Activity 4 in Digicom

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
ECE413L1A JULY , 2018

Activity 4: Phase Shift Keying
DELA CRUZ, ROBERT L.
LOPEZ, FRANCIS V.
MADAHAN, BRENT CARL PROF. JOSELITO A. TRINIDAD,
SBEE - 4A SALENTES, CAMILLE ANN M. MTE
VALENCIA, KARLO JOHN B.
I. Objectives
 To set up Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulator and demodulator circuits
 To observe the waveforms.
 After completing this experiment, the students will be able to:
a) Set up BPSK modulator and demodulator circuits
b) Identify BPSK waveform
II. Theoretical Framework
Phase shift keying, PSK, is widely used these days within a whole raft of radio communications
systems. It is particularly well suited to the growing area of data communications. PSK, phase shift
keying enables data to be carried on a radio communications signal in a more efficient manner than
Frequency Shift Keying, FSK, and some other forms of modulation.
With more forms of communications transferring from analogue formats to digital formats, data
communications is growing in importance, and along with it the various forms of modulation that can be
used to carry data.
There are several flavours of phase shift keying, PSK that are available for use. Each form has its own
advantages and disadvantages, and a choice of the optimum format has to be made for each radio
communications system that is designed. To make the right choice it is necessary to have a knowledge
and understanding of the way in which PSK works.
Phase Shift Keying, PSK, basics

Like any form of shift keying, there are defined states or points that are used for signalling the data bits.
The basic form of binary phase shift keying is known as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) or it is
occasionally called Phase Reversal Keying (PRK). A digital signal alternating between +1 and -1 (or 1
and 0) will create phase reversals, i.e. 180 degree phase shifts as the data shifts state.
Binary phase shift keying, BPSK

The problem with phase shift keying is that the receiver cannot know the exact phase of the transmitted
signal to determine whether it is in a mark or space condition. This would not be possible even if the
transmitter and receiver clocks were accurately linked because the path length would determine the
exact phase of the received signal. To overcome this problem PSK systems use a differential method
for encoding the data onto the carrier. This is accomplished, for example, by making a change in phase
equal to a one, and no phase change equal to a zero. Further improvements can be made upon this
basic system and a number of other types of phase shift keying have been developed. One simple
improvement can be made by making a change in phase by 90 degrees in one direction for a one, and
90 degrees the other way for a zero. This retains the 180 degree phase reversal between one and zero
states, but gives a distinct change for a zero. In a basic system not using this process it may be
possible to loose synchronisation if a long series of zeros are sent. This is because the phase will not
change state for this occurrence.
LOPEZ, FRANCIS V.
There are many variations on the basic idea of phase shift keying. Each one has its own advantages
and disadvantages enabling system designers to choose the one most applicable for any given
circumstances. Other common forms include QPSK (Quadrature phase shift keying) where four phase
states are used, each at 90 degrees to the other, 8-PSK where there are eight states and so forth.
PSK constellation diagrams

It is often convenient to represent a phase shift keyed signal, and sometimes other types of signal using
a phasor or constellation diagram. Using this scheme, the phase of the signal is represented by the
angle around the circle, and the amplitude by the distance from the origin or centre of the circle. In this
way the can be signal resolved into quadrature components representing the sine or I for In-phase
component and the cosine for the quadrature component. Most phase shift keyed systems use a
constant amplitude and therefore points appear on one circle with a constant amplitude and the
changes in state being represented by movement around the circle. For binary shift keying using phase
reversals the two points appear at opposite points on the circle. Other forms of phase shift keying may
use different points on the circle and there will be more points on the circle.
Constellation diagram for BPSK

When plotted using test equipment errors may be seen from the ideal positions on the phase diagram.
These errors may appear as the result of inaccuracies in the modulator and transmission and reception
equipment, or as noise that enters the system. It can be imagined that if the position of the real
measurement when compared to the ideal position becomes too large, then data errors will appear as
the receiving demodulator is unable to correctly detect the intended position of the point around the
circle.
Constellation diagram for QPSK

Using a constellation view of the signal enables quick fault finding in a system. If the problem is related
to phase, the constellation will spread around the circle. If the problem is related to magnitude, the
constellation will spread off the circle, either towards or away from the origin. These graphical
techniques assist in isolating problems much faster than when using other techniques.
QPSK is used for the forward link form the base station to the mobile in the IS-95 cellular system and
uses the absolute phase position to represent the symbols. There are four phase decision points, and
when transitioning from one state to another, it is possible to pass through the circle's origin, indicating
minimum magnitude.
On the reverse link from mobile to base station, O-QPSK is used to prevent transitions through the
origin. Consider the components that make up any particular vector on the constellation diagram as X
and Y components. Normally, both of these components would transition simultaneously, causing the
vector to move through the origin. In O-QPSK, one component is delayed, so the vector will move down
first, and then over, thus avoiding moving through the origin, and simplifying the radio's design. A
constellation diagram will show the accuracy of the modulation.
LOPEZ, FRANCIS V.
Forms of phase shift keying

