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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO
OPERATING SYSTEM
Learning Outcome:
Students will be able to
explain the basic
knowledge of OS ;
structures, platforms,
various products,
concepts related to
OS, components of OS
and interfaces
What is an Operating System?
Managing Resources
A) Monolithic
B) Layered
C) Microkernel
D) Network / Distributed
MONOLITHIC STRUCTURE • earliest and most common
• Every component of the OS was contained within
the kernel, could communicate directly with any
other component, and had unlimited system
access
• Similar to the other OS, application and OS are
separating from each other.
• OS code runs in a privileged processor mode
(kernel mode) → has access to system data &
hardware
• Applications run in a non-privileged processor
mode (user mode) → has limited set of interfaces
available & with limited access to system data
MONOLITHIC STRUCTURE
Multi Processor
Systems
Clustered Systems
1st Platform: Single Processor System
✓ The main purpose of this system was to
enable the computer to move automatically
from one job to another, without the
operator having to intervene.
✓ Jobs (that consist of data and programs)
are queued.
✓ The computer would then process the jobs
one at a time without further human
intervention.
• Drawbacks:
▪ some main memory is now given over to
the monitor
▪ some machine time is consumed by the
monitor
▪ both of these are forms of overhead
2nd Platform: Multi Processor System
• Multiple job are performed by the operating system
simultaneously at a time.
➢ when one job needs to wait for I/O, the processor
can switch to the other job – no waiting for I/O
➢ This means the system does not have to wait for one job
to be completed before starting the next
• Memory management is needed – requires scheduling
algorithm such as round robin algorithm.
• Multiple jobs are loaded into the central memory, and each is
allotted some CPU-TIME,
• When a job’s CPU-TIME is up, it is suspended and control
passes to the next job, which can continue from where it left
off before
MULTI PROCESSOR SYSTEM
3rd Platform: Clustered System
Multitasking
Time sharing
Buffering
• buffer is a region of memory used to temporarily hold
data while it is being moved from one place to another.
• Typically, the data is stored in a buffer as it is retrieved
from an input device (such as a keyboard) or just before
it is sent to an output device (such as a printer) or a
buffer may be used when moving data between
processes within a computer.
• Buffers can be implemented in either hardware or
software, but the vast majority of buffers are
implemented in software.
• Buffers are typically used when there is a difference
between the rate at which data is received and the rate
at which it can be processed, or in the case that these
rates are variable, for example in a printer spooler
Concepts in relation to OS
Spooling
• spool refers to the process of placing data in a
temporary working area for another program to
process.
• The most common use is in writing files on a magnetic
tape or disk and entering them in the work queue
(possibly just linking it to a designated folder in the
file system) for another process.
• Spooling is useful because devices access data at
different rates.
• Spooling allows one program to assign work to
another without directly communicating with it
• The most common spooling application is print
spooling
Concepts in relation to OS
Caching
• KERNEL
• SHELL
• FILE SYSTEM
KERNEL
SHELL
FILE SYSTEM
Murthy, U. S., & Groomer, S.M. (2001). Data communication and networking. Retrieved on
June 19, 2012 from https://www.cybertext.com/books/primer/chapters/ch2.htm
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc (2012). SunOS. Retrieved on June 21, 2012 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_os
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc (2012). Mac OS. Retrieved on June 21, 2012 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS