Faradays law of electromagnetic induction:

Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of

electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will
interact with an electric circuit to produce an EMF. A
phenomenon called electromagnetic induction. It is the
fundamental operating principal of transformers,
inductors and many types of electrical motors,
generators and solenoids.
First law of Faraday’s states that:
“Whenever a conductor are placed in a varying magnetic
field e m f are induced which is called induced EMF, if the
conductor circuit are closed current are also induced
which is called induced current”.
or
“whenever a conductor is rotated in magnetic field EMF
is induced which are induced EMF.
Second law of Faraday’s electromagnetic induction states
that:
“The induced EMF is equal to the rate of change of flux
linkage’s (Flux linkages is the product of turns ,n of the
coil and the flux associated with it.)”
Lenz's law:
Lenz's law is a common way to understand how
electromagnetic circuits obey Newton’s 3rd law and the
conservation of energy. Lenz law is named after Heinrich
Lenz. And its says:
“The direction of an induced current is always such as to
oppose the change in the circuit or the magnetic field
that produces it.’’

Generator Action:
The mechanical energy is supplied in the form of rotation
of shaft. Generator action is it converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy. Where ever magnetic flux
cuts the conductor it induced an EMF.
The generator is used to produce an electric current from
rotational motion. In a generator the rotation causes the
coil to rotate inside the magnetic field. This induces an
alternating current in the coil.

For example: in power stations the turbine is used as a

device which converts mechanical energy of force of
water falling from the dam to generate electric energy.
Motor Action:
The motor converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The shaft of the motor is driven by the magnetic
force developed between armature and field and the
current is to be supplied to the armature windings.
Motor follows flaming left hand rule. Hence, for the
motor the input energy is electrical energy and output
energy is mechanical energy.
• For example: an electric car where current is
supplied to the machine or device, and it gets converted
into mechanical motion and as a result car moves.

DC machine:
A dc machine is an electro mechanical energy conversion
device.
Types:
There are two types of DC machines, one is DC
generator, another one is known as DC motor. A DC
generator converts mechanical power into DC electrical
power, where as DC motor converts DC electrical power
into mechanical power.
Construction:
The rotor in a DC machine is called an armature.
The armature has cylindrical steel core that is composed
of a stack of slotted laminations. Slots in lamination are
aligned axially along rotor or shaft. Armature windings
are placed in slots. The stator in a DC machine is the field
part of the machine. Field places are located on stator
and project inward. Each pole has a narrow iron core
around which the exciting winding or field coil is placed.
Field coil may consist of two or more separate windings.
A pole shoe distributes pole flux over rotor surface across
a narrow air gap.
Leads from the armature coils are connected to the
commutator. Commutator consists of radial copper
segments separated by an insulating material, using
mica.
Current is conducted to the armature by carbon brushes
that are held against the surface of the commutator by
springs. Brushes wear with time, must be inspected
regularly. And occasionally replaced. Copper
commutators segments wear also and sometimes have
to be re surfaced or “turned down”. If not, the harder
mica protrudes above the copper. And the brushes
bounce, resulting in arc’s that damage the commutator
surface.