not assigned to water discharge duty secure all but a few portals so that
those stationed on deck can withdraw into the ship. The location of unsecured
portals should be determined in advance.
※ Even after all crew have withdrawn from the deck, continue to make every
effort, including maneuvering, to throw off the pirates.
[ 9 ] Enhancing anti-piracy patrols
(Assumption)
In order to enhance patrols in preparation for pirate attacks, carry out this drill to
identify what needs to be focused on when grasping developments in
surrounding areas from the bridge and to motivate crew.
※ Pirates approach ships in various ways. However, ambush-style attack is
considered common among these.
※ Some past piracy cases reveal that 1) the pirates first approach a ship
diagonal forward position while maintaining a certain distance; 2) still
maintaining this distance, the pirates will then proceed to the stern of the ship;
3) the pirates further approach the ship from astern at higher speed; and 4) the
pirates board the ship by hooking ropes and other instruments against
handrails and attack.
※ In the event pirates are divided into several boats, some examples show that
1) groups of pirates approach a ship directly from a diagonal forward position;
2) the pirates approach further to surround the ship; and 3) the pirates attempt
to board the ship where freeboard is low.
※ Therefore, it is necessary to carefully monitor small boats nearby, and also
maintain a close watch on boats that have gone past each other.
※ As many pirates tend to launch attacks in unlit boats, it is essential to
monitor surroundings by radar.
※ Depending on sea and weather conditions, small boats may not be visible
by ordinary radar unless they come within a close distance of two to three
miles. It is also possible that they may not be visible due to an obstruction or
blind spot even if they are close at hand.
In either case, it is very important to detect the approach of pirates at an
early stage to avoid attacks.
<Drill scenario>
Master ⇒ “We will have watchkeeper launch a piracy detection drill.”
(Read out the prepared assumption at the bridge.)
“Assume radar has detected two apparent fishing boats at
position 40 degrees portside, three miles ahead.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “I have detected two small boats approaching in position 40
degrees to portside, three miles ahead, but cannot see any
lights.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Continue to watch their movements.”
Master ⇒ “Assume small boats will pass about 500 meters to port.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “I still cannot see any lights. Boats are navigating at around
10 knots, and both will likely to pass about three cables to
port if no changes occur.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Starboard 10.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “They are passing about three cables to port. I cannot see any
lights.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Continue to watch movements.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Return to original course.”
Master ⇒ “Assume small boats have changed their course and are
approaching our ship from astern portside.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Two boats have changed their course and are approaching.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Prepare searchlights.”
“Flash them in the direction of the two boats.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Boats are two cables away, increasing speed.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Increase speed to maximum.”
“Sound a blast.” (Blast as a warning.)
“Prepare for raising the alarm.”
Master ⇒ “Assume small boats have given up approaching us.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Small boats are decreasing speed.”
“Both have stopped.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “We will maintain this speed until we are at a sufficient
distance from the two boats.”
Master ⇒ “Drill is over.”
※ In this drill, taking into account the typical practices of pirates in boats,
focus on the following points to note to raise awareness of essential
precautions.
○ Pay attention to small suspicious boats.
○ Pay attention to small boats that have not displaying any lights.
○ Continue to watch movements of smaller boats that have passed your ship
at relatively short distances.
○ Always monitor the radar when navigating dangerous waters.
○ Recognize that a distance of about three miles can be reached in just a few
minutes.
※ In this drill, the changing of course, the application of searchlights and the
increasing of speed can be carried out just by procedures only.
※ This drill can be carried out for the crew on duty at the bridge only.
[1 0 ] Recording acts of piracy
(Assumption)
While anchoring, the watchkeeper discovers that pirates have boarded the ship at
the bow. When a blast is sounded, the pirates dived into the sea and fled in a
small boat.
※ Recording the specific details of the piracy as much as possible, even
during a dangerous situation, will be useful for future reference.
※ The master is stationed on the bridge as arranged, but it is assumed that the
master showed up to the bridge when the alarm was raised.
<Drill scenario>
Watchkeeper ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard ship.)
“Pirates have boarded at the bow deck. All crew should be
on a full alert.”
(Sound a warning blast.)
Master ⇒ (Show up to the bridge and confirm the situation.)
“Turn on searchlights and all illumination devices on deck.”
“How many pirates have boarded?”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “I witnessed two, but both dived into the sea when the
warning blast was sounded.”
Master ⇒ “Bring the video camera.”
“Flash searchlight to follow the pirates.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ (Flash searchlight.)
“I have found a small boat. Four pirates are onboard.”
Others in bridge⇒ “Video camera is ready. I will record the small boat.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Boat is pulling a life raft.”
Master ⇒ “Take note of developments and features of the boat.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “We can no longer confirm the presence of the boat.”
Master ⇒ “Continue monitoring the surrounding area for a while.”
“Write down how many minutes have passed and what has
happened.”
(Make an announcement onboard ship.)
“Pirate boat is gone. They seem to have taken our life raft.
All team leaders assemble to the bridge so as to make
onboard search and check for damages. (just procedures
only)
“Drill is over.”
※ Record as many details of the piracy as possible when an imminent risk has
been avoided or when the ship is being chased by the pirate boat.
※ These data will be very useful when coast guard authorities conduct an
investigation, submitting report to operating companies, and to prove facts on
damage.
It is desirable to keep record by photographs or by video camera to grasp
the features of the pirates.
※ It is desirable to have film and video cameras at hand on the bridge so that
a visual record can be made at once.
[1 1 ] Countermeasures once pirates have boarded the ship
(Assumption)
A crew witnesses at the stern some pirates boarding the ship and reports this to
the bridge. The bridge raises the alarm onboard the ship and issues a warning to
the pirates.
<Drill scenario>
Witnessed crew⇒ (Escape immediately from the site and report to the bridge.)
“As many as three pirates are on the stern deck. I do not
know whether or not they have any firearms.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard the ship, but do not sound a blast
yet.)
(following the alarm)
“Pirates have boarded the stern deck. Secure all quarters
doors. Stay inside. Be quiet. Be cautious as they might try to
intrude your area.” (Give these commands at the bridge.)
“Report to coast guard authority immediately.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ (Report to the coast guard authority.) (just procedures only).
“Report made to coast guard authority.”
Master ⇒ “Have deck lights and searchlights ready.”
“Sound a blast, and turn all lights on.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “All lights are on.”
Master ⇒ “Flash searchlights to the stern of the ship.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Some pirates appear to have dived into the sea.”
“I see a boat that may belong to them.”
Master ⇒ “Turn off bow lights. We will continue sailing as we are
now.”
(after sailing for some time)
“Pirates have dived into the sea and fled.”
“We will search inside of the ship. All crew except those in
duty, assemble at XXX room. Work in groups of three or
more.”
(just procedures only)
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Searches inside and outside of the ship are over. Life raft
container on the starboard stern is missing. There are no
other problems.”
Master ⇒ “Report situation to coast guard authority.”
Watchkeeper ⇒ (just procedures only) “Report is made.”
Master ⇒ (to the ship) “Drill is over.”
(Assumption)
Confirmed that the pirates have boarded the ship and judged that they may have
entered into some rooms of the ship, order the crew to secure facilities and
escape into designated closed areas, including the bridge.
<Drill scenario>
Master ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard the ship.) “Pirates seem to have
intruded the on-deck storehouse at the stern. All crew to
secure onboard facilities. Work in groups as some pirates
may have already entered inside.”
(At the same time, secure bridge portals so that it may not
be accessible from outside.)
“When facilities are secured, everyone but the watchkeeper
is to meet at room XXX or XXX, whichever is closer.”
Master ⇒ “Report situation to coast guard authority.”
Watchofficer ⇒ “Report has been made.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (Call each room to confirm members are present.) (When
their presence is confirmed, sound a blast, and turn all lights
on.)
Watchkeeper ⇒ “Two pirates entered the storehouse but seem to have dived
into the sea.”
Master ⇒ “Drill is over.”
※ Under these circumstances, if it has become clear that some crew has
become hostage of the pirates, the master should instruct crew not to put up
any unnecessary resistance and to resort to negotiation whenever possible.
Let all the crew know in advance that those who can escape from the
control of the pirates and can move should dispatch a distress signal using
GMDSS devices, taking care that they are not detected by pirates.
※ Although the use of illumination devices can blind pirates, keep in mind
that they can also temporarily deteriorate the function of noctovision, etc.
[1 3 ] Coping with pirate attacks when the ship is at anchor
(Assumption)
Discover pirates with firearms and other weapons are climbing the anchor chain
when the ship is at anchor off a port, report to the bridge at once and escape
inside the ship.
※ As regards ships moored at berths, pirates will usually take flight after they
have been detected, since security authority will in no time attempt to take
them into custody once reports have been made.
※ If pirates are carrying firearms and other weapons, however, overaggressive
countermeasures can only result in making the situation more dangerous.
※ When encountering pirates, the first step is to ensure your own safety. This
accomplished, briefly report the situation to the watchkeeper or others who
can contact with people outside. They should give priority to reporting it to
the coast guard authorities and inform all crew as soon as possible.
※ Immediately after all these measures are taken, issue audio, illumination
and other possible warnings to the pirates, such as sounding a blast, raising
the alarm, and turning on lights, among others.
<Drill scenario>
Crew on duty on deck ⇒ (Contact the bridge with a transceiver.)
“Three pirates with firearms have boarded this
ship from the bow. They are at the bow.” “I
will escape inside the ship.”
Crew on duty at the bridge ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard the ship, and
make voice announcement.)
“Three armed pirates are at the bow. All crew
come up to the bridge. Do not go outside.”
(to the master) “I will report to coast guard
authority.”
(Contact the coast guard authority by radio.)
“Present position latitude XXX degrees XXX
minutes north, longitude XXX degrees and
XXX minutes east. This is M/V XXX at anchor
off XXX port. Armed pirates have intruded
the ship. We request assistance.” (just
procedures only) (Being aware that the pirates
could shoot, turn all deck lights on and sound a
blast, keep low, protect yourself by taking
shelter as much as possible.)
Master ⇒ “Monitor the surroundings, boat movements.”
Watchofficer ⇒ (monitoring the radar) “The small boat is heading north.”
Master ⇒ “We will wait and see what happens.”
(Few minutes passed.)
Master ⇒ “All crew wear protective gears. Organize yourselves in
groups to search the inside and outside of the ship.” (just
procedures only)
Each group ⇒ “We cannot locate any person either inside or outside the
ship. Everything is normal.”
Master ⇒ “Drill is over.”
[1 4 ] Confirming stations to deter pirates from boarding (simplified drills)
(Assumption)
Assuming that the alarm has been raised onboard the ship, station crew so that
they can confirm their designated positions and duties with no specific
instruction being made.
※ Inform in advance of all crew but the watchkeeper will participate in this
drill and instructed them where to assemble.
<Drill scenario>
Master ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard the ship.) “This is a drill.
Assume that a boat, which could be pirates, is approach-
ing. All crew go to your stations as designated.” (Suppose
the crew are to assemble on the bridge, and confirm that
the crew have assembled there to some extent.)
Master ⇒ “Declare your station, role and place where you are
assigned to lock.”
Crew 1 ⇒ “I am in charge of the engine room and operation of
emergency fire pumps, and I am assigned to check locks
on upper deck, starboard side and on the stern.”
Crew 2 ⇒ “I am in charge of the stern deck and discharging of water,
and I am assigned to check locks on the boat deck on the
starboard side in case escape into the ship becomes
necessary.” (Have other crew recite their stations, roles
and duties, etc.)
Master ⇒ “Later, assemble by position unit, confirm location of
equipment and machinery in about 10 minutes. After that,
dismiss accordingly, and drill will be over.”
Master ⇒ (Make an onboard announcement in 10 minutes.)
“Drill is over. All crew return to your regular stations.”
※ It is necessary for each ship to assign basic stations and roles to crew in
advance, as is the case with general emergency operations.
[1 5 ] Raising alarms verbally onboard ship
(Assumption)
For future reference, carry out this drill to gauge how well warnings and
messages from the bridge can be heard in noisy operational stations and
quarters.
※ Dispatch crew to their respective designated positions (including living
quarters) where they are usually stationed under normal operation of the ship.
(In preparation for the drill, select positions in advance, and assign them to
crew.) Identify which position has difficulty receiving warnings and
messages.
※ Adjust the volume of the warning system so that the most appropriate
volume (a volume that can be heard throughout the ship) can be determined.
※ It cannot be denied that some crew make good announcements and others
do not. In carrying out this drill, choose a crew whose normal speech can be
easily understood as an announcer.
<Drill scenario>
Master ⇒ “We will carry out a drill for sending warning messages
onboard this ship. All crew go to designated positions.”
(a few minutes later)
Watchofficer ⇒ (Raise the alarm onboard ship.) (in a normal volume)
“This is a drill. Pirates have boarded from the stern on the
starboard side.” (Repeat twice.)
(Raise the alarm onboard ship.) (in just a little higher volume)
“This is a drill. Pirates have entered XXX. (Repeat twice.)
(※ Make these announcements at a volume and tone
similar to the first one. Do not make them louder on
purpose.) (Raise the alarm at a still lower volume.) (Raise
the alarm onboard ship.) (with volume a little more high, but
maintain similar tone) “This is a drill. There are three pirates.
They have knives.” (Repeat twice.) (a few moments later)
Master ⇒ “Drill is over. Return to normal positions. All crew but
watchkeeper to come to room XXX.”
※ When all crew have assembled, listen to their opinions on the quality of the
warning from each place, and determine how to convey a warning to positions
where it is difficult to hear.
※ As for the crew on duty, request them to assemble after their duties and
listen to their opinions on the warning announcement. At the same time, make
a brief report about the results of the drill on the ship bulletin board to call
their attention.
※ At the bridge, based on the results of the drill, mark the position of the most
appropriate volume for making a warning announcement, and inform the crew
about it for emergency purposes.
[1 6 ] Preparing anti-piracy equipment in advance
(Assumption)
Carry out this drill for setting up and using equipment and machinery, among
other items, in advance when navigating waters where piracy often occurs.
※ Equipment which requires certain procedures will not be properly prepared
unless such exercises are carried out on a daily basis. Such equipment tends to
be placed in storage and left unused.
If this is the case, ships cannot make the most of their equipment. It is
necessary then, to identify such equipment in your ship and to let crew
accustomed to handling it without reading instruction manuals, etc. each time.
Keep in mind that if you do not make frequent use of equipment, you will
lose your ability to apply it effectively. Therefore, try to utilize the equipment
installed on your ship as often as possible.
○ Tension sensors
Tension sensor-type devices are among the most popular movable anti-piracy
equipment. When pirates attach a rope or a hook to a ship in attempts to board it,
taut wires strung around the ship will detect the tension generated by the
rope/hook, activating a sensor to raise the alarm.
○ Secure-Ship
“Secure-Ship” is an electric fence developed by the IMB that surrounds the
deck of a ship. It generates a high-voltage shock that, while not powerful enough
to kill or wound intruders, will help to deter boarding attempts.
○ Portable searchlights
Portable searchlights are among the items that ships carry that should be
utilized more effectively. Make full use of portable searchlights if the ship is
equipped with them.
On the other hand, devices that are comparatively easy to set are followings as
such.
○ Scarecrows
Fixing life-size dolls at the handrails or at other locations may convince
pirates that crews are on alert if seen from a distance. This is intended as a
deterrent against pirates.