Although phase modulation is used for some analogue transmissions, it is far more widely used as a
digital form of modulation where it switches between different phases. This is known as phase shift
keying, PSK, and there are many flavours of this. It is even possible to combine phase shift keying and
amplitude keying in a form of modulation known as quadrature amplitude modulation, QAM.
The list below gives some of the more commonly used forms of phase shift keying, PSK, and related
forms of modulation that are used:
 PSK - Phase Shift Keying
 BPSK - Binary Phase Shift Keying
 QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
 O-QPSK - Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
 8 PSK - 8 Point Phase Shift Keying
 16 PSK - 16 Point Phase Shift Keying
 QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 16 QAM - 16 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 64 QAM - 64 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 MSK - Minimum Shift Keying
 GMSK - Gaussian filtered Minimum Shift Keying
These are just some of the major forms of phase shift keying, PSK, that are widely used in radio
communications applications today. Each form of phase shift keying has its own advantages and
disadvantages. In general the higher order forms of modulation allow higher data rates to be carried
within a given bandwidth. However the downside is that the higher data rates require a better signal to
noise ratio before the error rates start to rise and this counteracts any improvements in data rate
performance. In view of this balance many radio communications systems are able to dynamically
choose the form of modulation depending upon the prevailing conditions and requirements.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier signal is
changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time. PSK technique is widely used for
wireless LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations, along with RFID and Bluetooth communications.
PSK is of two types, depending upon the phases the signal gets shifted. They are −
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In this technique, the sine wave carrier
takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°.
BPSK is basically a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) modulation scheme, for message
being the digital information.
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such
as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.
If this kind of techniques are further extended, PSK can be done by eight or sixteen values also,
depending upon the requirement.
BPSK Modulator
The block diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying consists of the balance modulator which has the
carrier sine wave as one input and the binary sequence as the other input. Following is the
diagrammatic representation.
LOPEZ, FRANCIS V.
The modulation of BPSK is done using a balance modulator, which multiplies the two signals applied at
the input. For a zero binary input, the phase will be 0° and for a high input, the phase reversal is
of 180°.
Following is the diagrammatic representation of BPSK Modulated output wave along with its given
input.
The output sine wave of the modulator will be the direct input carrier or the inverted (180° phase
shifted) input carrier, which is a function of the data signal.
BPSK Demodulator
The block diagram of BPSK demodulator consists of a mixer with local oscillator circuit, a bandpass
filter, a two-input detector circuit. The diagram is as follows.
LOPEZ, FRANCIS V.
By recovering the band-limited message signal, with the help of the mixer circuit and the band pass
filter, the first stage of demodulation gets completed. The base band signal which is band limited is
obtained and this signal is used to regenerate the binary message bit stream.
In the next stage of demodulation, the bit clock rate is needed at the detector circuit to produce the
original binary message signal. If the bit rate is a sub-multiple of the carrier frequency, then the bit clock
regeneration is simplified. To make the circuit easily understandable, a decision-making circuit may
also be inserted at the 2nd stage of detection.
There are many different types of modulation techniques which utilizes this concept to transmit digital
binary data. It include two level PSK (i.e. BPSK), Four level PSK (i.e. QPSK) etc. Some techniques
employ both amplitude and phase variation to represent binary data such as 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-
QAM etc. Two level PSK represents single bit by each signaling elements while four level PSK
represents two bits by each signaling elements and so on. 8-PSK represents three bits by each
signaling elements.
Following are the equations used to represent BPSK.

➨s(t) = A*cos(2*π*fc*t) for Binary 1 than
➨s(t) = A*cos(2*π*fc*t + π) for Binary 0
Benefits or advantages of PSK
Following are the benefits or advantages of PSK:
➨It carries data over RF signal more efficiently compare to other modulation types. Hence it is more
LOPEZ, FRANCIS V.
power efficient modulation technique compare to ASK and FSK.

➨It is less susceptible to errors compare to ASK modulation and occupies same bandwidth as ASK.
➨Higher data rate of transmission can be achieved using high level of PSK modulations such as QPSK
(represents 2 bits per constellation), 16-QAM (represents 4 bits per constellation) etc.
Drawbacks or disadvantages of PSK
Following are the disadvantages of PSK:
➨It has lower bandwidth efficiency.
➨The binary data is decoded by estimation of phase states of the signal. These detection and recovery
algorithms are very complex.
➨Multi-level PSK modulation schemes (QPSK, 16QAM etc.) are more sensitive to phase variations.
➨It is also one form of FSK and hence it also offers lower bandwidth efficiency compare to ASK
modulation type.
III. List of Materials/Tools/Equipment
Tools and Equipment’s

 Power Supply
 Breadboard
 Jumper Wires
 Electronics Trainer Board
 Digital Multi-Tester
Components
IV. Methodology/Procedure
Simulation:
Theoretical:
Actual:
V. Experimental Circuit Set-Up

LOPEZ, FRANCIS V.
Circuit 1: PSK Transistor Type Modulator
Circuit 2: PSK IC Type Modulator

LOPEZ, FRANCIS V.
Figure 3: PSK Circuit Modulator and Demodulator
VI. Data/Table/Results/Computation
LOPEZ, FRANCIS V.
Output in PSK Transistor Type
Output in PSK IC Type

LOPEZ, FRANCIS V.
Output of PSK Circuit Modulator and Demodulator
VII. Observation
VIII. Analysis
IX. Conclusion
X. Recommendation
XI. References
 https://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/what-is-psk-
phase-shift-keying-tutorial.php
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_communication/digital_communication_phase_shift_keyin
g.htm
 http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-PSK.html

Activity 4 in Digicom

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DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

ECE413L1A JULY , 2018

II. Theoretical Framework

Phase Shift Keying, PSK, basics

Binary phase shift keying, BPSK

PSK constellation diagrams

Constellation diagram for BPSK

Constellation diagram for QPSK

Forms of phase shift keying

Following are the equations used to represent BPSK.

power efficient modulation technique compare to ASK and FSK.

III. List of Materials/Tools/Equipment

Tools and Equipment’s

V. Experimental Circuit Set-Up

Circuit 1: PSK Transistor Type Modulator

Circuit 2: PSK IC Type Modulator

Figure 3: PSK Circuit Modulator and Demodulator

Output in PSK Transistor Type

Output in PSK IC Type

Output of PSK Circuit Modulator and Demodulator

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