○ Rat guard
Build walls using wooden boards or metal plates at the top of anchor chains
and hawsers (for when a ship is at anchor) and outer passages and stairways to
the bridge (for when it is navigating) to shut off access routes and so that the
intruders may not climb onto the deck or enter into the ship easily.
(Assumption)
Assuming that the ship is under a sudden attack by pirates. Crew managed to
escape send a distress signal by EPIRB.
※ Assemble at the place where the EPIRB is located so as to confirm its
location. Have an instructor teach all the crew how to dispatch a distress
signal in order to be ready for emergency, including pirate attacks.
※ As it is prohibited to transmit an EPIRB signal on a trial basis, ensure that a
signal is not sent by mistake during this drill.
[1 8 ] Handling warning functions of GMDSS related-equipment (No.2)
(Assumption)
Assuming that the ship is under a sudden attack by pirates, transmit a warning
signal via a DSC communication device to request nearby coastguard or ships,
etc. for rescue assistance.
※ Assemble at the place where the DSC communication device is located
(usually, communication room and bridge) so as to confirm its location.
Have an instructor teach all the crew how to operate the emergency signal
button.
※ Assuming that attacks will also take place at night, crew should be
accustomed to use the device also in the dark.
[1 9 ] Handling warning functions of GMDSS related-equipment (No.3)
(Assumption)
Assuming that the ship is under a sudden attack by pirates, report the appearance
of pirates by sending a distress warning via an INMARSAT communication
device.
※ Assemble at the place where the INMARSAT communication device is
located so as to confirm its location. Have an instructor give all the crew a
briefing so that they can use the device.
※ If a message (It is desirable that the message should be prepared in
advance.) in anticipation of being attacked by pirates is available, crew should
be accustomed to the device so that they can transmit it easily.
[2 0 ] Practicing use of lifesaving equipment
(Assumption)
To deter pirate boats from approaching, use lifesaving signals for warning
purposes.
※ Some reports indicate that the use of lifesaving signals can deter pirate
attacks during nighttime.
※ However, if lifesaving signals are launched directly at pirates, and as a
result cause them injury, etc, the signals could be regarded as lethal weapons
such as firearms. Bear in mind that in such cases, the crew who launched the
devices could be subject to charges for excessive self-defense.
※ Furthermore, if the ship gets under pirate control despite the use of such
signals, they may resort to retaliatory measures. It would be better to make
every effort to refrain from using lifesaving signals.
※ That is to say, when lifesaving signals are used for warning purposes, they
should be launched as mere visual means to indicate that the ship is on the
alert, and not as weapons.
○ Rocket flares
Rocket flares rise to an altitude of 150 meters, where they explode, creating a
flare that lasts for several seconds.
○ Hand flares
Hand flares generate a red flame that last for more than a minute. They are
usually hand-held or placed on deck.
[2 1 ] How to cope when the ship is under pirate control
(Assumption)
How to cope when the ship is attacked by armed pirates and placed under their
control.
It is essential to understand that when several crew become their hostages,
any further counterattacks will merely worsen the situation.
In case some crew got under pirate control, it is considered that other crew act
in groups as much as possible would reduce further risk.
Even though pirates are armed, they rarely attack a ship to kill all the crew.
So, if they are not antagonized, they may release hostages after taking all they
want.
If crew act individually, however, isolation could lead to anxiety and hasty
actions that could provoke the pirates.
Once attacks are induced, the risk of danger escalates and it may lead to a
potentially irrecoverable situation.
For these reasons, it is desirable that crew should, in such situations, stay
close as much as possible so that they can confirm situations each other.
Those who are unfortunate enough to be under pirate control, it is important
to follow the instructions and demands of the master or the pirates as much as
possible.
As IMO guidelines indicate, crew should never take heroic actions once the
ship has been under pirate control.
[Case 2]
Pirates tenaciously chase a ship, keeping the bridge under constant assault with
firearms.
When the bridge is exposed to gunfire, there may often be problems with
crew morale or will to maneuvering. However, it is extremely important to
continue to maneuver the ship as long as possible to throw off the pirates.
The bridge is usually not strong enough to cope with rifle or guns, but
maneuver the ship while securing as many shelters as possible.
[Case 3]
Several boats skillfully surround the ship to attack it, each playing a different
role.
It may be difficult to throw all of them off simply by maneuvering. In order
to prevent them from forming an advantageous position, take action at an early
stage. If you judge that the number of pirates is rather large, do not hesitate to
contact the coast guard authorities at once and request assistance.
IV. Examples of Actual Measures Taken Onboard Ship to Deter Pirate
Attacks
④ Deterring pirates from contacting and boarding ships (i.e. – pirate boat
sailing alongside the ship and intrusion, etc.)
* Discharging of high-pressure water
* Searchlights
* Blasts, sirens, onboard alarms, etc.
* Signal lamps for daytime use
* Secure-Ship (electric fences that encircle the deck and which carry 9,000 volts
of electricity (which will neither kill nor injure intruders)
* Other intimidating devices (rocket parachute flares, rocket flares and flares)
(Care is required in using such devices as launching them directly at pirates is
prohibited.)
* Other non-equipment-based measures
Maneuvering ships (i.e. – increases and decreases of speed, creation of waves
by navigating in random zigzags, and making threat of collision)
BRIDGE Team
Team Leader C/0 xxxxx Bridge Tranceiver Watch keeping, Other Working as ordered by Master.
3/0 xxxxx Tranceiver Watch keeping, Recording, Other Working as ordered by Master.
AB xxxxx Tranceiver Helmsman
AB xxxxx Tranceiver Various jobs (Lighting Pirate Boats by Day Light Signal)
Communication Team
Team Leader C/R xxxxx GMDSS Room Tranceiver Communication
2/R xxxxx Tranceiver Support of C/R
Defensive Team
Team Leader 2/O xxxxx Tranceiver On-Scene Leader for Defense
Sub-Leader 2/E xxxxx Tranceiver Support of 2/O
BSN xxxxx Area of Pirates Tranceiver Nozzle Man No.1(Discharging water to Pirate Boats)
No.1OLR xxxxx Attacking Tranceiver Nozzle Man No.2(Discharging water to Pirate Boats)
AB xxxxx Tranceiver Hose Man No.1
AB xxxxx Tranceiver Hose Man No.2
AB xxxxx Tranceiver Lighting up Pirate Boats by Searchlights
OLR xxxxx Tranceiver Watching the Opposite Side of Pirates Attacking
Back up Team
Team Leader C/S xxxxx Standing by Tranceiver First Aid
C/COOK xxxxx Defensive Team Tranceiver Support of C/S
2/COOK xxxxx Tranceiver Support of C/S
Engine Team
Team Leader C/E xxxxx Engine Room Tranceiver On-Scene Leader Inside Engine Room
3/E xxxxx Tranceiver Support of C/E
V. Report Items When Damages Occur
1 Ship’s name, call sign, IMO number, INMARSAT IDs (plus ocean region
code) and MMSI
MAYDAY/DISTRESS ALERT (see note)
URGENCY SIGNAL
PIRACY/ARMED ROBBERY ATTACK
3 Nature of event
Note: It is expected that this message will be a distress message because the ship
or crew/passenger will be in grave or imminent danger when under attack.
Where this is not the case, the word MAYDAY/DISTRESS ALERT is to be
omitted.
Use of distress priority (3) in the INMARSAT system will not require
MAYDAY/DISTRESS ALERT to be included.
Report 2 - Follow-up report – Piracy/armed robbery attack alert
1 Ship’s name, call sign, IMO number, INMARSAT IDs (plus ocean region
code) and MMSI
6 Assistance required
Ship`s Callsign
name
Port of IMO
registry number
INMARSAT IDs (plus ocean region code) Preferred communication with reporting ship
(U T C) / / ( h m)
Position of incident
Others ( ) □ Unarmed